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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Curcuma longa L. extract (CLE) on periodontal pathogens. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients were divided into three groups: Group I (n = 20) patients treated with scaling and root planning (SRP) only, Group II (n = 20) patients treated with SRP followed by subgingival irrigation with 1% CLE solution, and Group III (n = 20) patients treated with SRP followed by subgingival irrigation with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution. The clinical parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI] scores, probing pocket depths) were recorded at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. The antimicrobial efficacy of 1% CLE and 0.2% CHX solutions against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were evaluated by disk diffusion method. Results: There was no significant difference in the mean values of zone of inhibition exhibited by both CLE and CHX solutions. All the groups showed significant improvement in the clinical parameters when compared to baseline values. The improvement in the PI and GI scores in the CLE group was lesser than that in CHX group by the end of the study period. Conclusion: CLE possess antimicrobial efficacy against the common periodontopathic bacteria. However, further large-scale studies evaluating the substantivity of C. longa are required to support its beneficial use in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Background:Curcuma spp. (Zingiberaceae) are used as a spice and coloring agent. Their rhizomes and essential oils are known for medicinal properties, besides their use in the flavoring and cosmetic industry. Most of these biological activities were attributed to volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites present in the rhizomes of Curcuma spp. The metabolite variations among the species and even cultivars need to be established for optimized use of Curcuma spp.Objectives: We compared the phytochemical profiles of rhizomes and their essential oils to establish the variability among seven cultivars: five of Curcuma longa L. (Alleppey Supreme, Duggirala Red, Prathibha, Salem, Suguna) and two of C. aromatica Salisb. (Kasturi Araku, Kasturi Avidi). The GC-MS and LC-MS-based analyses were employed to profile secondary metabolites of these selected cultivars.Methods: Rhizomes of Curcuma spp. were subjected to hydro-distillation to collect essential oil and analyzed by GC-MS. The methanol extracts of fresh rhizomes were subjected to LC-MS analyses. The compounds were identified by using the relevant MS library databases as many compounds as possible.Results: The essential oil content of the cultivars was in the range of 0.74–1.62%. Several compounds were detected from the essential oils and rhizome extracts by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. Of these, 28 compounds (13 from GCMS and 15 from LCMS) were common in all seven cultivars, e.g., α-thujene, and diarylheptanoids like curcumin. Furthermore, a total of 39 new compounds were identified from C. longa L. and/or C. aromatica Salisb., most of them being cultivar-specific. Of these compounds, 35 were detected by GC-MS analyses of essential oils, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, and santolina alcohol, to name a few. The other four compounds were detected by LC-MS of the methanolic extracts of the rhizomes, e.g., kaempferol-3,7-O-dimethyl ether and 5,7,8-trihydroxy-2′,5′-dimethoxy-3′,4′-methylene dioxyisoflavanone.Conclusions: We identified and recorded the variability in the metabolite profiles of essential oils and whole rhizome extracts from the seven cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb. As many as 39 new metabolites were detected in these seven Indian cultivars of Curcuma spp. Many of these compounds have health benefits.

Dexamethasone (DEX) promotes proteolysis, which causes muscle atrophy. Muscle atrophy is connected to sarcopenia. We evaluated the effect of Curcuma longa L. water extract (CLW) on DEX-induced muscle atrophy. ICR mice were divided into three groups (eight mice per group) to investigate the capability of CLW in inhibiting muscle atrophy. The control group (Ex-CON) was administered distilled water (DW) by gavage and subjected to exercise, the muscle atrophy group (Ex-DEX) was administered DW by gavage, an injection of DEX (1 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally (IP), and subjected to exercise, and the treatment group (Ex-CLW) was administered CLW (1 g/kg body weight/day) by gavage, DEX IP injection, and subjected to exercise. Following the injection of DEX, the expression levels of myostatin, MuRF-1, and Atrogin-1 were increased. However, these expression levels were decreased in the Ex-CLW group, thereby leading to the conclusion that CLW inhibits muscle atrophy. ROS (that was overproduced by DEX) decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which led to muscle atrophy. When CLW was ingested, the antioxidant enzyme activities increased while the MDA levels decreased. These findings suggest that CLW could serve as a natural product for the prevention of muscle atrophy by modulating muscle atrophy-related genes and increasing antioxidant potential.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is widely utilized as a spice, food colorant, and preservative in India, China, and South-East Asia. With containing potential turmeric extracts and compounds, it has been utilized in traditional medicine for various diseases counting diabetes, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, hysteria, indigestion, skin disease, inflammation, anorexia, hepatic disorders, cough, and sinusitis, etc. So far, a large number of work has been conducted to find and prove biological activities and pharmacological applications of turmeric and its extracts in both animals and humans. In particular, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a characteristic component with major yellow bioactive turmeric feature, has been found to possess numerous biological actions. Nonetheless, the polyphenol compound in curcumin has been limited for human disease treatments even though adequate studies are utilized in animal trials. Plenty of ongoing studies are also contributing significantly to this promising molecule that to the forefront of human therapeutics as well as its activities in health benefits. Thus, curcumin and some turmeric extracts are considered as non-toxic and highly promising compounds with a lot of potentially biological functions based on an appropriately used dose. It is expected that curcumin and some turmeric extracts can be explored in novel medical applications in the future to effectively against or treat various diseases. Here, we hope that it is likely a good and right approach for using and encouraging this product, and its chemical components and effective clinical applications will be briefly summarized in disease treatments.

Curcuma longa L. es una planta monocotiledónea del Orden Zingiberales, pertenece a la Familia Zingiberaceae, siendo su género uno de los más numerosos de esta familia (comprende aproximadamente 60 especies). Se trata de una hierba perenne, con hojas alternas y rizomas palmeados y ovalados que constituyen la droga. Es originaria y ampliamente cultivada en el sudeste asiático y se utiliza desde hace millones de años como colorante y como especia en la gastronomía oriental. Los curcuminoides, en especial la curcumina y los terpenoides, son los compuestos fitoquímicos mayoritarios en la planta y se concentran principalmente en el rizoma. Estos compuestos, además de ser los responsables del olor, sabor y color característico de la especia, también le confieren numerosas propiedades farmacológicas, dentro de las que destacan su actividad antiinflamatoria y antioxidante. Convirtiéndola en una sustancia que además de ser antimicrobiana, antineoplásica, hepatoprotectora, antidiabética, protectora del tracto gastrointestinal y estimuladora del flujo biliar, es excelente para tratar enfermedades cardiovasculares, de la piel, neurodegenerativas, y respiratorias. Todas estas cualidades beneficiosas para la salud han hecho que en los últimos años el consumo, la demanda y la realización de estudios científicos sobre la cúrcuma hayan aumentado de manera considerable. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica de la especie Curcuma longa L.; recabando información sobre su lugar de origen, distribución geográfica y de cultivo y datos históricos de interés, realizando una descripción de las características botánicas de su familia, género y especie, tanto como de su composición nutricional y fitoquímica, y detallando los diferentes usos que se le han dado a lo largo de la historia y en la actualidad haciendo especial hincapié en todas sus actividades biológicas, así como de las limitaciones actuales que presenta su uso en el tratamiento de determinadas enfermedades Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Farmacia

Curcuma root (Curcuma longa L.) is a very important plant in gastronomy and medicine for its unique antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Conventional methods for the extraction of curcuma oil require long extraction times and high temperatures that can degrade the active substances. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were: (i) first, to optimize the extraction yield of curcuma oil by applying a Box-Behnken experimental design using surface response methodology to the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique (the independent variables studied were reaction time (10–30 min), microwave power (150–200 W) and curcuma powder/ethanol ratio (1:5–1:20, w/v), and, (ii) second, to assess the total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity of the oil (at the optimum conditions point) and compare with the conventional Soxhlet technique. The optimum conditions for the MAE were found to be 29.99 min, 160 W and 1:20 w/v to obtain an optimum yield of 10.32%. Interestingly, the oil extracted by microwave-assisted extraction showed higher TPC and better antioxidant properties than the oil extracted with conventional Soxhlet technique. Thus, it was demonstrated that the method applied for extraction influences the final properties of the extracted Curcuma longa L. oil.

Medicinal plants have been widely used in formulations for various therapeutic indications as a prophylactic and activating form of some systems of the organism. One plant that is under increasing study and already has evidences in the literature about its use and effects is the Cúrcuma longa L.. This article presents the main pharmacological activity of Cúrcuma longa L. through a bibliographic research involving articles between 2010 and 2020. The Cúrcuma longa L. in particular its active compound, curcumin, presents several pharmacological applications commonly reported and experienced in vitro by several authors, among them antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, neuroprotective action, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory. It is concluded that Cúrcuma longa L. is a plant with great possibility of insertion as an adjuvant in the treatment of health problems, from lighter as inflammations to more severe cases as in the pharmacological treatment of cancer. Knowing that plants have a high number of chemicals and that many have already been studied, exploring natural products can show the cure for many diseases. It is therefore expected that such results will contribute to the targeting of new studies on the species in question, guiding research in other areas not yet explored and as well as other compounds extracted from this plant that is promising for the scientific community as a therapeutic alternative. Las plantas medicinales han sido ampliamente empleadas en formulaciones para diversas indicaciones terapéuticas como forma profiláctica y activadora de algunos sistemas del organismo. Una planta que está en creciente estudio y ya posee comprobaciones en la literatura sobre su uso y efectos es la Cúrcuma longa L.. Este artículo busca presentar las principales aplicaciones farmacológicos de la Cúrcuma longa L. a través de una investigación bibliográfica que abarque artículos entre 2010 y 2020. La Cúrcuma longa L. en especial su compuesto activo, la curcumina, presenta varias actividades farmacológicas comúnmente relatadas y experimentadas in vitro por diversos autores, entre ellas actividad antibacteriana, actividad antifúngica, acción neuroprotectora, anticoagulante, anti-inflamatória. Se concluye que la Cúrcuma longa L. es una planta con gran posibilidad de inserción como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de problemas de salud, desde más leves como inflamaciones a casos más graves como en el tratamiento farmacológico del cáncer. Sabiendo que las plantas poseen un elevado número de sustancias químicas y que muchas ya han sido estudiadas, explorar productos naturales puede llegar a mostrar la cura para muchas enfermedades. De esta forma, se espera que estos resultados contribuyan a la dirección de nuevos estudios sobre la especie en cuestión, orientando investigaciones en otras áreas aún no exploradas y como también otros compuestos extraídos de esa planta que se muestra prometedora para la comunidad científica como alternativa terapéutica. As plantas medicinais têm sido amplamente empregadas em formulações para diversas indicações terapêuticas como forma profilática e ativadora de alguns sistemas do organismo. Uma planta que está em crescente estudo e já possui comprovações na literatura sobre seu uso e efeitos é a Cúrcuma longa L.. Este artigo busca apresentar as principais aplicações farmacológicas da Cúrcuma longa. através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica envolvendo artigos entre 2010 e 2020. A Cúrcuma longa L. em especial seu composto ativo, a curcumina, apresenta várias atividades farmacológicas comumente relatadas e experimentadas in vitroor diversos autores, dentre elas atividade antibacteriana, atividade antifúngica, ação neuroprotetora, anticoagulante, anti-inflamatória. Conclui-se que a Cúrcuma longa L. é uma planta com grande possibilidade de inserção como adjuvante no tratamento de problemas de saúde, desde mais leves como inflamações a casos mais graves como no tratamento farmacológico do câncer. Sabendo-se que as plantas possuem elevado número de substâncias químicas e que muitas já foram estudadas, explorar produtos naturais pode vir a mostrar a cura para muitas doenças. Desta forma, espera-se que tais resultados contribuam com o direcionamento de novos estudos sobre a espécie em questão, orientando pesquisas em outras áreas ainda não exploradas e como também outros compostos extraídos dessa planta que se mostra promissora para a comunidade científica como alternativa terapêutica.

Curcumin, a yellow polyphenolic pigment from the Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) rhizome, has been used for centuries for culinary and food coloring purposes, and as an ingredient for various medicinal preparations, widely used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine. In recent decades, their biological activities have been extensively studied. Thus, this review aims to offer an in-depth discussion of curcumin applications for food and biotechnological industries, and on health promotion and disease prevention, with particular emphasis on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Bioavailability, bioefficacy and safety features, side effects, and quality parameters of curcumin are also addressed. Finally, curcumin’s multidimensional applications, food attractiveness optimization, agro-industrial procedures to offset its instability and low bioavailability, health concerns, and upcoming strategies for clinical application are also covered. This work was supported by CONICYT PIA/APOYO CCTE AFB170007. N. Martins would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) for the Strategic project ref. UID/BIM/04293/2013 and "NORTE2020 - Northern Regional Operational Program" (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012).

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:13:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-01 Aim: Plant products have been evaluated to control opportunistic micro-organisms, as well as fortify immune system cells. Thus, Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) extract was evaluated in interactions of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, in order to establish cooperation with defense cells. Materials & methods: Effects of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the plant extract were analyzed on phagocytosis, cell viability of RAW 264.7 and production of inflammation-related molecules (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 and NO). Results: The plant extract was cytocompatible and promoted significant reductions of micro-organisms, and synthesis of inflammation-related molecules, during interactions. Conclusion: C. longa L. extract showed significant antimicrobial response and cooperation with macrophages, by fighting bacteria and yeasts during host-microbe interactions. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777 School of Medicine Anhembi Morumbi University, Av. Dep. Benedito Matarazzo, 4050 Anhanguera University, Av. Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3305 Department of Mode of Drug Action Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Rua Três de Maio, 100 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences College of Dentistry University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease associated with metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and obesity, regardless of alcohol consumption, and refers to the accumulation of triacylglycerols in the liver. Thymol (THY) is a vegetable essential oil that is naturally contained in the Zingiberaceae and Lamiaceae families. THY was isolated from Curcuma longa L. The rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. were dried, sliced and extracted with 50% ethanol and then isolated through repeated column chromatography. This study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of THY, even in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in relation to the inhibiting hyperlipidemia effect of THY, which was demonstrated in previous studies. Hepatocytes were treated with oleate (OA) containing THY to observe lipid accumulation by Oil Red O staining (ORO). We also tested the effect of THY on triacylglycerols (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in HepG2 cells. Western blot and real-time RT-PCR using sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), proliferator-activated receptor &gamma, (PPAR&gamma, ), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expressions were carried out. Consequently, inhibition of lipogenesis by THY (100 &mu, M or 200 &mu, M) in NAFLD treated with OA in HepG2 cells was confirmed. The results of TG and TC experiments confirmed a decrease in the degree of fat accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, inhibition of the SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC, C/EBP and PPAR&gamma, expressions that mediated fat accumulation and increased AMPK phosphorylation was observed. Taken together, THY is proposed as a potential natural constituent for the treatment of NAFLD.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture from Curcuma longa L. rhizome when used as sensory additives in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that the additives under consideration are safe at the maximum proposed use levels: (i) turmeric extract at 15 mg/kg complete feed (or in water for drinking at comparable exposure) for all animal species; (ii) turmeric essential oil at 80 mg/kg feed for veal calves (milk replacer) and 20 mg/kg complete feed (or 20 mg/L) for all other species; (iii) turmeric oleoresin at 30 mg/kg complete feed (or 30 mg/L) for chickens for fattening and laying hens and 5 mg/kg complete feed (or 5 mg/L) for pigs, veal calves, cattle for fattening and dairy cows, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits and fish; (iv) turmeric tincture at 0.8 mL/L water for drinking for poultry, 6 mL per head and day for horses and 0.05 mL tincture/kg complete feed for dogs. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of the additives at the proposed use level in animal nutrition. Turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and as skin sensitisers. The use of the additives in feed is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since turmeric and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary.

Cilj istraživanja Cilj ovog specijalističkog rada je sveobuhvatan pregled znanstvenih spoznaja o antitumorskim svojstvima kurkumina, posebice rezultata kliničkih istraživanja i razvoja novih formulacija. Materijali i metode Istraživanje u okviru ovog rada je teorijskog karaktera i uključuje pregled dostupne znanstvene i stručne literature o predloženoj temi. U pretraživanju su korištene bibliografske baze podataka PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct i Cochrane Library. Rezultati Kurkumin je glavna bioaktivna sastavnica podanka kurkume (Curcuma longa L.) koja djeluje antitumorski, protuupalno i antioksidacijski. Mehanizmi antitumorskog djelovanja kurkumina uključuju induciranje apoptoze kroz regulaciju različitih signalnih putova i zaustavljanje staničkog ciklusa tumorskih stanica. Kliničke studije su ukazale na njegov veliki potencijal u prevenciji i liječenju različitih vrsta tumora te dobar sigurnosni profil. Medicinska primjena kurkumina ograničena je slabom bioraspoloživosti, brzim metabolizmom i eliminacijom. Istraživanja novih formulacija lijekova poput nanočestica, liposoma, micela, fosofolipidnih kompleksa i hibridnih molekula pokazala su značajno poboljšanje farmakokinetičkih svojstava kurkumina. Zaključak Potrebna su daljna klinička istraživanja koja će pružiti veću razinu dokaza o terapijskom potencijalu kurkumina u onkologiji. Objectives The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific knowledge on the anticancer properties of curcumin, especially the results of clinical studies and new formulations development. Materials and methods Research in this paper is a theoretical one and includes a detailed overview of the available professional and scientific data on the topic. Relevant bibliographic database such as Current Contents, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Medline and Cocharen Library are searched. Results Curcumin is the main bioactive compound of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with anticancer, antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Mechanisms of curcumin anticancerogenic action include the induction of apoptosis by various signal pathways regulation and blocking tumor cell cycle. Clinical studies indicated its great potential in the prevention and treatment of various cancers and a good safety profile. The medicinal use of curcumin is limited by its low bioavailability, rapid metabolism and systemic elimination. Investigations of novel drug formulations such as nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, phospholipid complexes and hybrid molecules showed a significant improvement in pharmacokinetic properties of curcumin. Conclusion Further clinical studies are required to provide a higher level of evidence of curcumin therapeutic potential in oncology.

In this study, ultrasonication wasused to extract antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, andcurcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longaL.) The influences of time, ethanol concentration and temperature as three independentfactors on the extraction of the total phenolic content were evaluated by theFolin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant capacities by the ABTS and chromiumreducing antioxidant capacity (CHROMAC) methods. The central composite design(CCD) with a multi-response surface methodology (MRSM) was used for thestatistical modeling of the response data followed by the regression and analysis of variance(ANOVA) to determine the significance of the model and the factors. Theresponse predictions obtained at optimum extraction conditions of an extractiontime of 64min, an ethanol concentration of 82% (v/v) and an extractiontemperature of 32°C were 47.32mg GAE/g (for Folin-Ciocalteu), 29.15 (for ABTS)and 5.17mg TE/g (for CHROMAC). The predicted values obtained from themulti-response surface methodology agreed with the experimental values data 95%confidence level. These data indicate that the multi-response surfacemethodology is applicable for optimizing the ultrasonic-assisted extraction ofantioxidant compounds from C. longa., Buçalışmada ultrasonikasyon, Curcuma longa L.’dabulunan polifenol, flavonoid ve kurkuminoid gibi antioksidan bileşiklerinekstraksiyonu için kullanılmıştır. Zaman, etanol derişimi ve sıcaklık gibi 3bağımsız değişkenin toplam fenolik madde (Folin yöntemi) ve antioksidankapasite (ABTS ve CHROMAC yöntemi) üzerine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Merkezikompozit dizayn ile çok yanıtlı yüzey analiz yöntemi, sonuçların istatistikselmodellenmesi, model ve faktörler arası etkileşimi belirlemek için regresyon veANOVA analizinde kullanılmıştır. Belirlenen optimum koşullarda (64dk ekstraksiyonzamanı, %82 (v/v) etanol derişimi ve 32°C ekstraksiyon sıcaklığı)toplam fenolik madde miktarı 47,32mg GAE/g, antioksidan kapasite 29,15 (ABTS)ve 5,17 (for CHROMAC) mg TE/g bulunmuştur. Bu deneysel değerler ile tahminideğerler %95 güven aralığında birbiri ile uyumludur. Buna göre çok yanıtlıyüzey analiz tekniği (MRSM), C. longa’danantioksidan bileşiklerin ultrasonik-destekli ekstraksiyon optimizasyonu içingüvenle kullanılabilir.

Our aim was to investigate whether hot water extract (CLW) of Curcuma longa L. could prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). HepG2 cells were treated with free fatty acid (FFA) mixture (oleic acid: palmitic acid, 2:1) for 24 h to stimulate in vitro fatty liver. In addition, C57BL/6 mice were fed 60 kcal% high-fat (HF) diet for eight weeks to induce fatty liver in vivo. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) productions were increased by FFA and HF-diet, but supplementation with CLW significantly decreased these levels. CLW treatment ameliorated antioxidant activities that were suppressed by exposure to the FFA and HF-diet. Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and fatty acid transport proteins (FATP2 and FATP5) were increased in HF-diet groups, while CLW suppressed their expression levels. Moreover, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression levels were down-regulated in the CLW groups compared to HF-diet groups. On the other hand, 5&prime, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-&alpha, ), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) expressions were up-regulated in the CLW groups. HF-diet fed mice showed high hepatic triglycerides (TG) content compared to the normal diet mice. However, the administration of CLW restored the hepatic TG level, indicating an inhibitory effect against lipid accumulation by CLW. These results suggest that CLW could be a potentially useful agent for the prevention of NAFLD through modulating fatty acid uptake.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-01 Finding an effective alternative way to aid defense cells to fight Streptococcus mutans was the main goal of this study. The effect of plant extracts from Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) was evaluated on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) infected by S. mutans. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined. Macrophages were infected by S. mutans and treated with each extract. From the supernatants, it was measured nitric oxide (NO) level. Posteriorly, RAW 264.7 were lysed to expose living and phagocytosed bacteria. Cytotoxicity was checked by lysosomal activity analysis, using neutral red assay. Each extract helped RAW 264.7 to eliminate S. mutans during infection, as observed by a significant bacterial reduction. Significant cell viability was also found. Besides, an increased production of NO was verified using R. officinalis L. and T. vulgaris L. extracts. The evaluated extracts demonstrated an effective action to assist RAW 264.7 to fight S. mutans during infection. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas Anhembi Morumbi University School of Medicine, Av. Dep. Benedito Matarazzo, 4050 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences College of Dentistry University of Florida Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas

Cilj istraživanja Cilj ovog specijalističkog rada je pregled podataka o kliničkim studijama na kojima se temelji medicinska primjena biljne droge Curcumae longae rhizoma i kitički osvrt na fitopreparate u ljekarničkoj praksi u pogledu njihove učinkovitosti i sigurnosti. Materijal i metode Istraživanje u okviru ovog rada je teorijskog karaktera i uključuju pregled dostupne znanstvene i stručne literature o predloženoj temi. U pretraživanju su korištene bibliografske baze podataka kao što su: Current Contents, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Cocharen Library i Lexicomp. Važan izvor informacija bile su i monografije Europske agencije za lijekove. Rezultati Kurkuma (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) je zeljasta trajnica azijskog porijekla, s jakim podankom koji se primjenjuje u medicinske svrhe te kao začin i prirodna boja. U narodnoj medicini kurkuma se koristi kroz stoljeća u različitim dijelovima svijeta. Kurkuminoidi i eterično ulje bogato seskviterpenima su glavne aktivne sastavnice kurkuminog podanka. Tradicionalnu primjenu podupiru brojna neklinička i klinička istraživanja. Prema Europskoj agenciji za lijekove, fitopreparati s kurkumom su tradicionalni biljni lijekovi s indikacijom za poboljšanje protoka žuči i za ublažavanje simptoma loše probave poput osjećaja težine, nadutosti i usporene probave. No, na hrvatskom tržištu su dostupni jedino kao dodaci prehrani, najčešće bez naznačenih zdravstvenih tvrdnji. Ljekarnik se svakodnevno susreće s problemima doziranja dodataka prehrani s kurkumom te nedostatkom informacija o njihovoj standardizaciji i kontroli kvalitete. Zaključci U svom profesionalnom radu ljekarnici se trebaju oslanjati na rezultate kliničkih istraživanja te neprestano usvajati relevantna stručna znanja kako bi mogli odabrati pogodan fitopreparat i prilagoditi dozu za određenog pacijenta te doprinijeti njihovoj učinkovitoj i sigurnoj primjeni. Objectives The aim of this work was to present the data on the conducted clinical studies of Curcumae longae rhizoma and a critical review of phytopreparations in pharmacy practice regarding their efficacy and safety. Material and methods Research in this paper is a theoretical one and includes a detailed overview of the available professional and scientific data on the topic. Relevant bibliographic database such as Current Contents, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Medline and Cocharen Library are searched. The European Medicines Agency monographs were also important information sources. Results Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant of Asian origin, with a strong rhizome used for medicinal purposes and as a spice and natural dye. In folk medicine, turmeric has been used over the centuries in different parts of the world. Curcuminoids and essential oil rich in sesquiterpenes are the main active components of turmeric rhizome. The traditional use is supported by a numerous preclinical and clinical studies. According to the European Medicines Agency, turmeric phytopreparations belong to traditional herbal medicinal products used for the relief of digestive disturbances, such as feelings of fullness, slow digestion and flatulence. But, on the Croatian market they are available as food supplements, most often without any health claim labeled. Pharmacists are faced with the problems about dosage of turmeric products and lack of data on their standardisation and quality control. Conclusion In their professional work, pharmacists should rely on the results of clinical research and acquire relevant knowledge continuously to be able to select suitable phytopreparation and dosage for a particular patient as well as contribute to their effective and safe use.

Red limestone is a mixture of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder and limestone which is made from burning shells at high temperature. The yellow mixture turns to red color or deep orange because of the reaction between turmeric and calcium carbonate in limestone. Red limestone is traditionally used to treat many diseases such as abscess, cut wound and insect bite. The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-inflammatory activity and chemical constituents of red limestone. The chemical analysis of red limestone extract by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that red limestone consisted of alpha-turmerone and curcumanolide B as major components. These compounds were related with the chemical constituents in C. longa extract which is a main ingredient of red limestone. However, curcuminoids were not detected in red limestone extract. Cytotoxicity of red limestone extract was investigated. Macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7) and human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT cells) were investigated cell viability using MTT assay. Red limestone extract was nontoxic to normal cells such as macrophage cells and human keratinocyte cells. Moreover, the inflammatory activity was detected nitric oxide (NO) secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. The result showed that the extracts inhibited NO in dose-dependent manner and IC50 was found to be 102.42 μg/ml. It suggested that red limestone extract had a potential for anti-inflammatory activity.

As plantas medicinais têm sido amplamente empregadas em formulações para diversas indicações terapêuticas como forma profilática e ativadora de alguns sistemas do organismo. Uma planta que está em crescente estudo e já possui comprovações na literatura sobre seu uso e efeitos é a Cúrcuma longa L.. Este artigo busca apresentar as principais aplicações farmacológicas da Cúrcuma longa. através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica envolvendo artigos entre 2010 e 2020. A Cúrcuma longa L. em especial seu composto ativo, a curcumina, apresenta várias atividades farmacológicas comumente relatadas e experimentadas in vitroor diversos autores, dentre elas atividade antibacteriana, atividade antifúngica, ação neuroprotetora, anticoagulante, anti-inflamatória. Conclui-se que a Cúrcuma longa L. é uma planta com grande possibilidade de inserção como adjuvante no tratamento de problemas de saúde, desde mais leves como inflamações a casos mais graves como no tratamento farmacológico do câncer. Sabendo-se que as plantas possuem elevado número de substâncias químicas e que muitas já foram estudadas, explorar produtos naturais pode vir a mostrar a cura para muitas doenças. Desta forma, espera-se que tais resultados contribuam com o direcionamento de novos estudos sobre a espécie em questão, orientando pesquisas em outras áreas ainda não exploradas e como também outros compostos extraídos dessa planta que se mostra promissora para a comunidade científica como alternativa terapêutica.

Rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. are well known for their content of curcuminoids, which are compounds with interesting biological activity against various inflammatory states and diseases. Curcuminoids can degrade during processing. This piece of work investigates fast, efficient and cost-effective metabolite recovery from turmeric under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). An analytical evaluation of curcuminoid stability under sonication in different solvents is reported for the first time. HPLC and quantitative 1H-NMR were used. Under the applied conditions, EtOAc was found to be the optimal extraction medium, rather than EtOH, due to its lower radical generation, which facilitates better curcuminoid stability. Kinetic characterization, by means of the Peleg equation, was applied for single-step UAE on two different rhizome granulometries. Over a time of 90 min, maximum extraction yields were 25.63% and 47.56% for 6 and 2 mm matrix powders, respectively. However, it was observed that the largest portion of curcuminoid recovery was achieved in the first 30 min. Model outcomes were used as the basis for the design of a suitable multi-step cross-flow approach that supports and emphasizes the disruptive role of cavitation. The maximum curcuminoid yield was achieved over three steps (92.10%) and four steps (80.04%), for lower and higher granulometries, respectively. Finally, the central role of the solvent was further confirmed by turmeric oleoresin purification. The EtOAc extract was purified via crystallization, and a 95% pure curcuminoid product was isolated without any chromatographic procedure. No suitable crystallization was observed for the EtOH extract.

A novel method for analysis of three active components curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in Curcuma longa L. was developed by HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection. Three curcuminoids were well separated on a C18 column and detected with high sensitivity. A mobile phase containing acetonitrile and 10 mM Na2HPO4âH3PO4 (pH 5.0) (50:50, v/v) was used. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.208â41.6, 0.197â39.4, and 0.227â114 μM for curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin respectively. The limit of detection reached up to 10â8 M, which was lower than that by UV detection. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 1.06% to 1.88% for intra-day precision and from 4.30% to 5.79% for inter-day precision, respectively. The proposed method has been applied in real herb sample and recoveries ranging from 86.3% to 111% were obtained. Keywords: Curcumin, High performance liquid chromatography, Electrochemical detection, Curcuma longa L.

The essential oil from the leaves of Curcuma longa L. Kasur variety grown in Pakistan was extracted by hydro-distillation. Chemical constituents of the essential oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis of oil showed 25 constituents, out of which nine chemical constituents were identified. The eucalyptol (10.27%) was the major component of the essential oil. α-pinene (1.50%), β-phellandrene (2.49%), β-pinene (3.57%), limonene (2.73%), 1,3,8-p-menthatriene (1.76%), ascaridole epoxide (1.452%), 2-methylisoborneol (2.92%), 5-isopropyl-6-methyl-hepta-3, dien-2-ol (2.07%) were also present in considerable quantity. The antimicrobial properties of leaves of Curcuma longa were tested by disc diffusion method against various human pathogens, including eight fungal and five bacterial strains. Essential oil showed maximum resistance against Fusarium miniformes MAY 3629 followed by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 whereas; it exhibited least resistance against Fusarium oxysporium ATCC 48122. The results of the antimicrobial assay revealed that essential oil showed significant inhibitory activity against the tested organisms.

The present study was designed to identify the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes and their inhibitory effect on a hepatoma cell line. The methanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to identify the volatile constituents and the other part of the same extract was subjected to liquid column chromatographic separation to isolate curcumin. The inhibition of cell growth in the hepatoma cell line and the cytopathological changes were studied. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fifty compounds in the methanolic extract of C. longa. The major compounds were ar-turmerone (20.50 %), β-sesquiphellandrene (5.20 %) and curcumenol (5.11 %). Curcumin was identified using IR, 1H and 13C NMR. The inhibition of cell growth by curcumin (IC50 = 41.69 ± 2.87 μg mL-1) was much more effective than that of methanolic extract (IC50 = 196.12 ± 5.25 μg mL-1). Degenerative and apoptotic changes were more evident in curcumin- treated hepatoma cells than in those treated with the methanol extract. Antitumor potential of the methanolic extract may be attributed to the presence of sesquiterpenes and phenolic constituents including curcumin (0.051 %, 511.39 μg g-1 dried methanol extract) in C. longa rhizomes.

Inflammatory bowel diseases, which consist of chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon and the small intestine, are considered a global disease of our modern society. Recently, the interest toward the use of herbal therapies for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases has increased because of their effectiveness and favourable safety profile, compared to conventional drugs. Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Curcuma longa L. are amongst the most promising herbal drugs, however, their clinical use in inflammatory bowel diseases is limited and little is known on their mechanism of action. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of two phytochemically characterized extracts of B. serrata and C. longa in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation. Their impact on cytokine release and reactive oxygen species production, as well as the maintenance of the intestinal barrier function and on intestinal mucosa immune cells infiltration, has been evaluated. The extracts showed a good protective effect on the intestinal epithelium at 1 &micro, g/mL, with TEER values increasing by approximately 1.5 fold, compared to LPS-stimulated cells. C. longa showed an anti-inflammatory mechanism of action, reducing IL-8, TNF-&alpha, and IL-6 production by approximately 30%, 25% and 40%, respectively, compared to the inflammatory stimuli. B. serrata action was linked to its antioxidant effect, with ROS production being reduced by 25%, compared to H2O2-stimulated Caco-2 cells. C. longa and B. serrata resulted to be promising agents for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases by modulating in vitro parameters which have been identified in the clinical conditions.

In the present work, essential oil has been obtained by Clevenger-type hy-drodestillation from grounded curcuma rhizome (Rhizoma Curcumae) (Turkey) with hydromodulus 1:5 m/V during 180 minutes. The qualitative and quantita-tive composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID spectrom-etry. The antioxidant activity of the obtained oil was determined using DPPH assay just after adding DPPH radical and after 20 min, 30 min and 45 min incubation with radical. The antimicrobial activity was determined using a disc-diffusion method. The yield of the essential oil was 0.3 cm 3 / 100 g plant ma-terial. Eight compounds were identified. The major ones were ar-turmerone (22.7%), turmerone (26%) and curlone (16.8%). The best antioxidant activity showed the oil incubated for 45 minutes with DPPH radical. EC50 values for the obtained oil were 1.784 mg/cm 3 (without incubation), 0.098 mg/cm 3 (af-ter 20 minutes), 0.072 mg/cm 3 (after 30 minutes) and 0.045 mg/cm 3 (after 45 minutes incubation with radical). The oil showed the best antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. The results indicate that turmeric essential oil is an extremely strong antioxidant and antimicrobial (antifungal) agent with potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a safer alternative to the synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

There are several data in the literature indicating a great variety of pharmacological activities of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), which exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, anti-bacteria, antioxidant effects and nematocidal activities. Curcumin is a major component in Curcuma longa L., being responsible for its biological actions. Other extracts of this plant has been showing potency too. In vitro, curcumin exhibits anti-parasitic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal effects; and also inhibits carcinogenesis and cancer growth. In vivo, there are experiments showing the anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory potency of curcumin and extracts of C. longa L. by parenteral and oral application in animal models. In this present work we make an overview of the pharmacological activities of C. longa L., showing its importance.

Determinou-se, em casa de vegetação, o efeito do plantio de dois tipos de rizoma no desenvolvimento de diferentes órgãos de curcuma (Curcuma longa L.). As plantas originadas de rizomas primários apresentaram maior desenvolvimento do que aquelas originadas de rizomas secundários, chegando a produzir até 30% mais rizomas.The influence of planting material, primary or secondary rhizomes, on the development and curcumin content of Curcuma longa L. was determined under greenhouse conditions. Plants originated from primary rhizomes yielded 30% more and had bigger leaf area, when compared to plants originated from secondary rhizomes. Curcumin content in the rhizomes was the same regardless of the planting material.

Determinou-se, em casa de vegetação, o efeito do plantio de dois tipos de rizoma no desenvolvimento de diferentes órgãos de curcuma (Curcuma longa L.). As plantas originadas de rizomas primários apresentaram maior desenvolvimento do que aquelas originadas de rizomas secundários, chegando a produzir até 30% mais rizomas. The influence of planting material, primary or secondary rhizomes, on the development and curcumin content of Curcuma longa L. was determined under greenhouse conditions. Plants originated from primary rhizomes yielded 30% more and had bigger leaf area, when compared to plants originated from secondary rhizomes. Curcumin content in the rhizomes was the same regardless of the planting material.

Turmeric extracts, among which curcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin, are by far known for their therapeutic activities. In this study we propose easy and low cost synthetic pathways in order to obtain glucosyl-curcuminoids, safe and water soluble potential drugs and dyes, which may be implied in different fields ranging from pharmacology to food chemistry. The complete (1)H and (13)C NMR characterization of naturally occurring curcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin and new synthetic glucosyl-curcuminoids is reported.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais da Curcuma longa L. obtidos por hidrodestilação e por extração hexânica. Os extratos obtidos foram caracterizados com relação ao rendimento, peso específico, índice de refração, valor éster, pigmentos curcuminóides por espectrofotometria de absorbância UV-visível e substâncias voláteis por CG-EM. A atividade antifúngica contra os fungos fitopatogênicos (Alternaria brassicicola, Aspergillus flavipes, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sphaerospermum e Fusarium oxysporum) foi investigada pelo método de difusão em ágar utilizando discos. Um maior rendimento de óleos essenciais foi obtido com a extração hexânica, que se mostrou mais simples e rápida comparada a hidrodestilação. Os óleos essenciais obtidos por extração hexânica apresentaram valores significativamente maiores para o peso específico, índice de refração, valor éster e teores de pigmentos curcuminóides. Foram detectadas 26 substâncias voláteis sendo 22 no extrato hidrodestilado e 16 no hexânico. Dentre estas, oito foram identificadas, sendo todas da classe dos terpenos. A turmerona (ar e ) foi a predominante. A atividade antifúngica em ambos extratos foi evidenciada contra Alternaria brassicicola e Aspergillus flavipes sendo que o extrato hexânico produziu halos de inibição maiores para os dois microrganismos. A atividade antifúngica dos extratos foi afetada pelo método de extração dos óleos essenciais da cúrcuma. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CARACTERIZATION AND ANTIFUNGICAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM TURMERIC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Curcuma longa L. obtained by hydrodistillation and by extraction with hexane. The extracts were characterized according to yield, specific weight, refractive index, ester value, curcuminoid pigments by UV-visiblespectrophotometry and volatiles by GC-MS. The antifungal activity against phytopatogenic molds (Alternaria brassicicola, Aspergillus flavipes, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Fusarium oxysporum) was investigated by the diffusion in agar method using paper disks. A higher yield of essential oils was obtained with hexane,which was simpler and faster compared to hydrodistillation. The essential oil obtained with hexane had significantly higher specific weight, refractive index, ester value and levels of curcuminoid pigments. 26 volatile compounds were detected. 22 were present in thehydrodistilled extract and 16 in the hexane. 8 were identified as terpenes and turmerone (ar and á) was the prevalent. Antifungal activity of both samples was observed against Alternaria brassicicola and Aspergillus flavipes. Higher antimicrobial activity was provided by the hexanic extract compared to hydrodistillation. There was significant effect of thetype of extraction on the antifungal activity.Key words: Curcuma longa L, essential oils, antifungal activity, extration, hexane, hydrodistillation, GC-MS.

O açafrão (Curcuma longa L.) é amplamente utilizado como corante natural e condimento, sendo também utilizado como agente terapêutico nos programas de saúde da índia. É uma cultura nativa do sul da Ásia, sendo muito cultivado na índia, China, Ilhas Caribenhas e América do Sul. Nesta revisão se apresentam os prin cipais usos do açafrão como corante natural para alimentos, dados da planta, composição química e pigmentos presentes no rizoma, toxicologia, processamento, estabilidade, métodos de análise, ex tração dos pigmentos e usos comerciais. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is widely used as a natural food colorant and spice, and as a therapeutic in Indian medicine systems. The plant is native in southern Asia, China, the Caribbean Islands, and South America. A review of turmeric used as a natural colorant for food is presented. Data related to plants, chemical composition and pigments of rhizome, toxicology, processing, pigments extraction, stability, analytical methods for the evaluation of turmeric, and commercial use are included.

Introduction: Intestinal mucositis is a frequent limiting factor in anticancer therapy and there is currently no broadly effective treatment targeted to cure this side effect. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mucoadhesive formulation containing curcuminoids (MFC) from Curcuma longa L. on the pathogenesis of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis. Methods: Three intraperitoneal 5-FU injections (200 mg/kg) were used to induce intestinal mucositis in adult Swiss male mice. Treatment was provided orally (MFC 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg), thirty minutes before 5-FU injections, daily until euthanasia. Duodenal samples were collected to perform morphometric and histopathological analysis, to investigate the expression of Ki-67, p53, Bax and Bcl-2 by immunohistochemistry, to evaluate neutrophil activity myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated and oxidative stress by malondialdehyde (MDA) determination. Mice body weight was assessed as well. Results: As expected, 5-FU induced a significant weight loss (∼17%, P