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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 11 weeks of low-volume resistance training (LVRT) and high-volume resistance training (HVRT) on muscle strength, muscle thickness (MT), and postprandial lipaemia (PPL) in postmenopausal women. Thirty-six healthy and untrained postmenopausal women (age, 58.9 ± 5.8 years; 68.6 ± 10.3 kg; and BMI, 26.9 ± 4.8 kg · m−2) participated in resistance training 3× per week for 11 weeks (HVRT = 12; LVRT = 13; and control group = 11). Biochemical variables, both pretraining and post-training, were evaluated 16 h after the administration of an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and metabolic variable during [energy expenditure (EE)] and after training session [excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)]. Muscle strength (1 RM) and MT were also calculated, and no significant differences were observed between the groups for PPL (mmol · L−1per 5 h) as measured by glucose, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. EE total (EE + EPOC; 6.12 ± 1.21 MJ vs. 2.26 ± 0.85 MJ), resting fat oxidation (5.52 ± 1.69 g · h−1vs. 4.11 ± 1.12 g · h−1); MT (vastus medialis, 21.4 ± 1.8 mm vs. 18.4 ± 1.2 mm and vastus lateralis 22.3 ± 1.2 mm vs. 20.8 ± 1.3 mm); triacylglycerol (TAG) 0, 1, 2, 4; and 5 h after OFTT, TAG area under the curve (AUC) (5.79 ± 0.42 vs. 7.78 ± 0.68), and incremental AUC (−46.21 ± 14.42% vs. 7.78 ± 4.68%) were all significantly different post-training for HVRT versus LVRT, respectively (P < 0.05). The results of this investigation suggest that HVRT reduces PPL in postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the relationship between alcohol consumption and serum lipids in a middle-aged Chinese population. The overall prevalence of drinking among 10 154 participants was 34.07% in males and 3.61% in females. Heavy alcohol drinkers (≥ 30 g/d) tended to be older, smokers, hypertensive, do heavy physical activity, and have a lower body mass index. Levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (apo) A1, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–HDL-C ratio, and apo B–apo A1 ratio rose with increase in alcohol intake in males. An increase of 0.27 mmol/L in triglycerides and a decrease of 2.10 mg/dL in lipoprotein(a), Lp(a), were observed in male alcohol drinkers who consumed ≥30 g alcohol/d compared with abstainers after controlling for all confounders. Levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, and apo A1 increased with increase in alcohol intake in both genders and Lp(a) decreased with the increase in alcohol intake in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple sweet potato leaves (PSPLs) are healthy vegetable that is rich in anti-oxidants. A solution of boiling water extract of PSPL (PSPLE) is believed to be able to prevent obesity and metabolic syndrome in the countryside of Taiwan, but its efficacy has not yet been verified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible anti-adipogenesis effect of PSPLE in vitro. PSPLE was used to treat the 3T3-L1 cells, and the effects on cell proliferation and adipogenesis were investigated. The results showed that PSPLE caused a dose-dependent decrease in the cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, but did not alter the cell viability. In addition, PSPLE induced ERK inactivation in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, pre-treatment of confluent 3T3-L1 cells with PSPLE led to reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibition of lipogenesis could result from the PSPLE-induced down-regulation of the expression of the C/EBPα and SREBP-1 transcription factors during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that PSPLE not only inhibits cell proliferation at an early stage but also inhibits adipogenesis at a later stage of the differentiation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Lipid-based nutrient supplements ( LNSs) are increasingly used in HIV programmes in resource-limited settings. However, the possible effects of LNSs on the plasma concentrations of antiretroviral drugs have not been assessed. Here, we aimed to assess the effects of LNSs on plasma efavirenz and nevirapine trough concentrations in Ethiopian adult HIV-infected patients. Methods The effects of LNSs were studied in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy ( ART) in a randomized trial. Patients with body mass index ( BMI) > 17 kg/m2 ( n = 282) received daily supplementation of an LNS containing whey ( LNS/w), an LNS containing soy ( LNS/s) or no LNS. Trough plasma concentrations of efavirenz and nevirapine were measured at 1 and 2 months. Genotyping for 516 G> T and 983 T> C polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 ( CYP) 2 B6 locus was performed. Multilevel linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between LNS and plasma efavirenz and nevirapine concentrations. Results In patients with BMI > 17 kg/m2, nevirapine concentrations were lower in the LNS/w and LNS/s groups by a median of −2.3 μg/mL [interquartile range ( IQR) −3.9; −0.9 μg/mL; P = 0.002] and −2.1 μg/mL ( IQR −3.9; −0.9 μg/mL; P = 0.01), respectively, compared with the group not receiving supplements. There were no differences between groups with respect to efavirenz plasma concentrations. The CYP2 B6 516 G> T polymorphism was associated with a 5 μg/mL higher plasma efavirenz concentration compared with the wild type ( P < 0.0001), while it was not associated with plasma nevirapine concentrations. Conclusions Intake of an LNS was associated with lower plasma nevirapine trough concentrations, indicating possible drug− LNS interactions. The clinical relevance of such reductions in nevirapine exposure is not clear. Plasma efavirenz concentration was not affected by the LNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hypertension, glucose and blood lipid abnormalities among a community of Ethiopian immigrants in Minnesota. This cross-sectional study used data from the parish nursing program 2007-2012. A total of 673 encounters were included in this study. Various dependent variables including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood glucose (BG), and serum lipids were examined. High blood pressure was defined as a mean SBP equal to or higher than 140 mm/Hg and/or DBP equal to or higher than 90 mmHg. Elevated fasting glucose defined as levels equal to or higher than 126 mg/dL. High level of total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were defined as ≥240, ≥200, ≥160 and ≤40 mg/dL, respectively. General linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship of participants' age and gender, to the continuously distributed response variables, which included systolic and DBP, BG, TC, TG, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. This is a nonrandom sample of adult Ethiopian church members who were invited to participate in a parish nurse cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor screening program. Participants in this sample were 43 % male and 57 % female. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 30.1 % with a cut off mark of 140/90 mm/Hg. The prevalence of hypertension was 33 and 24 % among men than among women, respectively ( p < 0.01). Of all participants, 12 % had BG level of equal to or higher than 126 mg/dL. Low levels of HDL were reported in 30 % of the participants (<40 mg/dL). A higher prevalence of high LDL level (20 %) was observed among women compared to those found in men (16 %). High TC levels (>240 mg/dL) were observed in 15 % of the women and 10 % of the men ( p = 0.2). Higher SBP and DBP were significantly higher in male participants than their female counterparts ( p < 0.05) and in contrast, women showed a significantly higher TC ( p < 0.01) and LDL (0.05) and HDL ( p < 0.001). Female participants also had higher BG than male participants but the difference was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). This opportunity sample suggests high prevalence of CVD risk factors in a community of Ethiopian-American adults, and a pressing need for more comprehensive and systematic assessment of chronic disease health needs in this growing community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been known since the 1970s, but studies in juvenile-onset SLE (JSLE) have reported conflicting results and more data are needed. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the baseline risk of CVD in a cohort of UK patients with JSLE. Methods: Data were collected to establish disease duration, disease activity, medication use and activity levels, as well as demographic data, including family history of CVD. Vascular phenotype was established using well-validated measures of carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Results: In total, 45 children (39 female; mean age 13.5 ± 2.9 years) with JSLE were recruited to the study. Of these, 24 had a history of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis and five had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <90 ml/min/1.73 m. Comparison of these JSLE patients with healthy controls previously scanned at our hospital revealed that the cIMT value was significantly higher in the former (0.45 vs. 0.37 mm, respectively; p < 0.0001). This difference was associated with the use of antihypertensives ( p = 0.04) and higher or lower doses of prednisolone ( p < 0.0001). PWV was not significantly different in the patient and control group (5.27 vs. 5.34 m/s, respectively; p = 0.77). In the patient group, the mean body mass index percentile was 65.63 ± 28.8, and the median physical activity score was 1,773 (676-2,854) metabolic equivalents of task (METs). None of the patients admitted to cigarette smoking, and ten had a positive family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Conclusion: This study shows that our patients with JSLE had increased cIMT without an increase in PWV, suggesting possible early adaptive changes in JSLE. Follow-up data are needed to determine whether these changes result in clinically significant CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new brominated polyunsaturated lipid, methyl (E,E)-14,14-dibromo-4,6,13-tetradecatrienoate (1), along with three known related analogues (2–4), were isolated from the Et2O-soluble portion of the acetone extract of Chinese marine spongeXestospongia testudinariatreated with diazomethane. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with literature data. Compound3exhibited significant inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a key target for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity, with an IC50value of 5.30 ± 0.61 μM, when compared to the positive control oleanolic acid (IC50 = 2.39 ± 0.26 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective Lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol may be associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to determine whether the complex relationship between levels of LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and CV risk is different in RA patients as compared to non-RA controls. Methods Using data from a US health insurance plan (2003-2012), we conducted a cohort study that included patients with RA and non-RA control subjects matched with regard to age, sex, and index date. The nonlinearity of associations between lipid levels and incidence of major adverse CV events (MACE) was tested. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine for an interaction between lipid levels and RA status in relation to the risk of MACE, after adjustment for CV risk factors. Results In total, 16,085 RA patients and 48,499 non-RA controls were studied. The mean age was 52.6 years and 78.6% were women. The relationship between LDL cholesterol levels and incidence of MACE was nonlinear and similar between RA patients and non-RA controls ( P for interaction = 0.72). No significant increase in CV risk was observed between the lowest quintile of LDL cholesterol levels (≤91.0 mg/dl) and the second, third, or fourth quintiles, whereas the highest quintile (>190.0 mg/dl) conveyed a 40% increase in risk of MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.17-1.68). The relationship between HDL cholesterol levels and incidence of MACE was also nonlinear and similar between RA patients and non-RA controls ( P for interaction = 0.39). Compared to the lowest quintile of HDL cholesterol levels, each successive quintile was associated with a reduced risk of MACE (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.48-0.72 for lowest quintile [≤43.0 mg/dl] versus highest quintile [>71.0 mg/dl]). Conclusion The complex relationship between LDL cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterol levels, and risk of MACE was nonlinear in RA patients and also not statistically significantly different from that in an age- and sex-matched non-RA cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective.The aim of the present study was to provide further evidence of (1) metabolic syndrome and blood lipid profile differences between suicide attempting and non-attempting patients with bipolar disorder (BPD) I and to assess these differences (2) as a function of acute depressive or manic phase.Methods.Fifty inpatients (mean age: 36.14 years 48% males) with BPD I took part in the study. After recruitment, patients were clustered in four groups: 13 suicide attempters (SAs) assessed during a manic phase, 12 SAs assessed during a depressive phase, 15 non-SAs assessed during a manic phase, and 10 non-SAs assessed during a depressive phase. Body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome, blood pressure, blood lipids (cholesterol, high- and low-density lipids, and triglyceride), and fasting blood sugar were assessed.Results.Neither metabolic syndrome, blood lipid values, fasting blood sugar, nor BMI or blood pressure differed between the SAs and non-SAs, or between patients in an acute manic phase and those in a depressed phase. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 26.0%.Conclusion. Among patients with BPD I neither the occurrence of metabolic syndrome nor lipid values or fasting blood sugar are reliable biomarkers of suicidal behavior during either acute depressive or manic phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent evidences have supported migraine headache and neurally mediated syncope as the especial types of endotheliopathies. To determine endothelial function in patients with migraine headache or those with neurally mediated syncope, the present study was conducted. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 93 consecutive patients aged 5-20 years in four groups; neurally mediated syncope, migraine, both neurally mediated syncope and migraine, and control groups. All subjects were tested for basic biophysical and biochemical features including age, gender, body mass index, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures, intima-media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD), blood hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), and E-selectin. Results: The mean levels of VCAM and ICAM were significantly higher in all groups when compared to control group (P < 0.05). FMD was significantly higher in syncope, migraine, and syncope and migraine groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, mean IMT was significantly lower in migraine and also in syncope and migraine groups than in syncope group and control group (P < 0.05). Examining the association between IMT and other baseline parameters showed positive association of IMT with systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Conclusion: Endothelial dysfunction is seen in both migraine headache and neurally mediated syncope. Changes in endothelial functional indices are also dependent on the blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple factors are involved in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMII) to DMII with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications. To identify some of these factors, we aim to investigate the changes in erythrocyte membrane Na+/K+-ATPase activity, serum glucose, insulin, lipid profile, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure in DMII with and without MetS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 155 male subjects distributed into three groups as healthy controls (50 non-DMII volunteers), Group I (50 DMII without MetS), and Group II (55 DMII with MetS). Fasting blood samples were taken for the measurement of glucose, insulin, HbA1c, hs-CRP and lipid profile. Na+/K+-ATPase activity was determined in erythrocyte ghost. Results: Na+/K+-ATPase activity was significantly decreased in DMII groups compared with controls. No significant difference was shown in Na+/K+-ATPase activity between DMII groups. Total ATPase activity, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were similar in the three groups. Levels of insulin, hs-CRP, triacylglycerols, systolic blood pressure, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist/hip ratio, and body mass index were significantly elevated and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol significantly decreased only in Group II. Significant differences in serum glucose and hip circumference were seen between the groups. No significant differences in HbA1c levels were observed between DMII groups. Conclusion: Changes in many of the measured risk factors that occurred only in Group II compared with controls and Group I may provide an explanation of how DMII progresses to DMII with MetS and future cardiovascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Limited data exist so far on cardiovascular disease biomarkers in patients maintained on a protein-restricted diet for inborn errors of protein metabolism. The present study aimed to analyse plasma cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides and total homocysteine in patients with various inborn errors of protein metabolism in comparison with healthy controls. Methods A cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease biomarkers was conducted in a cohort of patients with inborn errors of protein metabolism: nine phenylketonuria, nine urea cycle defect, six branched chain organic acidaemia and two tyrosinaemia type I patients compared to 30 healthy controls. All patients were on a strict natural protein diet for a mean (SD) period of 5.37 (2.30) years (range 2-9 years). Dietary assessment, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins and total homocysteine levels were obtained. Results There were no significant differences in blood lipid studies and total homocysteine levels between patients and controls. Conclusions The results obtained in this pilot study suggest that cardiovascular disease biomarkers are not increased in patients with inborn errors of protein metabolism. This may be explained by the possible protective effect of a mono- and polyunsaturated fat rich Mediterranean diet. Additional studies with a larger number of patients are needed to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The analysis of obesogenic effects in invertebrates is limited by our poor knowledge of the regulatory pathways of lipid metabolism. Recent data from the crustacean Daphnia magna points to three signaling hormonal pathways related to the molting and reproductive cycles [retinoic X receptor (RXR), juvenile hormone (JH), and ecdysone] as putative targets for exogenous obesogens. Objective: The present study addresses the disruptive effects of the model obesogen tributyltin (TBT) on the lipid homeostasis in Daphnia during the molting and reproductive cycle, its genetic control, and health consequences of its disruption. Methods: D. magna individuals were exposed to low and high levels of TBT. Reproductive effects were assessed by Life History analysis methods. Quantitative and qualitative changes in lipid droplets during molting and the reproductive cycle were studied using Nile red staining. Lipid composition and dynamics were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Relative abundances of mRNA from different genes related to RXR, ecdysone, and JH signaling pathways were studied by qRT-PCR. Results and Conclusions: TBT disrupted the dynamics of neutral lipids, impairing the transfer of triacylglycerols to eggs and hence promoting their accumulation in adult individuals. TBT's disruptive effects translated into a lower fitness for offspring and adults. Co-regulation of gene transcripts suggests that TBT activates the ecdysone, JH, and RXR receptor signaling pathways, presumably through the already proposed interaction with RXR. These findings indicate the presence of obesogenic effects in a nonvertebrate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular risk factors begin in childhood and adolescence. This study aimed at assessing serum lipids and prevalence of Dyslipidemia in 11-18 year old students of Birjand. Methods: The present cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was done on 2,643 middle and high school students of Birjand aged 11-18 years (1,396 girls and 1,247 boys). Blood samples were collected for the measurement of blood lipids, including Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, and LDL after a 12-hour fasting period. The denned borderline and abnormal values stated in 2011 by the American Academy of Child, was used. Results: According to our results, it is concluded that: (i) 34.3% (31.3% girls and 37.6% boys) of adolescents had at least one dyslipidemia. (ii) 24.7% of the individuals had HDL lower than 40, where 14% of them TG≥130, 6.1% of cases TC≥200, and 3.5% of cases LDL≥130. Lipid disorder within low HDL type and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly higher in boys (P<0.05) than girls. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in the age group of 11-14 years and low HDL in the age group of 15-18 years showed the highest values (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adolescents of Birjand have high prevalence of dyslipidemia. Preventive measures are recommended to improve lifestyle, including healthy nutrition, encouraging adolescents to exercise, and more mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The prevalence of numerous chronic metabolic diseases is increasing worldwide with considerable personal and societal consequences. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that assessment of waist circumference (WC) and of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) could be relevant clinical targets of a simple preventive approach designed to improve cardiometabolic risk (CMR) profile at the workplace. Methods: A total of 787 employees participated in a pilot project of the "Grand Défi Entreprise." This challenge involved a 3-month in-house competition to favor peer support in the adoption of healthier lifestyle habits. For that purpose, the participating companies offered a comprehensive cardiometabolic/cardiorespiratory health assessment performed at the workplace with a mobile risk assessment unit before and after the contest (nutrition/physical activity (PA) questionnaires, resting blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, and submaximal treadmill test). Results: At baseline, more than 43% of workers were considered sedentary or moderately inactive (<3.5 h⋅wk-1 of physical activity). Furthermore, the proportion of subjects in the high-risk category of nutritional quality index (NQI) was high (49%). After 3 mo, NQI and PA level improved. Reductions in WC (-4.2 ±4.0 cm, P < 0.0001), in heart rate at a standardized submaximal workload (-4 ± 10 bpm, P < 0.0001) as well as in resting systolic (-6 ± 11 mm Hg) and diastolic (-4 ± 7 mm Hg) blood pressure were also observed. Improvements in WC and CRF were associated with improvements in the CMR profile. Conclusion: Results of this study show the added value of measuring/targeting WC and CRF as a relevant approach to reduce CMR at the workplace. Results also suggest that putting in place a permissive "in-house ecosystem" within the company is relevant to promote the adoption of healthier lifestyle habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of Eriobotrya japonica (EJ), Nelumbo nucifera (NN), and their mixture (MIX, 1:1 ratio) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The treatment of EJ, NN, and MIX in 3T3-L1 adipocytes effectively inhibited lipid accumulation, significantly decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP1c), and adipocyte lipid-binding protein (aP2), and significantly increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Moreover, oral treatment of MIX showed stronger effects than individual treatment. C57BL/6J mice (6 week old) were divided into two groups; low fat diet (LFD) containing 10% calories from fat and high fat diet (HFD) containing 60% calories from fat. The HFD groups were further divided into five subgroups; treated with distilled water (HFD), treated with 400 mg/kg EJ (EJ400), treated with 400 mg/kg NN (NN400), treated with 200 mg/kg MIX (MIX200), and treated with 400 mg/kg MIX (MIX400) during 13 weeks. In our results, the administration of EJ, NN, and MIX significantly decreased body weight (BW), fat weight, liver weight, hepatic triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), lipid droplets in the liver, food efficacy ratio, and the plasma TG, TC, glucose, insulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a dose-dependent manner, and MIX treatment showed stronger effect than their individual treatments. Similarly, MIX treatment decreased the expression of PPARγ, SREBP-1c, FAS, and ACC more strongly in the adipose tissue than single treatments. In conclusion, the MIX of EJ and NN extract may strongly regulate BW gain than EJ or NN alone, and its anti-obesity effect is associated with the control of lipid metabolism, including adipogenesis and lipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Dyslipidemia contributes to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in persons with type 1 diabetes ( T1D). Weight control is commonly recommended as a treatment for dyslipidemia. However, the extent to which decreases in weight affect the lipid profile in youth with T1D is not known. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that decreases in body mass index z-score ( BMIz) were associated with concomitant changes in the lipid profile in youth with T1D. Study Design We studied 1142 youth with incident T1D, who had at least two fasting lipid measurements over 2 yr (initial visit mean: age = 10.8 ± 3.9 yr, BMIz = 0.55 ± 0.97, T1D duration = 10.7 ± 7.6 months; 47.5% female, 77.9% non-Hispanic white) in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Longitudinal mixed models were used to examine the relationships between changes in BMIz and changes in total, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C), non- HDL cholesterol, and log triglycerides (TG) adjusted for initial age, sex, race/ethnicity, clinical site, season of study visit, T1D duration, and glycated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c). Results We found that over 2 yr all lipid levels, except LDL-C, increased significantly (p < 0.05). Decreases in BMIz were associated with favorable changes in HDL-C and TG only and the magnitude of these changes depended on the initial BMIz value (interaction p < 0.05), so that greater improvements were seen in those with higher BMIz. Conclusions Our data suggest that weight loss may be an effective, but limited, therapeutic approach for dyslipidemia in youth with T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nutraceuticals (NUT) are forms of compounds with biological activity commonly used to improve health in dosage largely exceeding those obtainable in food. Aim: We compared, in a double blind randomized cross-over trial, the effects of two NUT combinations on the control of glico-lipidic metabolism in patients with hypercholesterolemia not on statins. Methods: At study start patients were given dietary counseling and received placebo for 2 weeks. After this run-in period, patients were randomized: (1) Combination A [Policosanol, Red yeast rice (Monakolin K 3 mg), Berberine 500 mg, Astaxantine, Folic Acid and Coenzyme Q10] for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of Combination B [Red yeast rice (Monakolin K 3.3 mg), Berberine 531.25 mg and leaf extract of Morus alba]; (2) Combination B for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of Combination A. Results: Combination B reduced LDL cholesterol below 130 mg/dl in 56.5 % of the patients, and Cambination A only in 21.7 % of them (p ≤ 0.027). Both treatments reduced plasma levels of triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol (all p < 0.03). Total and LDL cholesterol reduction was more pronounced in patients taking Combination B (p < 0.005). Combination B reduced also glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose and insulin plasma levels as well as HOMA index (p < 0.005). Conclusions: An increased content of Berberin and Monacolin K and the addition of Morus alba extract improves the effect on plasma cholesterol and on glucose metabolism of the NUT Combination. These effects may allow the speculation of a more marked improvement in cardiovascular prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To assess the relationship between lifetime suicide attempts (SAs), serum lipid values, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with bipolar disorders (BPD). Methods. Eighty patients with BPD took part in the study (M = 40.60 years). After psychiatric diagnosis, demographic data, SAs, and serum lipids were measured and MetS was calculated. Results. 70% reported at least one suicide attempt. 52.5% suffered from MetS. Suicide attempters had higher cholesterol values. SAs were associated with a family history of suicide, current mood state, and lower educational level. SAs were unrelated to MetS. Conclusions. In patients with BPD, against expectations, the occurrence of SAs was associated with higher cholesterol values. Serum lipid values are not suitable as a biological trait marker to predict SAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: The C1431T polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) gene is related to diabetes and metabolic-syndrome. However, studies have been inconclusive about its association with coronary artery disease (CAD) and there have been no studies analyzing the association of this polymorphism with fasted-serum-lipid levels in Iranian-individuals with CAD. We investigated the association of PPAR-γ C1431T-polymorphism with CAD and dyslipidaemia in 787 individuals. Methods: Anthropometric-parameters and biochemical-measurements were evaluated, followed by genotyping. The association of the genetic-polymorphisms with CAD and lipid-profile was determined by univariate/multivariate-analyses. Results: Patients with CT or CT+TT genotype were at an increased-risk of CAD relative to CC-carriers (adjusted odds ratio: 2.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-4.09; p = 0.046). However, in the larger population, CT genotype was present at a higher frequency in the group with a positive angiogram. Furthermore, CT+TT genotypes were associated with an altered fasted-lipid-profile in the initial population sample of patients with a positive angiogram, compared to the group with a negative-angiogram. The angiogram-positive patients carrying the T allele had a significantly higher triglyceride, serum C-reactive protein and fasting-blood-glucose. Conclusion: We have found the PPAR-γ C1431T polymorphism was significantly associated with fasted serum lipid profile in individuals with angiographically defined CAD. Since accumulating data support the role of PPAR-γ polymorphisms in CAD, further studies are required to investigate the association of this polymorphism with coronary artery disease. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the efficacy of 8 weeks of continuous or intermittent exercise on lipid profile in obese children. Methods: A randomised pretest--posttest design was implemented to compare the effects of continuous and intermittent exercise, measuring lipid profiles in obese children before and after the intervention. Thirty obese children (11 male and 19 female; age range: 12-15 years; body mass index ≥25) were randomised into two exercise intervention groups to engage in an 8-week exercise programme consisting of either continuous exercise (Group A) or intermittent exercise (Group B). Results: Data showed that there was a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in both groups following intervention. There was a significant improvement in the lipid profile results of Group B compared with Group A. Conclusions: Intermittent exercise programmes are more effective than continuous exercise programmes in improving lipid profiles in children with obesity. Findings from this research could lead to improved health outcomes in obese patients by increasing aerobic capacity, wellness and metabolic fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that resistance training (RT) may reduce metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk. We investigated whether overweight/class I obese individuals by BMI classification with high strength fitness exhibit cardiovascular/metabolic phenotypes similar to those overweight/obese and untrained or those normal-weight with high strength fitness. Methods: A total of 90 young males were categorized into three groups: overweight untrained (OU, n = 30, BMI > 27 kg⋅m-2), overweight trained (OT, n = 30, BMI > 27 kg ⋅m-2, RT ≥ 4 d ⋅wk-1), and normal-weight trained (NT, n = 30, BMI < 25 kg ⋅m-2, RT ≥ 4 d ⋅wk-1). Participants were assessed for strength, body composition, central/peripheral blood pressures, arterial stiffness, and markers of cardiovascular and metabolic health. Results: Body weight was similar in OT and OU and greater than NT (P < 0.00001), and fat mass was different in all groups (P < 0.001). Compared to OU, NT and OT groups exhibited higher relative strength (NT = 46.7%, OT = 44.4%, P < 0.00001), subendocardial viability ratio (NT = 21.0%, P < 0.001; OT = 17.0%, P < 0.01), and lower brachial/central blood pressures (NT P < 0.001; OT P ≤ 0.05); augmentation index and pulse-wave velocity were lower only in OT (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (NT P < 0.01, OT P < 0.05), triglycerides (NT = -50.4%, OT = -41.8%, P < 0.001), oxidized LDL (NT = -39.8%, OT = -31.8%, P < 0.001), and CRP (NT = -63.7%, OT = -67.4%, P < 0.01) levels were lower and high-density lipoprotein (NT = 26.9%, OT = 21.4%, P < 0.001) levels were higher in NT and OT compared to OU. NT and OT also exhibited lower amylin (NT = -55.8%, OT = -40.8%) and leptin (NT = -84.6%, OT = -59.4%) and higher adiponectin (NT = 87.5%, P < 0.001; OT = 78.1%, P < 0.01) and sex hormone--binding globulin (NT = 124.4%, OT = 92.3%, P < 0.001). Despite greater total and trunk fat in OT compared with NT, other than glucose and insulin, which were lower in NT than in both OT and OU (OT P < 0.01, OU P < 0.001), OT did not exhibit any impaired biomarker/phenotype compared to NT. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that overweight/class I obese individuals with high strength fitness exhibit metabolic/cardiovascular risk profiles similar to normal-weight, fit individuals rather than overweight/class I obese unfit individuals. Strength training may be important to metabolic and cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of CKD-related complications stem from cardiovascular pathologies such as hypertension. To help reduce cardiovascular complications, aerobic exercise is often prescribed. Emerging evidence suggests high intensity interval training (HIIT) may be more beneficial than traditional aerobic exercise. However, appraisals of varying forms of aerobic exercise, along with descriptions of mechanisms responsible for health-related improvements, are lacking. This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of HIIT (85% VO2max), versus low intensity aerobic exercise (LIT; 45–50% VO2max) and sedentary behaviour (SED), in an animal model of early-stage CKD. Tissue-specific mRNA expression of RAAS-related genes and CKD-related clinical markers were examined. Compared to SED, HIIT resulted in increased plasma albumin (p=0.001), reduced remnant kidney weight (p=0.028), and reduced kidney weight-body weight ratios (p=0.045). Compared to LIT, HIIT resulted in reduced Agt mRNA expression (p=0.035), reduced plasma LDL (p=0.001), triglycerides (p=0.029), and total cholesterol (p=0.002), increased plasma albumin (p=0.047), reduced remnant kidney weight (p=0.005), and reduced kidney weight-body weight ratios (p=0.048). These results suggest HIIT is a more potent regulator of several markers that describe and influence health in CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debate exists as to whether improvements in some cardiometabolic risk factors following exercise training result more from the last session of, or from an accumulation of, exercise sessions. This study was designed to compare the effect of a single exercise session with 3 consecutive days of exercise on triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Twelve young adult (aged 22.5 ± 2.5 years), overweight (body mass index = 29.7 ± 4 kg·m-2), sedentary, black ( n = 5) and white ( n = 7) men ( n = 6) and women ( n = 6) completed, in random order, a single treadmill exercise session at 60% maximal oxygen uptake for 90 min (1EX), accumulated exercise sessions (same as for 1EX) for 3 consecutive days (3EX), and a control protocol (no exercise for 6 days). Plasma samples were collected from baseline through 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Significant treatment-by-time interactions ( p < 0.05) existed in HDL-C and LDL-C. Postexercise responses of HDL-C differed at 48 h (1EX: -3.6, 3EX: + 3.7 mg·dL−1) and 72 h (1EX: -1.7, 3EX: + 3.2 mg·dL−1). LDL-C responses differed at 48 h (1EX: -16, 3EX: + 6 mg·dL−1). Although not statistically significant, TG concentrations decreased by 29% at 24 h after 3EX, compared with -7% after 1EX. An inverse relationship between baseline and postexercise reduction in TG was present with 3EX ( r = -0.655; p < 0.05). In conclusion, 3EX increased HDL-C and decreased TG more than 1EX, while the decrease in LDL-C after 1EX was suppressed. Blood lipid panel changes may be due to more accumulated effects over time rather than just a result of the most recent exercise session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Cheese may affect lipids and lipoproteins differently than other high-fat dairy foods. Objective: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate randomized controlled trials that examined the effect of cheese consumption compared with another food product on blood lipids and lipoproteins. Data Sources: A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and the clinicaltrials.gov website was performed. Study Selection: A total of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified that examined the effect of cheese consumption on blood lipids and lipoproteins in healthy adults. Data Extraction: A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs that compared the effects of hard cheese and butter, both of which had a similar ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (P/S ratio), was performed. Data Synthesis: Compared with butter intake, cheese intake (weighted mean difference: 145.0 g/d) reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 6.5% (-0.22 mmol/l; 95%CI: -0.29 to -0.14) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 3.9% (-0.05 mmol/l; 95%CI: -0.09 to -0.02) but had no effect on triglycerides. Compared with intake of tofu or fat-modified cheese, cheese intake increased total cholesterol or LDL-C, as was expected on the basis of the P/S ratio of the diets. There was insufficient data to compare intake of cheese with intake of other foods. Conclusion: Despite the similar P/S ratios of hard cheese and butter, consumption of hard cheese lowers LDL-C and HDL-C when compared with consumption of butter. Whether these findings can be attributed to calcium, specific types of saturated fatty acids, or the food matrix of cheese warrants further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited information on the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Iranian population, a group that has a high prevalence of CKD and obesity. The aim of present study was to determine the relationship between MetS and CKD in West of Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 800 subjects aged more than 35 years admitted from 2011 to 2013 were enrolled in the study. MetS was defined based on the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and CKD was defined from the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative practice guidelines. Waist circumference and body mass index were calculated, as well, blood samples were taken and lipid profile, plasma glucose levels, and serum creatinine were measured. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: CKD was seen in 14.8% patients with MetS and 8.3% individuals without MetS. MetS was associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) for a glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (OR: 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.99; P = 0.004). Individuals with 2, 3, 4, and 5 components of the MetS had an increased OR for CKD: 2.19 (95% CI: 0.95-3.62), 2.65 (95% CI: 1.03-4.71), 2.86 (95% CI: 1.08-5.53), and 5.03 (95% CI: 1.80-8.57), respectively, compared with individuals with none of the components. Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of CKD in patients with MetS compared with the subject without MetS. Our observations raised major clinical and public health concerns in Iran, where both the MetS and kidney diseases are becoming common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sedentary behavior is linked to numerous poor health outcomes. This study aims to determine the effects of 7 d of increased sitting on markers of cardiometabolic risk among free-living individuals. Methods: Ten recreationally active participants (>150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week; mean ± SD age, 25.2 ± 5.7 yr; mean ± SD body mass index, 24.9 ± 4.3 kg⋅m-2) completed a 7-d baseline period and a 7-d sedentary condition in their free-living environment. At baseline, participants maintained normal activity. After baseline, participants completed a 7-d sedentary condition. Participants were instructed to sit as much as possible, to limit standing and walking, and to refrain from structured exercise and leisure time physical activity. ActivPAL™ monitor was used to assess sedentary behavior and physical activity. Fasting lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured, and oral glucose tolerance test was performed after baseline and sedentary condition. Results: In comparison to baseline, total sedentary time (mean Δ, 14.9%; 95% CI, 10.2-19.6) and time in prolonged/uninterrupted sedentary bouts significantly increased, whereas the rate of breaks from sedentary time was significantly reduced (mean Δ, 21.4%; 95% CI, 6.9-35.9). For oral glucose tolerance test, 2-h plasma insulin (mean Δ, 38.8 μU ⋅mL-1; 95% CI, 10.9-66.8) and area under the insulin curve (mean Δ, 3074.1 μU ⋅mL-1 per 120 min; 95% CI, 526.0-5622.3) were significantly elevated after the sedentary condition. Lipid concentrations did not change. Change in 2-h insulin was negatively associated with change in light-intensity activity (r = -0.62) and positively associated with change in time in sitting bouts longer than 30 min (r = 0.82) and 60 min (r = 0.83). Conclusion: Increased free-living sitting negatively impacts markers of cardiometabolic health, and specific features of sedentary behavior (e.g., time in prolonged sitting bouts) may be particularly important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to determine whether blood lipids in healthy preadolescent children are sensitive to normally occurring changes in percent body fat, physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and macronutrient intake. Methods: Repeated measurements of fasting serum LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG); percent body fat (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); PA (pedometers); CRF (multistage run); and carbohydrate, sugar, and fat intake (dietary recall and record) were carried out in 469 children (51% girls) age 8, 10, and 12 yr. Results: Longitudinal relationships in boys showed that, for every one-unit increase in percent body fat, there was a 1.3% (95% CI, 0.9-1.8; P < 0.001) increase in LDL cholesterol; among girls, the increase was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.3-1.2; P = 0.003). In addition, we found a positive longitudinal relationship between TG and percent body fat (P < 0.001) in girls, and a negative longitudinal relationship between HDL cholesterol and percent body fat (P = 0.03) in boys. There were also longitudinal relationships between TG and CRF in both sexes (P < 0.05), but these were not sustained upon adjustment for percent body fat. Although cross-sectional relationships occurred in girls for both HDL cholesterol and TG with PA (P < 0.05), we found no evidence of any relationships between lipids and fat or sugar intake. By age 12 yr, LDL cholesterol was elevated (>3.36 mmol ⋅L-1) in 16% and 20% of girls and boys, respectively. Conclusions: Blood lipids in preadolescent children appear sensitive to normal changes occurring in their percent body fat and, thus, fitness. Our data support early attention to body composition in community strategies designed to prevent cardiovascular disease in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale, aims and objectives This study was undertaken to assess the frequency of lipid screening in comparison with the United States Preventive Services Task Force guideline in a sample of family medicine patients. In addition, we sought to determine the association between testing frequency and achievement of lipid targets. Methods A random sample was extracted from 271 patients from among all patients cared for in our Department of Family Medicine for whom lipid screening was ordered from March to September 2012 and who had ≥2 well-defined cardiovascular risk factors. Lipid testing frequency was classified in three ways: semi-annual or less often (0-12 tests over 6 years), annual or less often (0-6 tests), or biennial (0-3 tests). Results Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the predictors of lipid screening more often than semi-annually were age ≥60 years [odds ratio ( OR) = 3.7] and diabetes mellitus ( DM) ( OR = 30.6). Predictors of screening more often than annually were DM ( OR = 4.3), hypertension ( OR = 2.1), family history of premature coronary artery disease ( OR = 5.6) and statin treatment ( OR = 3.5). Lipid goal attainment was not associated with testing frequency except with regard to low-density lipoprotein levels ( P = 0.043, P < 0.001, P = 0.005, by semi-annual, annual and biennial, respectively) and total cholesterol levels ( P = 0.015, P = 0.025 by semi-annual and annual, respectively). Conclusions Questionable high frequency of lipid testing was detected even when the more conservative approach of annual monitoring was assumed. Frequency of testing was not associated with goal attainment for most parameters. Physicians should request the lipid testing based on overall risk assessment and person variability in accordance with published guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the cardiovascular risk factors according to the Framingham, PROCAM and SCORE models, to evaluate the 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and to compare the suitability of different models in Turkish Type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: Risk factors and the 10-year CVD risk in 265 patients were evaluated using three risk models. Measurements included blood pressure, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and HbA1c were measured. Low-, moderate- and high-risk groups were determined according to the three risk calculations. Results: Hypertension, obesity and no exercise, dyslipidemia and high HbA1c in women, and excessive cigarette/alcohol consumption, increased weight, dyslipidemia and high HbA1c in men were crucial. Men were in the moderate-risk group according to three risk models. Women were in the medium-risk group according to the Framingham and PROCAM risks and in the low-risk group according to the SCORE. Conclusion: Results estimating the 10-year CVD according to the three risk models were inconsistent. More sensitive CVD risk calculators are needed. Discussion and practice implications: Our results could guide diabetes specialists in identifying gender-specific risks and designing preventive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This was a retrospective study that assessed achievement of lipid-lowering treatment targets in the setting of a University Hospital Lipid Clinic. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal attainment according to National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines was recorded in 1000 consecutive adult patients followed for ≥3 years (mean 8 years). The LDL-C targets according to the NCEP ATP III were attained by 66% and 86% of patients with “very high” (n = 477) and “high” (n = 408) cardiovascular risk, respectively. Fewer patients were within LDL-C goals according to the ESC/EAS guidelines: 25% and 42%. Overall, 92% of the patients were on statins: 67% were on statin monotherapy, while 33% were on combinations with ezetimibe (25%), ω-3 fatty acids (5%), fibrates (4%), or colesevelam (2%). Even in a specialist lipid clinic, a large proportion of patients are not at goal according to the recent ESC/EAS guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background. Among the obese, the so-called metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype is thought to confer a lower CVD risk as compared to obesity with typical associated metabolic changes. The present study aims to determine the relationship of different subtypes of obesity with inflammatory-cardiometabolic abnormalities. Methods. We evaluated 5,519 healthy, Brazilian subjects (43±10 years, 78% males), free of known cardiovascular disease. Those with <2 metabolic risk factors (MRF) were considered metabolically healthy, and those with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and/or waist circumference meeting NCEP criteria for metabolic syndrome as overweight/obese (OW). High sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured to assess underlying inflammation and hepatic steatosis (HS) was determined via abdominal ultrasound. Results. Overall, 40% of OW individuals were metabolically healthy, and 12% normal-weight had ≥2 MRF. The prevalence of elevated CRP (≥3 mg/dL) and HS in MHO versus normal weight metabolically healthy group was 22% versus 12%, and 40% versus 8% respectively (P<0.001). Both MHO individuals and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) phenotypes were associated with elevated hsCRP and HS. Conclusion. Our study suggests that MHO and MUNW phenotypes may not be benign and physicians should strive to treat individuals in these subgroups to reverse these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept is now emerging that higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lower thyroid hormone levels within the euthyroid range may adversely affect atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between thyroid parameters and lipids profile in a cohort of euthyroid diabetic subjects. Methods: Four hundred and sixty-two euthyroid type 2 diabetes subjects (302 males and 160 females) were consecutively recruited. Clinical and anthropometric data was collected from all participants. Whole blood samples were drawn in the morning after an overnight fasting for the measurement of serum TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), free triiothyronine (FT3), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels, as well as lipid concentrations and glucose. Results: TSH was higher in females than males. Stratified by TSH, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level increased in subjects with TSH ≥2.5uIU/mL (P = 0.004). And TSH was associated with HDL-c in a Pearson correlation test, however, the association failed to attain significance in partial correlation analyses, adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, fasting glucose and BMI. In females, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) level was significant lower in subjects with TSH <2.5uIU/mL. TSH was significantly associated with TC and LDL-c, even in a partial correlation analysis (P = 0.006 and 0.011, respectively). In a multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise), TSH was positive associated with TC (β = 0.202, P = 0.005) and LDL-c (β = 0.144, P = 0.010). In one hundred and six patients having TPO antibody assays, 6 (5.66%) were positive. The blood pressure and lipid levels were lower in TPO-Ab positive patients, however, the differences were not significantly. Conclusions: In conclusion, we identified TSH was positively associated with serum TC and LDL-c in euthyroid diabetic women. Our analysis in the subgroup having TPO antibody assays demonstrating non-significantly lower TC levels among seropositive subjects was consistent with the above stated consideration for women as a whole. Further investigations are needed to understand the intimate mechanisms of lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes with respect to thyroid function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an important regulator of insulin action. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) G22A in the ADA gene decreases enzymatic activity of ADA. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the SNP G22A and blood glycemic control, insulin resistance, and obesity of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients in an Iranian population. SNP G22A was determined in women with GDM (N=70) and healthy pregnant women (control, N=70) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), plasma insulin levels and plasma lipids were measured using commercial kits. Homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The distribution of genotypes and alleles among GDM patients was similar to that of the control group. FPG and HbA1c were significantly higher in GDM patients with GG genotype compared with GDM patients with GA+AA genotype and non-GDM patients. The frequency of GG genotype was significantly higher in obese GDM patients compared to lean GDM patients. The SNP G22A in the ADA gene was not associated with the risk of GDM in our population. GG genotype was associated with poor glycemic control and obesity in GDM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic alcohol exposure causes lipid dyshomeostasis at the adipose-liver axis, reducing lipid storage in white fat and increasing lipid deposit in the liver. Previous studies have shown that visceral fat, rather than subcutaneous fat, is a risk factor for metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine whether chronic alcohol exposure differentially affects lipid metabolism in visceral (epididymal) and subcutaneous fat, and the mechanisms underlying the alcohol effects. Methods Male Wistar rats were pair-fed the Lieber-DeCarli control or alcohol liquid diet for 12 weeks to determine the effects of alcohol on the white fat. Tissue explants culture and 3T3-L1 culture were conducted to define the role of acetaldehyde in alcohol-induced adipose tissue dysfunction. Results Chronic alcohol feeding significantly reduced visceral fat mass and down-regulated peroxisome proliferator activator receptor- γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein- α, 2 important transcription factors in regulation of lipogenesis. The protein levels of lipogenic enzymes including phospho- ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, lipin1, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 in the visceral fat were reduced. In contrast, chronic alcohol exposure did not affect subcutaneous fat mass and had less effect on the protein levels of lipogenic enzymes and regulators. Accordingly, the visceral fat showed a lower protein level of aldehyde detoxification enzymes compared to the subcutaneous fat. Acetaldehyde treatment to either visceral fat explants or 3T3-L1 adipocytes produced similar effects on lipogenic enzymes and regulators as observed in animal model. Conclusions These results demonstrated that visceral fat is more susceptible to alcohol toxicity compared to subcutaneous fat, and disruption of adipose lipogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of alcoholic lipodystrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Treatment with liraglutide in randomized controlled trials is associated with significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and weight loss in type 2 diabetes patients. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to investigate correlations of glycemic control and weight outcomes with baseline characteristics of patients starting liraglutide in outpatient clinics in Italy. Methods: Type 2 diabetes patients were followed from baseline to 4, 8, and 12 months. Changes in glycemic parameters, weight, blood pressure, and lipids were assessed. Subanalyses were performed according to baseline characteristics. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were used to assess correlations between glycemic efficacy, weight reduction, and liraglutide discontinuation after 12 months and baseline characteristics. Findings: Four hundred and eighty-one patients were included. Mean (SD) age at baseline was 57.3 (9.2) years, diabetes duration was 9.5 (6.8) years, weight was 106.7 (20.8) kg, body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m²) was 37.1 (6.6), HbA1c was 8.7% (1.3%), fasting plasma glucose was 168.5 (45.3) mg/dL; 38.2% were treated previously with insulin and 52.2% were treated with metformin alone. After 12 months, mean (SD) changes were HbA1c 1.2% (1.4%), fasting plasma glucose -28.3 (41.1) mg/dL, weight -3.5 (5.8) kg, BMI -1.3 (2.1), waist circumference -2.6 (6.7) cm (all, P < 0.001). Drop in weight and HbA1c did not differ between baseline BMI classes ≤30 or >30. Weight loss was unchanged among diabetes duration quartiles, and HbA1c reduction was significantly greater in patients with ≤4 years of diabetes duration (P = 0.01). Non-insulin-treated patients reached HbA1c ≤7% significantly more often than treated patients (44.2% vs 21.2%; odds ratio =2.94; P < 0.001) and had significantly greater weight loss (-4.5 [8.2] kg vs -2.6 [5.4] kg; P = 0.03). Patients on metformin reached HbA1c target more frequently than others (43.1% vs 29.7%; odds ratio = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.05-3.07). Significant positive determinants for HbA1c reduction after 12 months were baseline HbA1c, age, and prior metformin monotherapy, and weight loss at 12 months was positively correlated with baseline weight, and negatively correlated with prior insulin treatment. Overall, 5.0% of patients interrupted liraglutide before the 12th month due to lack of glycemic control; they were less frequently treated with metformin only before liraglutide (29.2% vs 50.2%; P = 0.04). Implications: Treatment with liraglutide in a realworld setting is associated with low therapy failure, good glycemic response, weight loss, and improvement in systolic blood pressure and lipid profile. The HbA1c drop did not differ among baseline BMI classes, indicating that efficacy is maintained in patients with lower BMI. The probability of reaching HbA1c ≤7% was significantly higher in patients previously treated with metformin alone and without any previous insulin. This could reinforce the hypothesis that better results with liraglutide could be achieved in patients after early metformin failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of berberine on amelioration of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and the mechanism involved in high glucose and high fat diet-induced diabetic hamsters. Golden hamsters fed with high glucose and high fat diet were medicated with metformin, simvastatin, and low or high dose of berberine (50 and 100 mg·kg−1) for 6 weeks. The results showed that the body weights were significantly lower in berberine-treated groups than control group. Histological analyses revealed that the treatment of berberine inhibited hepatic fat accumulation. Berberine significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance, and 8-isoprostane level but significantly increased plasma superoxide dismutase activity. Glucose and insulin levels were significantly reduced in metformin and berberine-treated groups. Glucose tolerance tests documented that berberine-treated mice were more glucose tolerant. Berberine treatment increased expression of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 mRNA and significantly decreased liver low density lipoprotein receptor mRNA expression. The study suggested that berberine was effective in lowering blood glucose and lipids levels, reducing the body weight, and alleviating the oxidative stress in diabetic hamsters, which might be beneficial in reducing the cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Although the link between hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome had been recognized, the association of the dyslipidemia among individuals with hyperuricemia remains not comprehensively assessed. Methods. Using NHANES III study, we examined the relation between serum lipid profiles and different serum uric acid levels, including serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein-B, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein AI, ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol, and ratio of apolipoprotein-B to AI. Results. After adjusting for potential confounders, average differences (95% confidence interval) comparing the top to the bottom (reference) serum uric acid were 0.29 (0.19, 0.39) mmol/L for total cholesterol, 0.33 (0.26, 0.41) mmol/L for triglycerides, 0.14 (0.01, 0.27) mmol/L for LDL cholesterol, −0.08 (−0.11, −0.05) mmol/L for HDL, and 0.09 (0.05, 0.12) g/L for serum apolipoprotein-B. Notably, ratios of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein-B to AI were also linearly associated with uric acid levels (P for trend < 0.001). Conclusions. This study suggested that serum LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein-B levels, ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol, and ratio of apolipoprotein-B to AI are strongly associated with serum uric acid levels, whereas serum HDL cholesterol levels are significantly inversely associated. In the clinical practice, the more comprehensive strategic management to deal with dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia deserves further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke is used in Brazilian folk medicine as hypolipidemic drug no study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of this species in an experimental model of atherosclerosis. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible renoprotective activity of methanolic extract obtained from Vitex megapotamica (MEVM) using C57BL/6 LDLr-null mice submitted to high fat diet (HFD). MEVM was orally administered at doses of 30,100, and 300mg/kg, for three weeks, starting from the 2nd week of HFD. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diuretic activity were measured weekly. At the end of experiments the serum lipids, atherogenic index serum (AIS), oxidative stress, and markers of renal function were determined. HFD induced a significant increase in the systolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, increase in AIS, and lipid peroxidation accompanied by an important reduction in renal function. Treatment with MEVM was able to prevent increase in SBP, total cholesterol, triglycerides, AIS, urea, and creatinine levels in LDLr-null mice. These effects were accompanied by a significant reduction in oxidative stress and renal injury. The data reported here support the potential of Vitex megapotamica as candidate to be an herbal medicine used in cardiovascular or renal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The aim of this study is researching the role of the Regulatory T cell (Treg)/T helper cell-17 (Thl7) cell ratio imbalance in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and the use of the "Bu Xu Hua Yu" recipe in the treatment of AIH. Materials and Methods. Sixty adult male C57/BL6 mice were divided into six different groups. α-Galcer was injected abdominally for production of the animal models. Liver function tests, histological examinations, liver tissue Regulatory T cell, and T helper cell-17 levels tests were carried out. TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-17, and expression of mRNA and protein levels of Foxp3 and ROR-γt were also assessed. Results. Bu Xu Hua Yu method increased the levels of Regulatory T cell, IL-10, and the expression of Foxp3 (P < 0.05) in mice liver tissues. Furthermore, there were decreases in the levels of T helper cell-17, IL-17, and expression of RORγt mRNA and protein (P < 0.05). The ratio of Treg/Th17 was increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Mice with AIH have a Treg/Th17 ratio imbalance. Bu Xu Hua Yu method was able to restore the cellular balance of Treg/Th17 through the regulation of the expression of RORγt and Foxp3 and can play an important role in the treatment of AIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative side effects of classic antiepileptics, such as Valproate (VPA), often cause patients to discontinue their use. While the negative effects of VPA on lipid profile and thyroid functions have been well published, data regarding the side effects of new antiepileptics, such as levetiracetam (LEV), are not as conclusive. In this study, we investigated the effects of a well-known antiepileptic, VPA, and a new antiepileptic, LEV, on serum lipid levels and thyroid functions in young epileptic patients. Our study included 79 epileptic patients aged between 18-40 years who were undergoing VPA (n=42) or LEV (n=37) monotherapy for at least two years and 58 healthy subjects. Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, smoking or alcohol addiction, and those who were being treated with any other drugs were excluded from the study. Fasting total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured for each patient and thyroid function tests were performed. The three groups were compared in terms of these aforementioned parameters. There were no statistical differences in the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and free-T3 levels between the three groups. The triglyceride levels of the VPA group were significantly higher than those of the LEV and control groups (p=0.0001). While the free-T4 levels of the VPA group were significantly lower than those of the LEV and control groups (p=0.020), TSH levels were higher. The free-T4 and TSH levels did not differ significantly between the LEV and control groups. This study revealed that while the long term use of VPA negatively affected serum triglyceride levels and thyroid functions, LEV did not have any negative effects on these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Currently, there are numerous studies on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the potential for functional foods to bring benefits or improve people's health. However, most of these studies are conducted with middle-aged individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a typical diet with some functional components, which are substances that when consumed in small quantities can improve people's welfare. Methods: The participants in this study were young; slightly overweight; had normal glucose tolerance; and had lipid values indicating dyslipidemia or close dyslipidemia. Following a 4-wk run-in phase, participants followed either a diet containing foods enriched with ω-3 fatty acids, β-glucans, phytosterols, and vitamin E or an isoenergetic diet without the active components. Sixteen individuals (age range 20 to 37 y) were randomly assigned to one of two groups. At the end of treatment, while fasting, plasma concentrations of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol were measured. Furthermore, blood glucose was evaluated after fasting and after a meal enriched with β-glucans. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction ( α < 0.05) across the lipid pro le. A meal rich in β-glucans produced a glycemic response significantly lower than the nonenriched meal. Conclusion: The dietary supplements used in this work, based on the integration of functional components into the usual diet of the population, have proved effective in reducing peak levels of postprandial glucose and the risk for dyslipidemia. Therefore, these functional components proved a valuable aid in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the effects of 2 long-term training programs on blood lipid profiles in overweight older adults. 59 older men with BMI ≥ 25 and < 35 kg/m2 ages 65–75 years were randomly assigned to an aerobic training group (ATG, n = 19), a mixed aerobic and resistance training group (MTG, n = 20), or a control group (n = 20). Both programs were moderate-to-vigorous intensity, involving 60-min training sessions 3 days/week for 32 weeks. Blood lipids were measured on 5 different occasions. Repeated measure ANCOVA was used for primary data analysis, and the independence between blood lipids variables and group factor was tested. Pre-to-post mean values of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein decreased in both ATG and MTG ( − 10.1 and − 25.8, − 1.0 and − 17.6, − 8.9 and − 17.2 mg/dl, respectively), but not significantly. There was a significant association for triglycerides (P = 0.025) and total cholesterol (P = 0.025) in the MTG (baseline vs. post-test), with significant individual lipid profile modifications. The number of individuals with clinically high triglycerides and total cholesterol significantly decreased after the mixed training program. Combined aerobic and resistance training was more effective in the chronic modification of lipid profile. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01874132 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we have evaluated the changes in arterial blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) caused by the short-term intake of Bacillus subtilis B060-fermented beans with significant β-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nattokinase activity. After being weaned, 7-week-old male SHR and 7-week-old male Wistar--Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomized into seven groups. Until the 8th week of life, the rats in each group were given one of the following: Group 1, high dose of GABA and nattokinase in the SHR (SHD); Group 2, medium dose of GABA and nattokinase in the SHR (SMD); Group 3, low dose of GABA and nattokinase in the SHR (SLD); Group 4, negative control in the SHR (SD); Group 5, positive control in the SHR (SM); Group 6, high dose of GABA and nattokinase in the WKY (WHD); and Group 7, negative control in the WKY (WD). Distilled water served as the negative control, and captopril (50 mg/kg), a known ACE inhibitor, served as the positive control. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure values were measured weekly from the 8th week to the 16th week of life using the tail-cuff method. A definite decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure values could be observed in the rats treated with captopril and in the rats that received GABA and nattokinase. The greatest antihypertensive effect was observed when the pharmacological treatment was administered. The effect of the daily intake of fermented beans containing GABA and nattokinase may be helpful in controlling blood pressure levels in hypertensive model animals. The fermentation of beans with B. subtilis B060 may therefore constitute a successful strategy for producing a functional food with antihypertensive activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hypertension is associated with dyslipidemia. Thiazides adversely affect serum lipid levels in hypertensives. There is currently a dearth of information on benefits of aerobic exercise training on serum lipid levels in individuals on thiazides and this study aimed at bridging this gap in knowledge. Methods: This randomized-controlled trial involved 120 newly-diagnosed adults with essential hypertension (≥65 years). They were treated with 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide + 5 mg of hydrochloride amiloride and 5 or 10 mg of amlodipine for 4-6 weeks before they were randomly assigned into exercise group (EG) and control croup (CG). Only EG underwent 12-week aerobic dance training at 50-70 % of heart rate reserve three times per week. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and total cholesterol were measured and recorded at baseline and post-study. Results: Eighty-eight (45 in EG and 43 in CG) of 120 participants randomly assigned to groups completed the study. Systolic (p = 0.370) and diastolic (p = 0.771) blood pressures (BP) were similar between the two groups at baseline. Systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p < 0.001) BPs reduced significantly in exercise and control groups. LDL-C (from 120.10 ± 33.41 to 110.50 ± 31.68 mg/dl; p = 0.037) and triglyceride (from 117.49 ± 45.12 to 100.63 ± 35.42 mg/dl; p = 0.002) decreased in EG post-study but no significant between-group differences were observed. Conclusions: Although, LDL-C and triglyceride are reduced after aerobic dance training, they were not any more than without it. Aerobic dance training has favorable effects on LDL-C, triglyceride, and systolic and diastolic BP in individuals with hypertension on a thiazide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational studies support that dairy product intake is associated with a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes; however, several clinical studies report conflicting results on the association between dairy product consumption and metabolic parameters. The aim of this study was to determine associations between dairy product consumption and metabolic profile. Dietary data, using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and fasting blood samples were collected from 233 French Canadians. Plasma phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FA) concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. Subjects consumed 2.5 ± 1.4 portions of dairy products daily, including 1.6 ± 1.3 portions of low-fat (LF) and 0.90 ± 0.70 portions of high-fat (HF) dairy products. Trans-palmitoleic acid level in plasma PL was related to HF dairy consumption ( r = 0.15; p = 0.04). Total ( r = -0.21; p = 0.001) and LF dairy ( r = -0.20; p = 0.003) intakes were inversely correlated with fasting plasma glucose level. Total dairy intake was inversely associated to systolic blood pressure ( r = -0.17; p = 0.008) and diastolic blood pressure ( r = -0.14; p = 0.03). LF dairy intake was also inversely correlated with systolic blood pressure ( r = -0.17; p = 0.009). Total dairy intake was correlated with plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) ( r = 0.15; p = 0.03). No association was found between HF dairy consumption and the risk factors studied. In conclusion, dairy intake is inversely associated with glycaemia and blood pressure; yet, it may modify CRP levels. Moreover, trans-palmitoleic FA levels in plasma PL may be potentially used to assess full-fat dairy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Prior studies have provided evidence that lifestyle change prevents or delays the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The challenge is to translate research evidence for type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention into health care settings. Objective We investigated the effect of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) compared with usual care on fasting plasma glucose values, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lipid levels, and Diabetes Risk Score, from baseline to the end of a 12-week intervention in overweight or obese adults with prediabetes. Design Prospective, randomized, parallel group study of 76 adults with impaired fasting plasma glucose or an HbA1c of 5.7% to 6.4%, recruited between April 2010 and May 2011 who completed a 12-week intervention period. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure was fasting plasma glucose. Secondary outcome measures were HbA1c, serum lipid levels, and Diabetes Risk Score. Statistical analyses A factorial repeated measures analysis of variance was used to make comparisons between the two groups (the MNT and usual care groups) and two measures of time (baseline and 12 weeks postintervention). Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (release 19.0, 2010, SPSS Inc). Results There was a significant interaction for group assignment and HbA1c ( P =0.01), with the MNT group experiencing significantly lower HbA1c levels than the usual care group (5.79% vs 6.01%) after the 12-week intervention. There was a significant interaction for group assignment and Diabetes Risk Score ( P =0.001). Diabetes Risk Score for the MNT group decreased from 17.54±3.69 to 15.31±3.79 compared with the usual care group score, which went from 17.23±4.69 to 16.83±4.73. Regardless of group assignment, both groups experienced a reduction in total cholesterol ( P =0.01) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P =0.04) level. Conclusions The results demonstrate that individualized MNT is effective in decreasing HbA1c level in patients diagnosed with prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Centralized pan-Middle East Survey on the undertreatment of hypercholesterolemia (CEPHEUS) survey evaluated the attainment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals among patients on lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III) guideline. The survey was conducted in 6 Arabian Gulf countries. Patients aged ≥18 years on LLDs for at least ≥3 months (stable medication for ≥6 weeks) were recruited. Fasting blood samples were collected at a single visit. In this survey, 5276 (58.2% male) patients were included in the final analysis. The LDL-C goal was attained in 91.1% of low-risk, 52.7% of high-risk, and 32.0% in very-high-risk categories. Goal attainment was directly related to female gender, age <40 years, history of diabetes, and family history of cardiovascular disease. The results of this survey highlight the suboptimal management of hypercholesterolemia across Arabian Gulf countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Elevated plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are prevalent in patients with hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. A total of 83 patients with hypercholesterolemia and angiographically documented mild coronary artery stenosis were randomized to rosuvastatin treatment (20 mg) or atorvastatin treatment (40 mg) once daily for 6 weeks after a 4-week dietary lead-in phase. Both statins decreased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels effectively. Only rosuvastatin increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Both rosuvastatin and atorvastatin decreased plasma ADMA levels; rosuvastatin had a significantly greater effect. The reduction in ADMA levels were correlated with the reduction in TC and LDL-C levels as well as LDL-C–HDL-C ratio. Treatment with rosuvastatin or atorvastatin in patients with hyperlipidemia with mild coronary artery stenosis may lead to a decrease in ADMA levels, which may contribute to improved endothelial function. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Treatment with statins to achieve target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels is still associated with residual risk. Lipoprotein subfraction evaluation can provide additional information regarding atherogenicity in these individuals. Patients (n = 40) with hypercholesterolemia (29 females, mean age 63 years), without previous hypolipemic treatment, were treated with atorvastatin 40 mg/d for 3 months. Atorvastatin significantly reduced total cholesterol (6.7 ± 1.0 vs 4.6 ± 1.3 mmol/L, P < .001), LDL-C (4.3 ± 1.0 vs 2.6 ± 0.9 mmol/L, P < .001), triglycerides (1.8 ± 0.9 vs 1.5 ± 1.00 mmol/L, P < .05), small-dense LDL (sdLDL) fraction 3 to 7 (0.22 ± 0.37 vs 0.09 ± 0.16 mmol/L, P < .001), and apolipoprotein B (apoB; 1.0 ± 0.2 vs 0.74 ± 0.2 g/L, P < .001). There was a negative correlation of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) with buoyant LDL-1 and LDL-2 (r = −.35; P < .05) and positive with sdLDL-3 to sdLDL-7 (r = .52, P < .001). Administration of atorvastatin 40 mg/d in patients with hypercholesterolemia caused a shift in sdLDL subfractions to large, buoyant subfractions. The AIP better correlated with sdLDL than apoB levels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]