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This article presents the current guidelines/standards for architectural documentation in various countries. Available regulations, applicable documents, technical guidelines, and good practices were analysed, together with selected examples of 3D digitisation projects. The results of the evaluation were compared with the guidelines for generating 3D documentation proposed by The Expert Group on Digital Cultural Heritage (EU) and Europeana. The analyses show no unambiguous hard technical guidelines. Still, there is a set of proposed guidelines and good practices to correctly carry out the 3D digitalisation process and the selection of equipment for the inventory of selected classes of object types. For this reason, it is recommended to detail the guidelines for the selection of equipment and the possible accuracy of the final architectural documentation derived from geospatial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern measurement technologies such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning or combined Structure-from-Motion with Multi-View Stereo are commonly utilised to monitor, preserve and document cultural heritage objects and sites. For this reason, it is essential to know the capabilities and limitations of the sensor used, the data processing methods, and in particular, the orientation of the images. However, these algorithms tackle different errors and have different effects on the final accuracy of images orientation. For this reason, it is essential to know how the algorithms implemented in the Structure-from-Motion approach work. Due to the impossibility of obtaining this information for commercial solutions, it is necessary to use synthetic data to assess the quality of the SfM process. Therefore, this article aims to present the method of evaluation of SfM approach implemented in commercial Agisoft Metashape and COLLMAP open-source software based on the synthetic data generated from TLS point clouds of three different Cultural Heritage sites. In addition, obtained results were compared with the author's SfM approach based on BRISK, FAST, CenSurE, SIFT and SURF (and its Affine detectors equivalents) detector implemented (Fig. 1) and Learned-based -feature extraction approach SuperGlue and LoFTR. The second aim of this research is to propose an application to automatically generate scalable benchmark based on point clouds or 3D models of cultural heritage objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, cultural heritage is an integral part of modern societies and it is necessary to preserve the tangible and intangible evidences of the past. Cultural heritage objects and sites are being devastated by natural causes and human acts. There are many existing techniques for structural health monitoring, but in the cultural heritage area, there is a need for a non-destructive measurements. The main advantages and drawbacks of some of these technologies have been presented for both laser scanner and photogrammetry techniques. The aim of this article is to present the integration of existing methods for spatial documentation (classical surveying, laser scanner, photogrammetry) and structures health monitoring using electromagnetic spectroscopy. The multi-sensor platform was developed to characterise and analyse various building materials such as marble, sandstone and bricks. The spatial techniques were used for generation of architectural documentation and geolocalisation of the multi-sensor platform. The preliminary results demonstrated that the proposed technology enables commonly used image and rage-based surface measurements as well as measurements through the entire structure for more detailed analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern measurement technologies are commonly applied not only to monitor Cultural Heritage objects; they are also applied during archaeological excavation works, when it is important to quickly perform measurements. The paper presents multitemporal integration of different image-based (UAV, close-range digital images) and range-based technologies (Terrestrial Laser Scanning), as well as data acquired in different periods, during archaeological works performed at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, especially for the Justice Court Tower. Measurements were performed in several periods, during deep archaeological excavation works. Due to the limited access to excavations different measurement technologies were applied which allowed to perform measurements within short time. As a results, the DSM (Digital Surface Model). the point cloud and orthoimages were generated. All of the products were stored in the GIS system which will be used for the needs of archaeological and architectural analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the possibility of using the Xiaomi 4K action cameras as a low-cost sensor for the generation of high resolution documentation of architecture and architectural elements in the field of Cultural Heritage was analysed. For that purpose a series of images was acquired together with tachometric measurements to determine the ground control points. Additionally TLS data was collected, which was treated as a reference. For the purpose of point cloud generation the Structure-from-motion (SfM) and Multi- View Stereo (MVS) approaches were used. The following parameters of the collected data and the resulting documentation were tested: the interior orientation parameters analysis, quality of the Xiaomi built-in Lenses Distortion Correction; the accuracy of the orientation on ground control and check points, the point cloud density; the flatness of the walls; the discrepancies between point clouds derived from the low-cost cameras and TLS data, shape of the architectural details based on cross-section analysis. After the analysis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the Xiaomi 4K low-cost sensors are well suited for the purpose of documentation of architecture and architectural details. All the data for the presented investigation were acquired at the baroque residence of the Bieliński Palace in Otwock Wielki in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, digital documentation recorded in the form of raster or vector files is the obligatory way of inventorying historical objects. The orthoimage is a cartometric form of photographic presentation of information in the two-dimensional reference system. The paper will discuss the issue of automation of the orthoimage generation basing on the TLS data and digital images. At present attempts are made to apply modern technologies not only for the needs of surveys, but also during the data processing. This paper will present attempts aiming at utilisation of appropriate algorithms and the author's application for automatic generation of the projection plane, for the needs of acquisition of intensity orthoimages from the TLS data. Such planes are defined manually in the majority of popular TLS data processing applications. A separate issue related to the RGB image generation is the orientation of digital images in relation to scans. It is important, in particular in such cases when scans and photographs are not taken simultaneously. This paper will present experiments concerning the utilisation of the SIFT algorithm for automatic matching of intensity orthoimages of the intensity and digital (RGB) photographs. Satisfactory results of the process of automation, as well as in relation to the quality of resulting orthoimages have been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage is the evidence of the past; monumental objects create the important part of the cultural heritage. Selection of a method to be applied depends on many factors, which include: the objectives of inventory, the object's volume, sumptuousness of architectural design, accessibility to the object, required terms and accuracy of works. The paper presents research and experimental works, which have been performed in the course of development of architectural documentation of elements of the external facades and interiors of the Wilanów Palace Museum in Warszawa. Point clouds, acquired from terrestrial laser scanning (Z+F 5003h) and digital images taken with Nikon D3X and Hasselblad H4D cameras were used. Advantages and disadvantages of utilisation of these technologies of measurements have been analysed with consideration of the influence of the structure and reflectance of investigated monumental surfaces on the quality of generation of photogrammetric products. The geometric quality of surfaces obtained from terrestrial laser scanning data and from point clouds resulting from digital images, have been compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]