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The topical application of essential oils is considered an effective treatment for skin diseases. Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) Wats (Poaceae) is a promising aromatic grass widespread in the Himalayan temperate zone. Therefore, using in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays, we examined the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of essential oil hydro-distilled from C. distans coded as CDA-01, specifically concerning skin inflammation. Characterization using GC-FID and GC-MS provided a chemical fingerprint for CDA-01, enabling the identification of 54 compounds; amongst them, citral (34.3%), geranyl acetate (21.2%), and geraniol (16.4%) were the most abundant. To examine the anti-inflammatory potential, CDA-01 treatment on LPS-stimulated macrophage cells in addition to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) generated cutaneous inflammatory reaction in the mouse ear was assessed through quantification of the inflammatory markers. Consequently, CDA-01 demonstrated protection against inflammation caused by LPS by lowering the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) level in HaCaT cells with negligible cytotoxicity. Consistent with the in-vitro findings, CDA-01 treatment reduced pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-, IL-6, and NO) and lipid peroxidation in an in-vivo investigation. Subcutaneous inflammation in TPA-treated mice ears was similarly decreased, as evidenced by the histological and morphological studies. As a result of our findings, it is possible that CDA-01 could be an effective treatment for skin inflammation disorders., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Cymbopogon martini variety sofia, commonly known as ginger-grass, is an important aromatic crop used by the perfumery, medicinal and cosmetic industries worldwide. This study explores the chemical and possible pharmacological profile of hydro-distilled essential oil of C. martini variety sofia against skin inflammation. The essential oil extracted by the hydrodistillation process was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to identify its constituents, and was coded as CMA-01 for further in vitro and in vivo pharmacological study related to skin inflammation. The chemical fingerprint revealed that CMA-01 oil has (E)-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (21.0%), (E)-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (18.1%), (Z)-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (17.4%), (Z)-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (9.0%), limonene (7.7%), and (E)-carveol (5.7%) as major components. The pre-treatment of CMA-01 showed significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in activated HaCat cells without cytotoxic effect. The in vivo study revealed the ameliorative impact of CMA-01 against skin inflammation induced by TPA in mouse ears as evidenced by a reduction of ear edema, pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and nitric-oxide) and histological changes in ear tissues without any skin irritation response on rabbit skin. These findings suggest the suitability of CMA-01 as a valuable therapeutic candidate for the treatment of skin inflammation., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson, commonly known as lemongrass, is a member of Cymbopogon genus renowned for their highly prized essential oils for flavor and fragrance industries. A field experiment was conducted to standardize the postharvest storage practices for a prevalent high oil yielding cultivar 'Krishna' of lemongrass during 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 under open field, shade, and ventilated room; up to 10 days after harvest. Results revealed significantly higher essential oil content (1.14%) for freshly distilled herb as compared to stored herbs under different condition.The highest geranial and neral ratio (1.45 to 1.58) recorded in essential oil i.e. distilled at first day of harvest (T1) as compared to 1.37 to 1.44 in essential oil i.e. distilled at 10th day of harvest (T10). In conclusion, C flexuosus should preferably be distilled as fresh i.e. same day of harvest for higher yield of quality essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnifying the productivity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) ultimately relies on the ability to scale from Farm to Laboratory and Laboratory to Industry. Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson (Poaceae), popularly known as palmarosa, Indian geranium, ginger-grass, and rosha-grass is rich in volatile secondary metabolites having an industrial perspective. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the industrial application of C. martini and its potential in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food industries, and its agriculture perspective in terms of its potential in phytoremediation and land restoration. We have attempted to put all the material accessible in the literature about C. martini and its volatile metabolites for various industrial applications. Electronic databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Ethnobotany, Academic Journals, and library searches were used to assemble the available data. According to the published literature, the essential oil of C. martini is rich in cyclic and acyclic monoterpenoids which has a wide range of pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food additive, and agricultural applications due to anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, wound healing, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anthelmintic, insecticidal, larvicidal, acaricidal, nematicidal and herbicidal activities. The cultivation of C. martini has shown additional benefits in terms of restoration of productivity and functions of wasteland through the phytoremediation process. This review article provides first-time updated information about C. martini as a potential bio-resource for utilization of wastelands with special reference to its industrial potential. [Display omitted] • Cymbopogon martini is a promising essential oil-bearing crop. • Industrial perspectives of C. martini from Farm to Lab and Lab to Industry discussed. • Cultivation of C. martini is also helpful to restore the productivity and functions of wasteland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]