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Andrzej Grzybowski,1,2 Bartosz L Sikorski,3 Francisco J Ascaso,4,5 Valentín Huerva6,7 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan City Hospital, Poznan, Poland; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico Universitario “Lozano Blesa”, Zaragoza, Spain; 5Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; 6Department of Ophthalmology, Universitary Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain; 7IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain Abstract: Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) is the most common complication of cataract surgery, leading in some cases to a decrease in vision. Although the pathogenesis of PCME is not completely understood, the contribution of postsurgical inflammation is generally accepted. Consequently, anti-inflammatory medicines, including steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, have been postulated as having a role in both the prophylaxis and treatment of PCME. However, the lack of a uniformly accepted PCME definition, conflicting data on some risk factors, and the scarcity of studies comparing the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to steroids in PCME prevention make the problem of PCME one of the puzzles of ophthalmology. This paper presents an updated review on the pathogenesis, risk factors, and use of anti-inflammatory drugs in PCME that reflect current research and practice. Keywords: Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema, cataract surgery, cataract surgery complications, retina, post-operative complications