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Cyber intimate partner violence (C-IPV) is a technology-mediated form of violence. It has been examined only in the last 10 years as a form of violence that can cause psychological damage to its victims. How this phenomenon connects to and differs from face-to-face IPV (F2F-IPV) has been, as yet, little studied. Research has not made clear whether sex differences may impact its use, particularly in light of the fact that no physical coercion is used in C-IPV. Thus, the current research aimed to investigate through a meta-analysis: differences between the average levels of different types of C-IPV victimization and perpetration; the association between C-IPV and F2F-IPV victimization and perpetration; and whether the answers to these questions were dependent on sex. The current meta-analysis drew on 46 studies, within 44 papers, with a total sample of 27,491 participants. Findings from 22 of these studies showed no significant sex differences between the average levels of different types of C-IPV victimization and between different types of C-IPV perpetration. These 22 studies showed positive large effect sizes for the correlation between C-IPV and F2F-IPV perpetration and victimization. Moreover, in both perpetration and victimization, sex did not impact the level of association. The findings suggested that C-IPV and F2F-IPV are highly correlated, and though not the same, they may share similar characteristics. Additionally, the results suggested that sex differences do not impact non-physical aggression, such as C-IPV. The implications for preventive strategies include that IPV interventions should also focus on alleviating instances of C-IPV.

The recent increase in electronic and social media use among young people has highlighted the importance of focusing on problematic social media use (PSMU) and the concurrent phenomenon of cyber aggression, as well as the role of social support. As part of the 2018 Health Behavior in School-aged Children study in Italy, this study aims to explore the role of family, peer, and teacher support in the association between cyberbullying and PSMU., Methods: Data were collected from 4183 school classes in Italy for a total of 58,976 adolescents aged 11, 13, and 15 years. The prevalence of cyber aggression (both cybervictimization and perpetration) and PSMU was estimated across subgroups of different age, gender, and geographical residence. A set of multivariable logistic regressions was then used to investigate the association between cyberbullying and PSMU, considering the effect of social support., Results: Cybervictimization was more frequent among girls than in boys. PSMU was higher in 11-year-old boys and 13-year-old girls; 8.3% and 12.7%, respectively. Social support was highest in 11-year-olds, for both sexes, and then decreased with increasing age. The risk of cyberbullying, both suffered and perpetrated, was higher in girls and in the presence of PSMU. Social support showed to be highly protective against PSMU and cyberbullying in all ages and both genders., Conclusion: Although cyber aggression is less represented in Italy than in other European countries, it is likely to increase. PSMU appears to be an important contributor to the risk of cyber aggression; however, social support has been shown to be capable of reducing the risk of both phenomena. Public health policies fostering familiar and school support can help protect adolescents' mental health, reducing the risk of problematic media use and cyberbullying.

Background: Prior research has demonstrated that various substances of abuse play a contributing role to acts of physical and verbal aggression. It is less clear if and to what extent substance use is associated with an increased risk in perpetrating cyber aggression, an emerging form of aggressive behavior that occurs through digital communication., Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature resulted in 15 studies and 18 unique samples from which effect size estimates were calculated., Results: Analyses resulted in a moderate, significant mean observed correlation indicating that individuals who engaged in substance use were more likely than those who did not to perpetrate cyber aggression (r = 0.24, k = 18, 95% CI = 0.20, 0.28). Comparing data across types of substances revealed that alcohol use represents a stronger risk factor for cyber aggression than nicotine, cannabis, or other illicit drugs. Results also suggest a stronger relationship between substance use and cyber aggression among older than younger samples and in the context of intimate partner rather than peer aggression. Comparable estimates of substance-related cyber aggression emerged across types of cyber aggression and perpetrator gender., Conclusions: Further research is required to increase confidence in estimates used in moderation analyses. As with traditional aggression, alcohol use appears to represent a risk factor for cyber aggression, though it is unclear if the disinhibitory properties of alcohol are the mechanism of action for substance-related cyber aggression., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The goal of this three-year longitudinal study was to examine the buffering effect of parental mediation of adolescents' technology use (i.e., restrictive, co-viewing, and instructive) on the relationships among cyber aggression involvement and substance use (i.e., alcohol use, marijuana use, cigarette smoking, and non-marijuana illicit drug use). Overall, 867 ( M = 13.67, age range from 13-15 years, 51% female, 49% White) 8th grade adolescents from the Midwestern United States participated in this study during the 6th grade (Wave 1), 7th grade (Wave 2), and 8th grade (Wave 3). Results revealed that higher levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation weakened the association between Wave 1 cyber victimization and Wave 3 alcohol use and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use. The relationship was stronger between Wave 1 cyber victimization and Wave 3 alcohol use and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use when adolescents reported lower levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation. At lower levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation, the association between Wave 1 cyber aggression perpetration and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use was stronger. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of parents recognizing their role in helping to mitigate the negative consequences associated with adolescents' cyber aggression involvement.age = 13.67, age range from 13-15 years, 51% female, 49% White) 8th grade adolescents from the Midwestern United States participated in this study during the 6th grade (Wave 1), 7th grade (Wave 2), and 8th grade (Wave 3). Results revealed that higher levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation weakened the association between Wave 1 cyber victimization and Wave 3 alcohol use and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use. The relationship was stronger between Wave 1 cyber victimization and Wave 3 alcohol use and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use when adolescents reported lower levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation. At lower levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation, the association between Wave 1 cyber aggression perpetration and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use was stronger. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of parents recognizing their role in helping to mitigate the negative consequences associated with adolescents' cyber aggression involvement.

Introduction: Cyber victimization is a significant public health concern. We examined prospective and reciprocal associations between cyber victimization, cyber aggression, and adolescents' drinking and binge drinking. Gender, Hispanic ethnicity, and age were examined as moderators., Methods: Adolescents (N = 1140; 58% girls; 13-19 years; 80% Hispanic) from two US high schools completed the Cyber Peer Experiences Questionnaire and alcohol use items from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey at two time points, three months apart. Perceived social support was assessed at Time 1 and controlled for. Cross-lagged panel analyses using structural equation modeling were conducted, using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions for alcohol use outcomes., Results: Adolescents who experienced more cyber victimization were more likely to abstain from drinking over time; however, they reported more frequent drinking if they were a drinker, a relationship that was stronger for older adolescents. Cyber victimization was unrelated to binge drinking, and alcohol use was unrelated to cyber victimization over time. Adolescents who engaged in more cyber aggression were more likely to use alcohol over time; conversely, adolescents who used alcohol more frequently engaged in more cyber aggression over time. Gender and ethnicity did not moderate these associations., Conclusions: A complex relationship between cyber victimization and alcohol use emerged; findings support the self-medication hypothesis among drinkers only and especially older adolescents. Reciprocal associations between cyber aggression and alcohol use fit with problem behavior theory Adolescent alcohol use prevention programs might play an important role in addressing cyber aggression. Drinking behaviors may be important to target in anti-cyberbullying interventions., (Copyright © 2019 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ostracism is a risk factor for cyber aggression, but the potential mechanism of the relationship between ostracism and cyber aggression remains unclear. On the basis of the general aggression model, we proposed that ostracism may predict cyber aggression through both cognitive routes (e.g., hostile automatic thoughts) and emotional routes (e.g., personal relative deprivation). In order to explore the issue, 809 college students from three universities in China were surveyed three times. The relationship between the variables was tested by constructing full auto-regressive cross-lagged models, and the mediation effects were tested by multiple mediation models. Personal relative deprivation and hostile automatic thoughts can predict each other at three time points. Moreover, personal relative deprivation at time 2 and hostile automatic thoughts at time 2 mediated the longitudinal association between ostracism at time 1 and cyber aggression at time 3, respectively. Furthermore, we found ostracism (T1) predicted cyber aggression (T3) not only through the path from personal relative deprivation (T2) to hostile automatic thoughts (T2) but also through the path from hostile automatic thoughts (T2) to personal relative deprivation (T2). The findings supported the general aggression model and provided a valuable reference for targeted interventions to reduce cyber aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyse the dimensions of impersonalization, verbal, sexual and visual aggression in the field of cyber aggression in young people (CAY). In addition to verbal, visual cyber victimization, online exclusion or impersonation in cyber victimization in young people (CVY). The aim of the study was to find out sociodemographic factors and habits involved in cyber aggression and cyber victimization in young people in school aged 14-17 years. The research method was a quasi-experimental descriptive, correlational and predictive study based on a quantitative method. Data were obtained in 2022 through two validated questionnaires, one to measure CAY and the other CVY. A total of 472 young people participated in the sample, of whom 199 were boys and 273 girls, all of them from the autonomous city of Ceuta (Spain) aged between 14 and 17. The most relevant results of the study showed low predictive levels in relation to CVY dimensions, in relation to immigration background, number of siblings and grade repetition, and in relation to CAY in terms of grade repetition. These results, together with the discussion of the study, can contribute data to the educational and psychological field to implement intervention and prevention plans in relation to inappropriate use of the Internet by young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited research on risk and protective factors for cyber intimate partner violence (IPV), such as normative beliefs supporting cyber IPV. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of normative beliefs supporting cyber IPV and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The initial item pool was developed from information gathered from focus groups, a thematic analysis of existing measures, and an expert review. The item pool was then administered to a sample of 259 emerging adults (M age = 22 years; SD = 2.19, range = 18–25; 51% female) recruited via a Qualtrics panel. Based on an exploratory factor analysis, Horn's Parallel Analysis, and goodness-of-fit indices, a single-factor structure was identified. Items related to monitoring cyber activity following a partner's infidelity did not load well onto the model. A confirmatory factor analysis found strong support for a one-factor model. The Beliefs Supporting Cyber IPV scale was positively correlated with cyber IPV perpetration, in-person IPV perpetration, and beliefs supporting in-person IPV. Findings suggest that beliefs supporting cyber IPV is a distinct construct that can concurrently predict cyber IPV behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more attention is being paid to the prevalence of technology in everyday life. The rise of digital means of communication naturally leads to increased cyber victimization, including various forms of online aggression and victimization. Limited knowledge exists regarding the potential vulnerability of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders to cyber activities. The objective of this research is to comprehensively review and synthesize existing literature on cybervictimization and cyberaggression, with a specific focus on individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly those with ADHD. We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating the relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and cybervictimization/cyberaggression. An analysis of the reviewed studies suggests that factors such as impulsivity, heightened frustration, and poor social skills may elevate the risk of cybervictimization/cyberaggression among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Overall, we aim to emphasize the significance of future research in understanding the association between neurodevelopmental disorders and cybervictimization/cyberaggression, thereby enhancing our understanding of the risk factors and consequences associated with these detrimental phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of associations between positive or negative peer relationships and cyber aggression are inconclusive. Thus, this study performed two separate three-level meta-analytic models to synthesize existing researches with the goal of obtaining reliable estimates of effect sizes and conducting moderator analyses. The results revealed a significant negative association between positive dimension and cyber aggression, and a significant positive correlation between negative dimension and cyber aggression. Furthermore, publication prestige moderated the association between positive dimension and cyber aggression. The age, culture, measurements for cyber aggression and study design were found to be significant moderators of the association between negative dimension and cyber aggression. In summary, positive peer relationships may be protective factors for cyber aggression, while negative peer relationships might be risk factors for developing cyber aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-compassion is negatively associated with aggressive behaviors. However, the association between self-compassion and cyber aggression toward stigmatized people (e.g., people infected with COVID-19) has not been investigated in the COVID-19 context and the mechanism underlying this association remains underexplored. On the basis of emotion regulation theory and attribution theory, this study examined the indirect effects of self-compassion on cyber aggression toward people infected with COVID-19 through attribution and public stigma of COVID-19. Data were collected from 1162 Chinese college students (415 male, mean age = 21.61 years). Participants completed an online questionnaire including measurement of the key variables and basic demographic information. Results indicated that self-compassion was negatively associated with cyber aggression through the lower attribution of COVID-19 and lower public stigma of COVID-19. A sequential pathway from the attribution of COVID-19 to public stigma of COVID-19 was identified in the relationship between self-compassion and cyber aggression. Our findings are consistent with emotion regulation theory and attribution theory, which posit that emotion regulation strategies are associated with interpersonal mistreatment through cognitive pathways. These findings suggest that emotional self-regulation strategies can be used to reduce cyber aggression toward stigmatized people by reducing attribution and public stigma in the COVID-19 context. Self-compassion improvement could be target for the interventions aiming at alleviating public stigma and interpersonal mistreatment toward stigmatized people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educação is the property of Jose Luis Bizelli, editor of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with body shaming, which is a form of bullying behavior. This is a modern phenomenon in the 21st century, in which the communicator makes disrespectful comments about the physical appearance of the person in question or uses various forms of (cyber)bullying. Body shaming accompanied by cyber aggression is becoming more and more a part of online communication and is as dangerous and distressing for the victim as cyberbullying. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on its elimination. The aim of the present paper is to define the basic principles of body shaming, reactions to it and risks as well as to point out its negative impact and the importance of prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the development of cyber aggression during adolescence, it is important to consider the temporal variability of its potential predictors. This study uses a four-wave survey to investigate how changes in peer norms, parental norms, and parental communication are associated with two-year trajectories of online peer aggression. The sample includes 1521 Swiss middle school students (Mage T1 = 11.54, SD = 0.40; 48% female). The results showed that over time a better parental communication quality and anti-aggression norms predicted lower rates and slower development of cyber aggression. Moreover, parental variables emerged as a quite stable deterrent of aggressive conduct. Although entrance into adolescence is characterized by the rise of peer influence, results from this study suggest that parents maintain an important protective role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Education is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between decreased empathy (i.e., cognitive and affective) and indirect and cyber peer aggression among Latinx adolescents during their transition to high school. Further, we examined the degree to which social anxiety moderated this relationship. Participants were 469 Latinx ninth graders, ages 13–17 years (M = 14.52, SD = 0.58; 58% girls). Adolescents completed the Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire, Cyber Peer Experiences Questionnaire, Basic Empathy Scale, and Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents at two different time points, 3 months apart. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed concurrent and prospective relationships between lower cognitive empathy and the perpetration of both indirect and cyber aggression. In addition, social anxiety moderated the concurrent associations between both types of empathy and both types of aggression perpetration. Results suggest that interventions that facilitate cognitive empathy and decrease social anxiety may help to reduce adolescents' indirect and cyber aggression toward peers throughout the high school transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peer aggression is defined as acts intended or perceived as intended to cause harm. Most research has focused on either micro or macro-level associations, however, less attention has been given to the collective contributions of both micro and macro levels. Objective: The present study focuses on verbal, physical, and cyber aggression, and addresses two research questions. First, controlling for individual-level variables, how are school-level and school district-level variables associated with peer aggression? Second, what are the shared and unique characteristics of face-to-face aggression and cyber aggression? Method: The study used hierarchical linear modeling and a single cross-section of data consisting of 41,098 students, nested across 681 schools, and 62 school districts. Results: The majority of the individual-level variables were found to be related to peer aggression. However, little to no impact was found at the school and school district-level. Despite the lack of significant findings at the contextual level, the study found notable differences between verbal, physical, and cyber aggression. Conclusions: The limited significant findings at the contextual level suggest that future examinations need to consider different contextual variables or ecological environments. The limited findings related to cyber aggression also indicates that it may be associated with factors that are not commonly connected with face-to-face aggression. The unique and shared characteristics between the different types of aggression highlight the considerations that should be given to family, school, and demographic characteristics when creating prevention and intervention programs, and the caveat that one-size-fits-all approaches may not be the appropriate response for peer aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on the impact of gender and gender stereotype traits (i.e., masculinity, femininity) on cyber aggression perpetration utilizing different technologies (i.e., social-networking sites, gaming consoles, mobile phones) and behaviors (i.e., cyber relational aggression, cyber verbal aggression, hacking). Participants included 233 eighth graders (108 female; M age = 13.26, SD = 0.36) from two middle schools in the Midwestern United States. Adolescents completed questionnaires on their endorsement of masculinity and femininity traits as well as how often they engaged in cyber aggression perpetration (i.e., cyber relational aggression, cyber verbal aggression, hacking) through mobile phones, social-networking sites, and gaming consoles. Findings indicated that boys and girls with more feminine traits engaged in more cyber relational aggression through social-networking sites and mobile phones, while boys and girls who endorsed more masculine traits perpetrated this behavior and cyber verbal aggression more often through online gaming. In addition, these boys and girls engaged in more hacking through all technologies when compared with girls and boys who reported more feminine traits. Results of this study indicate the importance of delineating gender stereotype traits, behaviors, and technologies when examining cyber aggression perpetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little attention has focused on how adolescents' perceptions of the pressure to be popular or socially preferred from parents, friends, and the media influence their engagement in face-to-face and cyber aggressive and prosocial behaviors. The present study examined these relationships among 857 seventh graders (M age = 12.19; 50.8% girls) from seven middle schools in the Midwestern United States. Adolescents completed questionnaires on their perceptions of the pressure to be perceived as popular and socially preferred from parents, friends, and the media; their face-to-face and cyber social behaviors; and peer nominations of social preference and popularity. The findings revealed that adolescents' perceptions of their parents' and friends' pressure for popularity and social preference related to adolescents' social behaviors in both the face-to-face and cyber contexts, controlling for social preference and popularity. Gender did not moderate these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined adolescents' cyberbullying, cyber aggression, and cyber victimization from an evolutionary perspective, extending previous research showing that traditional forms of bullying, aggression, and victimization are associated with reproductively relevant outcomes. Consistent with hypotheses based on theory and research linking bullying and aggression to intrasexual competition for mates, results indicated that cyber victimization was positively associated with a number of dating and sexual partners. Findings for cyber aggression were more complex, depending on the degree of cyber victimization experienced by the perpetrator, and the balance of power between the perpetrator and victim. Specifically, nonbullying cyber aggression by perpetrators with equal or less power than the victim had stronger positive relations with the number of dating or sexual partners when perpetrators experienced a high level of cyber victimhood. In contrast, cyberbullying by perpetrators with more power than the victim was negatively associated with the number of dating partners when the perpetrators' exposure to cyber victimization was low. Although cyber aggression and cyber victimization are new forms of aggression that involve the use of modern electronic devices, the results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of viewing this behavior from an evolutionary perspective and show that adolescents are likely to use cyber aggression against rivals in the context of intrasexual competition for mates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to assess early adolescents' response evaluation and decision for hypothetical peer victimization vignettes. Participants were 336 (59% girls; X ¯ age = 12.55) seventh and eighth graders from one school in the Midwestern United States. Adolescents read a hypothetical online or offline social situation and answered questions designed to access internal congruence, response evaluation, response efficacy, emotional outcome expectancy, and social outcome expectancy. Girls were more likely to believe that aggressive responses online and offline would lead to positive social and emotional outcome expectancies when compared with boys. Adolescents were more likely to believe that offline and online aggressive responses were legitimate responses to face-to-face victimization, feel that aggressive responses online or offline were easier to execute in response to face-to-face victimization, and that aggressive responses online or offline would lead to positive emotions and better social outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inteligencia Artificial: Revista Iberoamericana de Inteligencia Artificial is the property of Sociedad Iberoamericana de Inteligencia Artificial (IBERAMIA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to develop and provide initial validation for a measure of adult cyber intimate partner aggression (IPA): the Cyber Aggression in Relationships Scale (CARS). Drawing on recent conceptual models of cyber IPA, items from previous research exploring general cyber aggression and cyber IPA were modified and new items were generated for inclusion in the CARS. Two samples of adults 18 years or older were recruited online. We used item factor analysis to test the factor structure, model fit, and invariance of the measure structure across women and men. Results confirmed that three-factor models for both perpetration and victimization demonstrated good model fit, and that, in general, the CARS measures partner cyber aggression similarly for women and men. The CARS also demonstrated validity through significant associations with in-person IPA, trait anger, and jealousy. Findings suggest the CARS is a useful tool for assessing cyber IPA in both research and clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partner violence is prevalent in contemporary society, and certain groups of individuals such as college students are particularly at high risk for becoming involved in aggressive relationships. Cyber aggression is an emerging area of societal concern; however, little is known about the prevalence of these online behaviors between romantic partners. Because of the dearth of literature on cyber aggression among current and former intimate partners, this study examines the correlates of partner cyber aggression using the routine activities theoretical perspective among a sample of undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university. The results revealed that 71% of respondents perpetrated and 75% were victimized by at least one aggressive cyber behavior during the past 12 months. Correlates of partner abusive cyber aggression included athletic participation, increased time online, more text messages received, experiencing sexual abuse, lower self-esteem, being drunk more often, and more online guardianship; receiving more texts, experiencing more physical abuse, and more online guardianship were associated with cyber aggression victimization. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to examine the buffering effect of parental mediation of technology use and social support from parents on the association between cyber victimization and depression, assessed over one year. Participants were 113 7th through 9th graders from the Midwestern United States (age ranged from 12 to 17 years old; 86% were male) who were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. They completed questionnaires on their perceptions of parental mediation of technology use, perceived social support from parents, and self-reported face-to-face and cyber victimization and depression at Wave 1. One year later, at Wave 2, they completed a questionnaire on their depression. Results indicated that the associations between cyber victimization and depression were more negative at higher levels of perceived parental technology mediation and social support, while these associations were more negative at lower levels of these variables, after controlling for face-to-face victimization and Wave 1 depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is an increasing flow of media stories reporting cases of cyberbullying, particularly within online social media, research efforts in the academic community are scattered over different topics across the social science and computer science academic disciplines. In this work, we explored research pertaining to cyberbullying, conducted across disciplines. We mainly sought to understand scholarly activity on intelligence techniques for the detection of cyberbullying when it occurs. Our findings suggest that the vast majority of academic contributions on cyberbullying focus on understanding the phenomenon, risk factors, and threats, with the prospect of suggesting possible protection strategies. There is less work on intelligence techniques for the detection of cyberbullying when it occurs, while currently deployed algorithms seem to detect the problem only up to some degree of success. The article summarises the current trends aiming to encourage discussion and research with a new scope; we call for more research tackling the problem by leveraging statistical models and computational mechanisms geared to detect, intervene, and prevent cyberbullying. Coupling intelligence techniques with specific web technology problems can help combat this social menace. We argue that a multidisciplinary approach is needed, with expertise from human–computer interaction, psychology, computer science, and sociology, for current challenges to be addressed and significant progress to be made. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Given the high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among U.S. college students and their frequent use of technological devices (e.g., mobile phones, computers), there is widespread concern that psychological aggression may be occurring via such devices, termed cyber psychological aggression. The purpose of this study was (a) to examine the prevalence and frequency of perpetration and victimization of cyber psychological aggression, (b) to examine the association between cyber psychological aggression and traditional forms and modes of aggression (i.e., physical and face-to-face psychological aggression), and (c) to examine gender differences in the prevalence and frequency of cyber psychological aggression. College students (N = 345) in dating relationships completed the Cyber Psychological Abuse Scale (Leisring & Giumetti, 2014) and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1996) for this study. Results indicated that 73% of males and 77% of females reported committing at least one act of cyber psychological aggression against their partner in their relationship. In addition, 74% of males and 72% of females reported being the victim of cyber psychological aggression in their relationship. No gender differences in the prevalence or frequency of minor cyber psychological aggression perpetration or victimization were found. Men, however, were more likely to report both perpetration and victimization of severe cyber abuse than women. Cyber psychological aggression was positively associated with traditional forms of physical and psychological aggression. The implications of these findings for future research and violence prevention programs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines links between parent-adolescent relationship characteristics, friendship risk, and adolescent aggressive behavior. Adolescents (N = 110; M age = 17.05 years) were surveyed about their aggressive behavior (including cyber, relational, and overt) and the extent to which they disclosed aspects about their social lives (online and offline) to their parents. Participants also reported on the extent to which they hid or concealed components of their online and offline social lives from their parents, and about their exposure to a risky friendship context. Results indicate that high amounts of adolescent secrecy coupled with either (1) cyber aggressive friends, or (2) high levels of unsupervised socializing, increases adolescents' risk for cyber aggression. Interactions between the parenting and peer contexts were also found with regard to relationally aggressive behavior. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of the parent-adolescent relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on cyber aggression is advancing, revealing many risk factors associated with the involvement in these behaviors. Academic correlates, particularly academic performance, have received some attention, with few studies utilizing longitudinal designs. The present study examined these associations among 673 8th graders (51 % female) from middle schools in the United States. Findings revealed that cyber aggression perpetration and cyber victimization each related positively to poor academic performance, absenteeism, and school behavioral problems, assessed one and a half years later (T2), while controlling for face-to-face aggression and victimization and Time 1 school related variables. Significant interactions suggested that at higher levels of cyber victimization, Time 2 academic performance and cyber aggression perpetration were more strongly associated. In addition, the relationship between cyber aggression perpetration and Time 2 school behavioral problems was stronger when adolescents had higher levels of cyber victimization. These results suggest that adolescents who were both perpetrators and victims of cyber aggression had poorer academic performance and more behavioral problems at school one and a half years later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined multiple sources of strain, particular cyber victimization, and perceived stress from parents, peers, and academics, in relation to late adolescents’ (ages 16-18; N = 423) cyber aggression, anxiety, and depression, each assessed 1 year later (Time 2). Three-way interactions revealed that the relationship between Time 1 cyber victimization and later depression was more positive when adolescents experienced high perceived stress (i.e., parents, peers, academics) and engaged in high cyber aggression. However, Time 2 anxiety and Time 1 cyber victimization were more strongly associated at higher levels of Time 1 perceived peer stress such that cyber aggression did not have the same joint role in these associations as it did with depression. These findings indicate that dual sources of strain combined with aggressive behaviors might negatively affect adolescents’ well-being, particularly their depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on cyberbullying and cyber aggression is growing, little attention has been given to examinations of these behaviors among adolescents in Asian countries, particularly in India. The present study examined the relationships among cyber aggression involvement and cultural values (i.e. individualism, collectivism), along with peer attachment as a moderator in these associations, while controlling for gender and face-to-face aggression involvement. Participants were 480 adolescents (ages 13-to 15-years-old) from India. Findings revealed that individualism and collectivism were related positively to peer attachment. In addition, individualism was associated positively with cyber aggression perpetration and cyber victimization, whereas these relationships were negative for collectivism. Peer attachment was related negatively to cyber aggression involvement. At lower levels of peer attachment, the association between cyber aggression perpetration and individualism was stronger. In contrast, the relationships between cyber aggression involvement (i.e. perpetration, victimization) and collectivism were more negative at higher levels of peer attachment. These results are discussed in the context of cultural values and peer attachment, and recommendations are given for future research and for school personnel in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant advancements have been made in cyber aggression literature, with many studies revealing the consequences associated with adolescents' involvement in these behaviors. Few studies have focused on cyber aggression involvement in China, India, and Japan. The present study examined differences in cyber aggression perpetration and victimization among 1637 adolescents living in China, India, and Japan, while controlling for face-to-face bullying involvement, individualism, and collectivism. Another aim of the present study was to examine country of origin and cyber aggression involvement (i.e., the uninvolved, cyberaggressor-cybervictims, cyberaggressors, and cybervictims) differences in peer attachment. Findings revealed that adolescents from India had the highest levels of cyber aggression involvement when compared to adolescents from China or Japan. Chinese adolescents engaged in more cyber aggression perpetration and were victimized more by cyber aggression when compared to Japanese adolescents. No country of origin differences were found for peer attachment. However, uninvolved adolescents reported higher levels of peer attachment when compared to the other groups. Cyberaggressor-cybervictims had the lowest levels of peer attachment, followed by cybervictims and cyberaggressors. These results suggest that there should be concern about cyber aggression involvement among adolescents in these countries, especially in India, where cyber aggression research has been slow to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ongoing debate regarding the definitions and measurement of cyberbullying, the present article critically appraises the existing literature and offers direction regarding the question of how best to conceptualise peer-to-peer abuse in a cyber context. Variations across definitions are problematic as it has been argued that inconsistencies with regard to definitions result in researchers examining different phenomena, whilst the absence of an agreed conceptualisation of the behaviour(s) involved hinders the development of reliable and valid measures. Existing definitions of cyberbullying often incorporate the criteria of traditional bullying such as intent to harm, repetition, and imbalance of power. However, due to the unique nature of cyber-based communication, it can be difficult to identify such criteria in relation to cyber-based abuse. Thus, for these reasons cyberbullying may not be the most appropriate term. Rather than attempting to "shoe-horn" this abusive behaviour into the preconceived conceptual framework that provides an understanding of traditional bullying, it is timely to take an alternative approach. We argue that it is now time to turn our attention to the broader issue of cyber aggression, rather than persist with the narrow focus that is cyberbullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As adolescents become increasingly immersed in electronic technologies, popular adolescents may act in similar ways online as they do offline. This longitudinal study employed peer nominations and self-reports to examine perceived popularity and social preference in relation to cyber social behaviors among 256 adolescents during the fall (T1) and spring (T2). Linear associations were found between T1 popularity types (i.e., perceived popularity, social preference) and T2 cyber prosocial behavior. On the other hand, both linear and curvilinear associations were found between T1 popularity types and T2 cyber aggression. In particular, T2 cyber aggression was elevated at higher levels of T1 perceived popularity and lower levels of T1 social preference. Taken together, these findings suggest that the relations between both popularity types and cyber social behaviors follow similar patterns as face-to-face social behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This longitudinal study examined normative beliefs about aggression (e.g., face-to-face, cyber) in relation to the engagement in cyber aggression 6 months later among 126 (69 women) young adults. Participants completed electronically administered measures assessing their normative beliefs, face-to-face and cyber aggression at Time 1, and cyber aggression 6 months later (Time 2). We found that men reported more cyber relational and verbal aggression when compared to women. After controlling for each other, Time 1 face-to-face relational aggression was positively related to Time 2 cyber relational aggression, whereas Time 1 face-to-face verbal aggression was positively related to Time 2 cyber verbal aggression. Normative beliefs regarding cyber aggression was positively related to both forms of cyber aggression 6 months later, after controlling for normative beliefs about face-to-face aggression. Furthermore, a significant two-way interaction between Time 1 cyber relational aggression and normative beliefs about cyber relational aggression was found. Follow-up analysis showed that Time 1 cyber relational aggression was more strongly related to Time 2 cyber relational aggression when young adults held higher normative beliefs about cyber relational aggression. A similar two-way interaction was found for cyber verbal aggression such that the association between Time 1 and Time 2 cyber verbal aggression was stronger at higher levels of normative beliefs about cyber verbal aggression. Results are discussed in terms of the social cognitive and behavioral mechanisms associated with the engagement of cyber aggression. Aggr. Behav. 39 :161-170, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents experience various forms of strain in their lives that may contribute jointly to their engagement in cyber aggression. However, little attention has been given to this idea. To address this gap in the literature, the present longitudinal study examined the moderating influence of peer rejection on the relationship between cyber victimization at Time 1 (T1) and subsequent cyber aggression at Time 2 (T2; 6 months later) among 261 (150 girls) 6th, 7th, and 8th graders. Our findings indicated that both peer rejection and cyber victimization were related to T2 peer-nominated and self-reported cyber aggression, both relational and verbal, after controlling for gender and T1 cyber aggression. Furthermore, T1 cyber victimization was related more strongly to T2 peer-nominated and self-reported cyber aggression at higher levels of T1 peer rejection. These results extend previous findings regarding the relationship between peer rejection and face-to-face aggressive behaviors to the cyber context. In addition, our findings underscore the importance of utilizing multiple methods, such as peer-nomination and self-report, to assess cyber aggression in a school setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]