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Background: Bladder catheterization duration after urinary obstetric fistula surgery varies widely.Objective: To assess the effect of bladder catheterization duration after urinary obstetric fistula surgery.Search Strategy: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, GIM, and POPLINE databases were searched, without language restrictions, using "obstetric urinary fistula" and "catheterization" from inception to September 30, 2017.Selection Criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing shorter versus longer (>10 days) bladder catheterization after urinary obstetric fistula repair were included.Data Collection and Analysis: Data were extracted and meta-analyses were conducted. The GRADE system was used to assess evidence quality.Main Results: Two unblinded non-inferiority trials (684 patients combined) were included. There were no differences between shorter and longer bladder catheterization in the risk of fistula repair breakdown either before (relative risk [RR] 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-2.64) or after (RR 1.64; 95% CI 0.81-3.31) hospital discharge. Similarly, urinary infection (RR 5.18; 95% CI 0.25-107.44); urinary incontinence before (RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.54-2.43) or after (RR 1.16; 95% CI 0.62-2.18) discharge; urinary retention (RR 1.34; 95% CI 0.79-2.27); or extended hospital stay (RR 9.33; 95% CI 0.51-172.41) were not associated with duration of catheterization. Evidence quality was low or moderate.Conclusions: Shorter, compared to longer, bladder catheterization duration after urinary obstetric fistula surgery was not associated with significant outcome differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]