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The research analyzes the national and international cybersecurity policies of the United States, Mexico, and Canada. It starts from the hypothesis that the active foreign policy profile with regional and international impact, and the individual historical trajectory of more than two decades of the United States and Canada, explain the level of consolidation in the development of their cybersecurity policy. An eclectic review of international relations theories such as realism, liberalism, constructivism, and the theory of war was conducted to identify theoretical elements for the analysis of the international and national policies of the three countries. It is concluded that both the United States, considered a global power in cybersecurity, and Canada, a regional power, have an active foreign policy in the field, with a trajectory of almost two decades. Meanwhile, Mexico has a significant lag in the field that is not related to an effective national and international cybersecurity policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts of ‘cyberspace’, ‘cybersecurity’ and ‘cyberthreats’ and an analysis of policy documents are employed to explore the character and evolution of cybersecurity policies in Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, chosen as examples of ‘accelerated’, ‘transitional’ and ‘lagging’ Latin American development. Mexico focused on the stability of the Internet as a space that contributes to faster economic growth. Columbia’s ‘risk management’ path seeks a balance between plausible threat evaluation and the estimated cost of eliminating them and concentrates on the active prevention of cyberattacks, emphasising the importance of developing concrete mechanisms for international regulation in the field of cybersecurity. The approach to cybersecurity of the Dominican Republic is based on the idea of ensuring a rapid transition to an innovative development model with the widespread introduction of information and communication technology (ICT), while addressing domestic cybercrime to which ordinary citizens and businesses are constantly exposed to. Comparing these experiences, it is clear that these approaches are characterised by two trends: randomness and non-imitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to identify a model of international police cooperation applicable to the different manifestations of cyber threats in Colombia: theft by means of computer, through the Business Email Compromise (BEC) industry; its development has been achieved through an interpretive research model that provides an understanding of beliefs and attitudes that make it possible to comprehend the world from the perspective of academic experts; additionally, a mixed approach through which synergies are established and qualitative and quantitative methodologies are complemented; research methods that simultaneously allow for the triangulation of information obtained from field work and theoretical and descriptive/phenomenological studies; Key findings suggest that an international BEC pattern is linked to false invoices, real estate and CEO fraud, as well as domestic email compromises. the most affected actors are multilateral organisations, private and public companies, respectively; It has been linked to arms trafficking, human trafficking, sexual exploitation, drug trafficking, and organ trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyber-attacks refer to computer crimes that have shown great growth as a result of the pandemic, in 2021. According to Kaspersky Latam portal, cyberattacks grew by 24% (Kaspersky, 2021), the reason is due to confinement. Companies had to opt for Home Office, as well as Educational Institutions, which began their Distance Learning activities, thus remaining unprotected and vulnerable to malware attacks, phishing among others. This scientific article proposes to describe the current situation of cybersecurity among Educational Institutions in Ecuador, as well as, the safety measures they must take to protect their information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Methaodos: Social Science Journal / Methaodos: Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Departamento de Ciencias de la Comunicacion y Sociologia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In her 2021 State of the Union address, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen stressed the need to improve EU cybersecurity. The threat landscape is diverse and changing, and includes disinformation and fake news, cyber-attacks on government infrastructure and interference in elections in third countries. With this in mind, in December 2020 the EU unveiled a new Cybersecurity Strategy that includes legislative and institutional initiatives: from the revision of the NIS Directive - the EU's first cybersecurity legislation - to the establishment of a cybershield to identify largescale cyber-attacks. To be effective in this field, which involves a multitude of actors, the EU will need to ensure robust cooperation and information exchange, both at national and European level, as well as with NATO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a globalized society, cybercrime has become a major problem, generating risks of essential information, such as passwords, personal data, among others. Not to mention, the vast sums of money that cyberattacks manage to fetch each year. This situation has taken on such a magnitude that conventional security measures are not enough to provide us with security in a digital environment. For this reason, the need arises to implement new computer protection tools, of which the "Honeypots" have stood out. The latter has become relevant, in addition to protecting, providing security; They are considered "trap" type systems that serve to observe the different behaviors of cyberattacks to later analyze the intrusion, the methods that were used. The general objective of this article is to study the active behavior of a Honeypot to later determine its performance, specify its degree of efficiency in the detection and classification of cyber-attack intruders. For this purpose, a technological methodology will be implemented, consisting of five (5) phases: diagnosis, plan design, resources, monitoring, and evaluation, as proposed by Arias (2016). A study will be carried out involving the use of a Honeypot with constant monitoring in three different types of situations that simulate a cyber-attack, at different degrees of intensity: without any attacks, attacks of less than 5 cycles per minute (light attacks), attacks greater at 10 cycles per minute (Heavy Attacks). The results obtained are highly acceptable; the honeypot obtained 95% efficiency in detecting simulated cyber-attacks with a performance of 95.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies create new challenges for global security that leave even the most militarily powerful countries vulnerable to attack. Countries are gearing up for electronic warfare and, in this realm, the old rules of international conflict either do not apply or have not been developed. Governments have yet to find stable policy solutions to match potential cyber threats. The challenge then is to establish new global norms concerning acceptable behavior in cyberspace. This article analyzes the attempts to construct global cybersecurity norms. It differs from much of the existing literature on norm‐construction since it moves beyond the interstate level to examine subnational groups and private sector actors that function as norm entrepreneurs in this policy area. The article posits that while nation states remain central, nonstate actors are playing an increasingly important role in cybersecurity norm‐building, supplementing state action, and, to some degree, compensating for state inaction when cooperation reaches an impasse. Related Articles: Glen, Carol M. 2014. "Internet Governance: Territorializing Cyberspace?" Politics & Policy 42 (5): 635‐657. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12093 Hellmeier, Sebastian. 2016. "The Dictator's Digital Toolkit: Explaining Variation in Internet Filtering in Authoritarian Regimes." Politics & Policy 44 (6): 1158‐1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12189 Zeng, Jinghan, Tim Stevens, and Yaru Chen. 2017. "China's Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of 'Internet Sovereignty.'" Politics & Policy 45 (3): 432‐464. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HETS Online Journal is the property of Hispanic Educational Technology Services, Inc. (HETS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of 3C TIC is the property of Area de Innovacion y Desarrollo, SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 3.5G and 4G network technologies are, currently, the most used in Colombia, given the great deployment that Internet service providers have made, which represents a security challenge with respect to the different attacks on these networks. The interception of data with "Man in the middle attacks" (MiTM) and denial of service - DoS (in the smartphone or in the mobile network) are very feasible. In this article of applied research aims to establish some risks and possible impacts associated with telecommunications networks and how an attacker with little computational resource can eventually compromise the system, some risk and security vulnerabilities in mobile networks and their possibility of exploitation, as well as the general recommendations for risk reduction are studied. To achieve the above, an investigation of different vulnerabilities in these telecommunications networks was carried out, a risk map, in order to visualize the possible impacts, was made. Then, a technical test was run to capture traffic during the MiTM attack (which was successful), and as a final result, deliver recommendations in the event that they can execute cyber-attacks, with this, to be able to have a basis for the assurance of telecommunications networks and systems, allowing different people to recognize the vulnerabilities little explored in this type of systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the institutional development of the cyberspace domain in Colombia and its impact on civil-military relations in the country. An analysis of primary and secondary sources is used to define cyberspace and identify the cyber threats within it. It also describes civil-military relations in Colombia and the institutional framework of national cyberspace security and defense. Contrary to convention, in this case, it is evident that the initiative emerged from the country's civil sector, promoting greater participation of this segment in the field of security and defense. Thus, the cybersecurity and cyber defense agenda can be used to spearhead the rethinking of civil-military relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)