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Simple Summary: Locomotion scoring requires skilled, trained observers to accurately detect lameness. Many studies have thus evaluated infrared thermography as an alternative lameness detection method as it does not require a skilled observer. However, there are few reports of the use of infrared thermography in cattle in tropical environments like Tanzania. This study, therefore, aimed to assess whether using an infrared camera to measure the foot skin temperature of hind limbs could potentially be used as an alternative on Tanzanian dairy farms. Three study farms were visited twice each during the afternoon milking on consecutive days. Locomotion scoring using a 4-point scale (0–3) was conducted on the first day as the cows exited the milking parlour after being milked. On the following day, the hind limbs of the cows were thermally imaged while they were standing in the milking parlour, using a forward-looking infrared camera. Mean foot skin temperature increase was associated with an increase in locomotion score; for example, the mean temperature was higher for cows with a locomotion score of 3 than those with a score of 2. Therefore, the present study confirmed that measuring foot skin temperature using an infrared camera has the potential to be employed for detecting lameness on Tanzanian dairy farms. However, improvements in accuracy and reductions in infrared camera costs are needed. Lameness detection is a significant challenge. Locomotion scoring (LS), the most widely used system for detecting lameness, has several limitations, including its subjective nature and the existence of multiple systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether the foot skin temperature (FST) of hind limbs, as measured using infrared thermography (IRT), could potentially be used as an alternative on Tanzanian dairy farms. Each of the three study farms were visited twice during the afternoon milking on consecutive days, with a total of 170 cows assessed. DairyNZ LS (4-point scale (0–3)) was undertaken on the first day as the cows exited the milking parlour after being milked, while on the following day, the plantar aspect of the hind limbs of the cows was thermally imaged while they were standing in the milking parlour, using a handheld T650sc forward-looking infrared camera. Mean FST was higher for cows with a locomotion score of 1 than those with a score of 0; higher for cows with a locomotion score of 2 than those with a score of 1; and higher for cows with a locomotion score of 3 than those with a score of 2, with each one-unit locomotion score increase being associated with a 0.57 °C increase in mean temperature across all zones. The optimal cut-off point of 38.0 °C for mean temperature across all zones was identified using a receiver operator characteristic curve. This cut-off point had a sensitivity of 73.2% and a specificity of 86.0% for distinguishing cows with a locomotion score ≥ 2 (clinical lameness). The prevalence of clinical lameness across all three farms was 33%, which meant that only 72% of cows with a mean FST across all zones ≥ 38.0 °C had been identified as clinically lame using LS. This study confirmed that IRT has the potential to be used to detect lameness on Tanzanian dairy farms. However, before it can be widely used, improvements in accuracy, especially specificity, are needed, as are reductions in equipment (IR camera) costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In pasture-based cattle, it is often suggested that claw trimming, a common lameness prevention practice in housed cows, results in thinner soles over the medium-to-long term. However, there is a lack of data on claw trimming in pasture-based cows. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of trimming on sole thickness in pasture-based cows and evaluate the effect of sole thickness on locomotion scores. Cows were randomly selected and allocated to ultrasound-trimming and ultrasound-non-trimming groups. In May 2018 (at drying off), the ultrasound-measured distance from the external claw sole surface to the pedal bone (distance to the pedal bone) was recorded. Then, trim-group cows were trimmed using the five-step Dutch method to trim the hindlimbs. These procedures were repeated during early lactation (October 2018) and toward the end of lactation (May 2019). The study found that trimming did not affect distance to the pedal bone and that there was no clear effect on the time to increased locomotion scores. The results of this study suggest that in pasture-based cattle, hoof trimming by a professional hoof trimmer using the Dutch method does not alter sole thickness over time. One common management strategy used to reduce the risk of lameness is prophylactic claw trimming. However, in pasture-based cattle, there is a concern that the immediate reduction in sole thickness resulting from sole trimming will lead to medium-to-long-term reductions in sole thickness, which may increase the risk of lameness. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on sole thickness and trimming in pasture-based cows. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trimming on sole thickness over the medium-to-long term, as estimated using the ultrasound-measured distance from the external claw sole surface to the distal phalanx (DDP) and of DDP on the interval between calving and increased locomotion scores. A total of 38 cows were randomly selected from a 940-cow spring calving dairy farm in the North Island of New Zealand; 18 were allocated to the ultrasound hoof-trimming group and 20 were allocated to the ultrasound non-trimming group. Starting in May 2018, at the end of the 2017/18 lactation, ultrasound measurements of DDP of the right hind hoof were made on all 38 cows, and the hindlimbs of the trimming group cows were trimmed by an experienced professional hoof trimmer using the five-step Dutch method. This was repeated in October 2018 (early lactation) and May 2019 (late lactation). After calving, the cows were locomotion scored fortnightly until the end of lactation using the 4-point (0–3) scale DairyNZ system. The effect of DDP on the interval between calving and the first locomotion scores ≥1 and ≥2 was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, and the association between trimming and DDP was explored using linear mixed models. The results suggest that DDP has no effect on the time to locomotion scores ≥1 or ≥2, although the wide confidence intervals of the latter suggest that more data are needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn. The study failed to find any clinically important impact of prophylactic trimming on DDP. This is likely related to the finding that cows with the highest DDP at the first trimming were identified by the hoof trimmer as those needing the most trimming. The results of this study thus suggest that if the Dutch five-step method is properly applied, it is unlikely to affect sole thickness over the short-to-medium term in pasture-based cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lameness in dairy cows is a significant challenge globally. Early detection accompanied by effective treatment can reduce the number of cows that are lame and the impact of lameness. Currently, locomotion scoring by observing the gait posture of cows is the most widely used method of detecting lame cows. However, its use is limited, especially in pasture-based production systems like in New Zealand. One possible alternative to locomotion scoring is observing and recording cows for indicators of lameness while cows are being milked. We recorded the presence of four indicators (shifting weight, abnormal weight distribution, swollen heel or hock joint, and overgrown hoof) on two dairy farms in New Zealand. Two or more indicators were more useful predictors of higher locomotion scores (lameness). However, more results on more farms are needed before the in-parlour scoring procedure can be recommended as an alternative to locomotion scoring in pasture-based dairy cattle. Earlier detection followed by efficient treatment can reduce the impact of lameness. Currently, locomotion scoring (LS) is the most widely used method of early detection but has significant limitations in pasture-based cattle and is not commonly used routinely in New Zealand. Scoring in the milking parlour may be more achievable, so this study compared an in-parlour scoring (IPS) technique with LS in pasture-based dairy cows. For nine months on two dairy farms, whole herd LS (4-point 0–3 scale) was followed 24 h later by IPS, with cows being milked. Observed for shifting weight, abnormal weight distribution, swollen heel or hock joint, and overgrown hoof. Every third cow was scored. Sensitivity and specificity of individual IPS indicators and one or more, two or more or three positive indicators for detecting cows with locomotion scores ≥ 2 were calculated. Using a threshold of two or more positive indicators were optimal (sensitivity > 92% and specificity > 98%). Utilising the IPS indicators, a decision tree machine learning procedure classified cows with locomotion score class ≥2 with a true positive rate of 75% and a false positive rate of 0.2%. IPS has the potential to be an alternative to LS on pasture-based dairy farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Early detection accompanied by effective treatment is vital to minimise the negative impacts of lameness in dairy cows. Locomotion scoring is commonly used for detecting lameness but can be challenging to implement effectively in cows at pasture-based systems. One potential alternative detection is measuring foot skin temperature using an infrared camera. Data were collected from a 940-cow dairy farm in New Zealand with cows observed at two consecutive afternoon milkings. Locomotion scoring was undertaken at the first milking and thermal imaging of the hind feet at the second milking. As the locomotion score increased, mean foot skin temperature increased, showing that measuring temperature could be a useful alternative to locomotion scoring. However, the process needs to be speeded up and automated if it is to be used widely. Lameness in cattle is a complex condition with huge impacts on welfare, and its detection is challenging for the dairy industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between foot skin temperature (FST) measured using infrared thermography (IRT) and locomotion scoring (LS) in dairy cattle kept at pasture. Data were collected from a 940-cow dairy farm in New Zealand. Cows were observed at two consecutive afternoon milkings where LS was undertaken at the first milking (4-point scale (0–3), DairyNZ). The next day, cows were thermally imaged from the plantar aspect of the hind feet using a handheld T650sc forward-looking infrared camera (IRT). The association between FST and locomotion score was analysed using a generalised linear model with an identity link function and robust estimators. ROC curves were performed to determine optimal threshold temperature cut-off values by maximising sensitivity and specificity for detecting locomotion score ≥ 2. There was a linear association between individual locomotion scores and FST. For mean temperature (MT), each one-unit locomotion score increase was associated with a 0.944 °C rise in MT. Using MT at a cut-off point of 34.5 °C produced a sensitivity of 80.0% and a specificity of 92.4% for identifying cows with a locomotion score ≥ 2 (lame). Thus, IRT has a substantial potential to be used on-farm for lameness detection. However, automation of the process will likely be necessary for IRT to be used without interfering with farm operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]