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Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1949 Synonymy: Cyclops strenuus sibiricus Lindberg (1949): 87 −90, fig. 1. Cyclops canadensis Einsle (1988): 2146 −2149, fig. 1. Material examined: 1 female dissected and slide mounted, 1 female, collected from the St. Marys River, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, USA (46.49853N,- 84.32590W)on May 15,1972,initially reported as C.strenuus in Selgeby (1975). 4 females dissected and slide mounted, 7 females, collected from the St. Marys River, Neebish Island, Michigan, USA (46.33691 N, - 84.20122 W) on May 3 and May 24, 1995, initially reported as C. strenuus in Hudson et al. (1998). Females: Body large, robust and cyclopiform. Prosome longer than urosome (Table 1), cephalothorax longer then wide. Rostrum fairly pronounced. Antennule (A1) consisting of 17 segments (Fig. 1a), not extending beyond the cephalothorax. A small convex row of spinules present on the proximal margin of the A1 first segment. Pitting on surface of A1 first segment apparently absent (Fig. 1b). Setation present on A1 segments 1−9, 11−12, 14−17. Aesthetascs present on A1 segments 12, 16, and 17. Aesthetasc on A1 segment 12 extending to the middle of segment 14 (Fig. 1c). A1 segments 15−17 with finely textured hyaline membrane (Fig. 1d). Antenna (A2) 4-segmented with 3 setae on the basipodite including exopodite seta and 1,9, 7 setae on the successive (endopodal)segments.A2 exopodite seta reaching beyond the distal margin of the endopod and lightly ornamented with plumose setules which decrease in length distally. Caudal surface of A2 basipodite (Fig. 2a) ornamented with 4−6 broad based spinules descending in height from the lateral to distal margin, a single oblique row of 5−6 short thin spinules at position B (Hołyńska et al. 2003), 7−9 long thin spinules longitudinally at position A, and flanked laterally by a field of tiny spinules numbering approximately 12 at position C. Labrum (La) and Mandible (Md) not observed in detail. Maxillular (Mxl) palp proximalmost seta (Fig. 2b) ornamented only with tiny spinules distally, setae of the lateral lobe ornamented likewise. Surface of Mxl palp either ornamented with exceedingly tiny spinules or apparently bare (Fig. 2b). Maxilla (Mx) not observed in detail. Maxilliped (Mxp) syncoxopodite armed with 3 plumose setae, basipodite with 2 plumose setae, endopodite 1 with 1 plumose seta, endopodite 2 with 1 plumose and 2 bare setae. Mxp syncoxopodite frontal surface ornamented with a long membranous element (Hołyńska & Dahms 2004) with somewhat club shaped distal terminus (Fig. 2c) and a transverse row of approximately 10 small spinules. Ornamentation present on the frontal surface of successive mxp segments in the form of thin hair-like spinules with the exception of endopodite 2. Spine formula of swimming legs 1−4 (P1−P4) third exopodite 3, 4, 3, 3. Full spine and setal formula of P1−P4 shown in Table 2 following Sewell (1949). Ornamentation of swimming legs is as follows. P1 intercoxal sclerite (coupler) and coxopodite unornamented. P1 coxopodite setae densely ornamented with long setules. P1 basipodite armed with a row of long spinules on the frontal surface between insertion of exopodite and endopodite (Fig. 2d). P1 medial margin of basipodite haired and medial spine of basipodite with proximal margin bare and distal margin sparely armed with setules (Fig. 2d). P2 coupler unornamented, coxopodite seta armed as in P1, coxopodite ornamented with spinules at position B and hairs at position F (Einsle, 1996a). P2 medial margin of basipodite haired. P3 ornamented as in P2 except coupler caudal surface ornamented with horizontal row of long hairs. P4 coupler ornamented as in P3, coxopodite ornamented with spinules at positions, A, B, C, D, and E (Fig. 2e). P4 coxopodite setae short, not extending beyond medial margin of basipodite and sparsely ornamented with setules (Fig. 2f; Table 1). P4 medial margin of basipodite unhaired. P4 endopodite 3 longer then wide with outer terminal spine relatively short (Table 1). P5 basal segment with spinules present near insertion of lateral seta. P5 distal segment with long apical seta (Table 1) and stout subapical spine. Spinules present lateral to the insertion of the apical seta and at the insertion of the subapical spine. Genital double-somite wider then long at widest point (Table 1), surface pitting discrete if present. Posterior margins of proceeding 2 urosomites crenulate. Posterior margin of anal somite ornamented with fine spinules. Anal operculum unornamented. Caudal rami more than five times longer than wide (Table 1) with inner margins weakly haired.Tiny spinules ornament the insertions of lateral and terminal external (Einsle 1996a)caudal seta (S4) (Hołyńska et al. 2003). Terminal median internal caudal setae (S2) relatively long, nearly equal in length to the urosome and more than twice as long as caudal rami (Table 1). Additional morphometry of caudal setae included in Table 1., Published as part of Connolly, Joseph K., Marshall, Christopher C., Hudson, Patrick L., Watkins, James M., Scofield, Anne E. & Rudstam, Lars G., 2022, Reevaluation of the genus Cyclops Müller, 1776 (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae) in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin: first report of the Palearctic species Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 from Lake Erie and documentation of Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1949 in the St. Marys River, pp. 183-195 in Zootaxa 5182 (2) on pages 185-186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7049624, {"references":["Lindberg, K. (1949) Contribution a l'etude de quelques Cyclopides (Crustaces copepodes) du groupe strenuus provenant principalement du Nord de l'Eurasie. Arkiv fur Zoologi, 1, 87 - 99.","Einsle, U. K. (1988) Cyclops canadensis n. sp. and Cyclops scutifer Sars, 1863 (Crustacea: Copepoda) from northern Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 2146 - 2149. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 88 - 319","Selgeby, J. H. (1975) Life histories and abundance of crustacean zooplankton in the outlet of Lake Superior, 1971 - 1972. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32, 461 - 470. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 75 - 056","Hudson, P. L., Reid, J. W., Lesko, L. T. & Selgeby, J. H. (1998) Cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, Columbus, 1 - 50 pp.","Holynska, M., Mirabdullayev, I. M., Reid, J. W. & Ueda, H. (2003) Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Genera Mesocyclops and Thermocyclops, In: Dumont, H. J. F., Ueda, H. & Reid, J. W. (Ed.), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World Vol. 20. Backhuys, Leiden, 1 - 318 pp.","Holynska, M. & Dahms H. (2004) New diagnostic microcharacters of the cephalothoracic appendages in Cyclops O. F. Muller, 1776 (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida). Zoosystema, 26, 175 - 198.","Sewell, R. B. S. (1949) The littoral and semi-parasitic Cyclopoida, Monstrilloida and Notodelphyoida. Scientific Report John Murray Expedition, 1933 - 34, 9, 17 - 199.","Einsle, U. K. (1996 a) Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Genera Cyclops, Megacyclops, Acanthocyclops, In: Dumont, H. J. F. (Ed.), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World Vol. 10. SPB Academic Publishing, New York City, 1 - 83 pp."]}

Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 Synonymy: Cyclops strenuus divergens Lindberg (1936): 3 −5, figs. 3−7. Cyclops rubens divulsus Lindberg (1956): 112 −113. Cyclops singularis Einsle (1996b): 170, 172−176, figs. 2−6. Material examined: 1 female dissected and slide mounted, collected from U.S. EPA GLNPO monitoring station ER58, Lake Erie, Ohio, USA (41.67853 N, - 82.93182 W) on April 1, 2013 (planktonic abundance of C. strenuus in Barbiero et al. (2019). 1 male dissected and slide mounted, collected from Maumee Bay, Lake Erie, Ohio, USA (41.70217 N, - 83.35375 W) on April 17, 2014, initially reported as C. strenuus in Hudson & Lesko (2003). 1 male dissected and slide mounted, collected from U.S. EPA GLNPO monitoring station ER61, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada (41.94755 N, - 83.04310 W) on April 20, 2019 (planktonic abundance of C. sibiricus (Table 1), robust and cyclopiform. Prosome longer than urosome (Table 1) and cephalothorax longer then wide. Rostrum small and fairly discrete. A1 consisting of 17 segments (Fig. 3a) and extending beyond the cephalothorax. A1 first segment strongly pitted (Fig. 3b) as described in Krajíček et al. (2016) and ornamented with a small convex row of spinules. Setation present on A1 segments 1−9, 11−12, 14−17. Aesthetascs present on A1 segments 12, 16, and 17. Aesthetasc on A1 segment 12 extending to the midpoint of segment 14 (Fig. 3c). A1 segments 15−17 with finely textured hyaline membrane (Fig. 3d). A2 4-segmented with 3 setae on the basipodite including exopodite seta and 1, 9, 7 setae on the successive (endopodal) segments. A2 exopodite seta reaching beyond the distal margin of the endopodite and strongly ornamented with large spinules. Caudal surface of A2 basipodite (Fig. 4a) ornamented with 6 large spinules of similar height from the lateral to distal margin, an oblique row of 5 stout spinules and a small convex row of 4 short broad based spinules at position B (Hołyńska et al. 2003), a longitudinal row of approximately 9 spinules at position A, and flanked by a small field of approximately 12 tiny spinules at position C. In general, ornamentation of this appendage more robust in appearance then that of C. sibiricus. La with hair on caudal surface restricted to small parallel patches. Md not observed in detail. Mxl palp proximalmost seta ornamented with plumose setules in the proximal third and all 3 setae of the lateral lobe ornamented with only tiny spinules distally. Two large conspicuous spinules present on the surface of one maxillular palp and inconspicuous on the other palp. Mx not observed in detail. Mxp syncoxopodite armed with 3 plumose setae, basipodite with 2 plumose setae, endopodite 1 with 1 plumose seta, endopodite 2 with 1 plumose and 2 bare setae. Mxp sycoxopodite with relatively short membranous element with prominent hook at distal terminus (Fig. 4b) as in Hołyńska & Dahms (2004) and ornamented with a transverse row of small spinules on the distal third as described in Krajíček et al. (2016). Ornamentation present on the frontal surface of successive mxp segments in the form of thin hair-like spinules except endopodite 2. Spine formula of P1−P4 identical to C. sibiricus (Table 2). Ornamentation of swimming legs as follows. P1 coupler and coxopodite unornamented. P1 coxopodite setae strongly ornamented with long setules. P1 medial margin of basipodite haired, basipodite frontal surface with a row of long spinules between the insertion of exopodite and endopodite (Fig. 4c). Medial spine of basipodite setulation heteronomous with long setules proximally and abruptly decreasing in length distally (Fig. 4c). P2 and P3 ornamented likewise as follows. Coupler unornamented. Coxopodite ornamented with spinules at position B and hairs at F (Einsle 1996a). Coxopodite setae strongly ornamented with long setules. P4 coupler caudal surface ornamented with a proximally placed horizontal row of long hairs. P4 coxopodite ornamented (Fig. 4d) with spinules at positions A, C, D, and E. P4 coxopodite setae long extending beyond the distal terminus of the basipodite medial margin (Fig. 4e; Table 1) and medial margin of basipodite unhaired. P4 coxopodite setae with proximal third sparsely armed with long setules and distal 2 thirds densely armed with long setules. P4 endopodite 3 longer than wide and outer terminal spine relatively long (Table 1). P5 basal segment lacking ornamentation, P5 distal segment as in C. sibiricus. P5 apical seta long (Table 1) and ornamented with plumose setules distally. Genital double-somite wider then long at widest point (Table 1) and surface strongly pitted. Posterior margins of proceeding 2 urosomites crenulate. Posterior margin of anal somite ornamented with fine spinules. Anal operculum unornamented. Caudal rami more than five times longer than wide (Table 1) with inner margins haired. Tiny spinules present at the insertions of lateral caudal seta and S4 (Hołyńska et al. 2003). S2 shorter than urosome and longer than caudal rami (Table 1). Males: Body as in female, with total body length shorter than female (Table 1). Prosome longer than urosome, slightly more so than female (Table 1) and cephalothorax longer than wide. A1 geniculate (Fig. 5a), consisting of 17 segments variously modified in length and width in comparison to female. A1 first and second segment strongly pitted, pitting rapidly declines in subsequent segments. Setation present on all segments. A1 first segment with 3 aesthetascs, 2 placed proximally and 1 distally. Singular aesthetascs present on A1 segments 4, 9, 13, 16, and 17. A single pectenate seta present on A1 segments 11 and 12. A2 armature as in female. A2 caudal surface ornamentation as in female with additional spinulation at position C (approximately 20 spinules). La as in female. Md gnathobase armed with 10−12 jagged, and more or less triangular teeth of similar length but variable width and 2 setae, 1 pectenate and one bare. Md palp with 2 long plumose setae and 1 short bare seta. Mxl palp proximalmost seta ornamented with plumose setules in the proximal third (Fig. 5b) and tiny spinules in the distal two thirds. Setae of the mxl palp lateral lobe lacking setules, ornamented only with tiny spinules. Large spinules present on the surface of mxl palp (Fig. 5b), 3 spinules apparent on both palps in 2014 specimen, 4 spinules apparent on one palp and 3 on the other in 2019 specimen. Mx not observed in detail. Mxp armed and ornamented as in female. P1−P4 armature as in female (Table 2), P1−P4 ornamentation as in female with the exception of the P4 basipodite medial margin being partly to fully haired and long hairs on caudal surface of P4 coupler notably more abundant (Fig. 5c). P4 endopodite 3 more elongate than in female (Table 1). P5 as in female. Rudimentary leg 6 (P6) consisting of 3 setae, 1 long plumose seta, 1 short plumose seta, and 1 short pectenate seta, with tiny spinules present at the insertion of each seta. Urosome 5-segmented and sparsely pitted. Ornamentation of posterior margin of urosomites, anal somite, and anal operculum as in female. Morphometry of caudal rami and caudal setae similar to that of female (Table 1). Genetic Sequencing The C. divergens CV copepodite specimen (Sample ID: ZOOPS _0581) collected from Lake Erie produced a successful COI-5P genetic sequence (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=ZOO PS581-20). The specimen was assigned to BIN BOLD: ACL 6037 (dx.doi.org/10.5883/ BOLD: ACL 6037) which is populated with 20 COI-5P sequences of Cyclops specimens from continental Europe in the Barcode of Life Data system (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007). The Lake Erie C. divergens COI-5P sequence was 99.4% similar to a specimen (COPCLAD456) collected from Norway (Falkenhaug & Hobaek unpublished), 99.2% similar to a specimen (MK 329340) collected from Poland (Hołyńska & Wyngaard 2019), and 97.7−98.0% similar to three specimens (KP 772955, KP772957, KP 772958) collected from Czechia (Krajíček et al. 2016). Mean distance between the Lake Erie C.divergens CV copepodite specimen and the above mentioned publicly available C. divergens COI-5P sequences from Europe was 1.60%. The sequenced specimen is e-vouchered in the BOLD collection at the University of Guelph, all other Lake Erie and St. Marys River Cyclops specimens are archived at the Cornell Biological Field Station., Published as part of Connolly, Joseph K., Marshall, Christopher C., Hudson, Patrick L., Watkins, James M., Scofield, Anne E. & Rudstam, Lars G., 2022, Reevaluation of the genus Cyclops Müller, 1776 (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae) in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin: first report of the Palearctic species Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 from Lake Erie and documentation of Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1949 in the St. Marys River, pp. 183-195 in Zootaxa 5182 (2) on pages 187-190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7049624, {"references":["Lindberg, K. (1936) Notes sur des Cyclopides (Crustaces Copepodes) de l'Iran. Bulletin du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 12, 1 - 26.","Lindberg, K. (1956) Courtes diagnoses de quelques membres nouveaux ou peu connus du genre Cyclops S. Str. Bolletino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 86, 112 - 117.","Einsle, U. K. (1996 b) Cyclops heberti n. sp. and Cyclops singularis n. sp., two new species within the genus Cyclops (\" strenuussubgroup \") (Crust. Copepoda) from ephemeral ponds in southern Germany. Hydrobiologia, 319, 167 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00013729","Barbiero, R. P., Rudstam, L. G., Watkins, J. M. & Lesht, B. M. (2019) A cross-lake comparison of crustacean zooplankton communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes, 1997 - 2016. Journal of Great Lakes Research 45, 672 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jglr. 2019.03.012","Hudson, P. L. & Lesko, L. T. (2003) Free-living and parasitic copepods of the Laurentian Great Lakes: Keys and details on individual species. Available from: http: // www. glsc. usgs. gov / greatlakescopepods / (Accessed 25 May 2022)","Holynska, M., Mirabdullayev, I. M., Reid, J. W. & Ueda, H. (2003) Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Genera Mesocyclops and Thermocyclops, In: Dumont, H. J. F., Ueda, H. & Reid, J. W. (Ed.), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World Vol. 20. Backhuys, Leiden, 1 - 318 pp.","Holynska, M. & Dahms H. (2004) New diagnostic microcharacters of the cephalothoracic appendages in Cyclops O. F. Muller, 1776 (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida). Zoosystema, 26, 175 - 198.","Einsle, U. K. (1996 a) Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Genera Cyclops, Megacyclops, Acanthocyclops, In: Dumont, H. J. F. (Ed.), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World Vol. 10. SPB Academic Publishing, New York City, 1 - 83 pp.","Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P. D. N. (2007) BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (www. barcodinglife. org). Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 355 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 8286.2007.01678. x","Holynska, M. & Wyngaard, G. A. (2019) Towards a phylogeny of Cyclops (Copepoda). Zoologica Scripta, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12342"]}

Key to Cyclops species of the Laurentian Great Lakes: 1a. Long setules present on proximalmost seta of mxl palp (Fig. 5b)................................................ 2 1b. Long setules absent on proximalmost seta of mxl palp (Fig. 2b)................................................. 3 2. A1 extending beyond cephalothorax (female) and A1 first segment densely pitted (Fig. 3b), surface of mxl palp ornamented with large spinules (Fig. 5b), mxp syncoxopodite with short membranous element featuring prominent distal hook (Fig. 4b) and transverse row of small spinules, P1 basipodite medial spine with heteronomous setulation (Fig. 4c), P3 coupler unornamented, P4 coupler ornamented with horizontal row of long hairs (Fig. 5c), P4 coxopodite ornamented with spinules at positions A, C, D, and E (Fig. 4d), P4 coxopodite setae extending beyond medial margin of the basipodite (Fig. 4e), P5 basal segment lacking ornamentation................................................................. C. divergens Lindberg, 1936 3a. P4 coxopodite setae unmodified (Fig. 2f).................................................................. 4 3b. P4 coxopodite setae proximally swollen................................................................ 5 4. A1not extending beyond cephalothorax (female) andA1 first segment lacking pits (Fig. 1b), surface of the mxl palp unornamented or ornamented with only tiny spinules (Fig. 2b), mxp syncoxopodite with long membranous element featuring somewhat club shaped distal terminus (Fig. 2c) and transverse row of small spinules, P1 basipodite medial spine proximal margin bare (Fig. 2d), P3 and P4 coupler ornamented with horizontal row of long hairs, P4 coxopodite ornamented with spinules at positions A, B, C, D, and E (Fig. 2e), P4 coxopodite setae not extending beyond medial margin of the basipodite (Fig. 2f), P5 basal segment ornamented with spinules near insertion of lateral seta.................................... C. sibiricus Lindberg, 1949 5. A1 extending beyond cephalothorax (female) and A1 first segment lacking pits, surface of the mxl palp ornamented with small spinules, mxp syncoxopodite with short membranous element lacking distal hook or club and with oblique row of long spinules, P4 coupler unornamented, P4 coxopodite ornamented with spinules at positions A, B, C, D, and occasionally F, P4 coxopodite setae extending beyond medial margin of the basipodite, P5 basal segment unornamented............ C. scutifer Sars, 1863, Published as part of Connolly, Joseph K., Marshall, Christopher C., Hudson, Patrick L., Watkins, James M., Scofield, Anne E. & Rudstam, Lars G., 2022, Reevaluation of the genus Cyclops Müller, 1776 (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae) in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin: first report of the Palearctic species Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 from Lake Erie and documentation of Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1949 in the St. Marys River, pp. 183-195 in Zootaxa 5182 (2) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7049624, {"references":["Lindberg, K. (1936) Notes sur des Cyclopides (Crustaces Copepodes) de l'Iran. Bulletin du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 12, 1 - 26.","Lindberg, K. (1949) Contribution a l'etude de quelques Cyclopides (Crustaces copepodes) du groupe strenuus provenant principalement du Nord de l'Eurasie. Arkiv fur Zoologi, 1, 87 - 99.","Sars, G. O. (1863) Oversigt af de indenlandske Ferskvandcopepoder. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana, 1862, 212 - 262."]}