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The production and breeding of peanuts was restricted by the frequently extreme climatic conditions in Guangdong province, China. To understand the influence of drought and pluvial climates on peanut traits and yield, a phenotypic investigation of seventy peanut cultivars was conducted from 2018 to 2022; comprehensive field meteorological data collection, and typical drought (2021) and pluvial (2022) climates were recorded. The results revealed that the cultivars achieved the highest single plant pod weight (SPPW) and single plant seed weight (SPSW) of 61.03 g and 45.84 g, respectively, in drought conditions, followed by the control, and finally the pluvial. The SPPW, SPSW and eight agronomy traits exhibited significant differences across the different climatic conditions. Correlation analysis revealed the yield traits and key yield-related traits were positively or negatively correlated with soil water content (SWC), total global radiation (TGR), total precipitation (TP) and total net radiation (TNR). The intermediate and Spanish type cultivars were more stable and productive than the other botanical types of cultivars, commercial varieties exhibited better performance than landraces, and seven cultivars were identified with good production potential, under drought and pluvial conditions. Our study showed that pluvial climate was detrimental to peanut yield, and the SPPW and SPSW were significantly influenced by climates with genotype differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peanut is an economically-important oilseed crop and needs a large amount of calcium for its normal growth and development. Calcium deficiency usually leads to embryo abortion and subsequent abnormal pod development. Different tolerance to calcium deficiency has been observed between different cultivars, especially between large and small-seed cultivars. Results: In order to figure out different molecular mechanisms in defensive responses between two cultivars, we treated a sensitive (large-seed) and a tolerant (small-seed) cultivar with different calcium levels. The transcriptome analysis identified a total of 58 and 61 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within small-seed and large-seed peanut groups under different calcium treatments, and these DEGs were entirely covered by gene modules obtained via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the blue-module genes in the large-seed cultivar were mainly enriched in plant-pathogen attack, phenolic metabolism and MAPK signaling pathway, while the green-module genes in the small-seed cultivar were mainly enriched in lipid metabolism including glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolisms. By integrating DEGs with WGCNA, a total of eight hub-DEGs were finally identified, suggesting that the large-seed cultivar concentrated more on plant defensive responses and antioxidant activities under calcium deficiency, while the small-seed cultivar mainly focused on maintaining membrane features to enable normal photosynthesis and signal transduction. Conclusion: The identified hub genes might give a clue for future gene validation and molecular breeding to improve peanut survivability under calcium deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The peanut is mostly grown in semi-arid tropical regions of the world, characterized by unpredictable rainfall amounts and distribution. Average annual precipitation in the Virginia–Carolina (VC) region is around 1300 mm; however, unpredictable distribution can result in significant periods of water deficit and subsequent reduction in yield and gross income. The development of new peanut cultivars with high yield and acceptable levels of yield stability across various water-availability scenarios is an important component of the peanut breeding program in Virginia and the Carolinas, where the large-seeded Virginia-type peanut is the predominantly grown market type. In addition, the simultaneous use of runner cultivars developed in the dryer southeastern region has been proposed as a practical solution to limited irrigation availability in the VC region. Still, the identification and adequate utilization of available commercial cultivars with the best combination of yield, drought tolerance, and gross income is more immediately beneficial to the peanut industry, yet this assessment has not been carried out to date. The aim of this study was to identify cultivars that maintain high yield and grade, therefore gross income, across a wide range of environmental conditions. We evaluated five commercially available Virginia and runner-type peanut cultivars for pod yield stability using multilocation trials over four years across 13 environments. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and different stability approaches were used to study genotype (G), environment (E), and their interaction (G × E) on pod yield. Pod yield stability was specifically assessed by using the Lin and Binn approach, Wricke's ecovalence, Shukla's stability, and the Finlay–Wilkinson approach. The combined analysis of variance showed highly significant effects (p ≤ 0.001) for genotypes, environments, and G × E for pod yield. The environments varied in yield (2840–8020 kg/ha). Bailey, Sullivan, and Wynne are Virginia-type cultivars. The grade factors SMK, SS, and TK changed with water regime within both market types. Among the runner cultivars, TUFRunner 297 presented high mean productivity; however, it showed specific adaptation to limited environmental conditions. Based on different stability approaches, this study concludes that Sullivan and Bailey are the most stable and adaptable cultivars across the testing environments, whereas Wynne exhibited specific adaptability to some environments. These findings have important implications for peanut cultivar recommendations in terms of meeting peanut industry standards for yield, grading quality, and breeding progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper reviews the research progress of peanut evolution and genetic breeding. • Point out the main problems and challenges of molecular genetic breeding in peanut research. • Clarify the future research directions of peanut. Peanut is an important cash crop used in oil, food and feed in our country. The rapid development of sequencing technology has promoted the research on the related aspects of peanut genetic breeding. This paper reviews the research progress of peanut origin and evolution, genetic breeding, molecular markers and their applications, genomics, QTL mapping and genome selection techniques. The main problems of molecular genetic breeding in peanut research worldwide include: the narrow genetic resources of cultivated species, unstable genetic transformation and unclear molecular mechanism of important agronomic traits. Considering the severe challenges regarding the supply of edible oil, and the main problems in peanut production, the urgent research directions of peanut are put forward: The de novo domestication and the exploitation of excellent genes from wild resources to improve modern cultivars; Integration of multi-omics data to enhance the importance of big data in peanut genetics and breeding; Cloning the important genes related to peanut agronomic traits and analyzing their fine regulation mechanisms; Precision molecular design breeding and using gene editing technology to accurately improve the key traits of peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A field experiment was conducted in sandy loam soils to study the performance of groundnut cultivars (Abhaya, TAG-24, Dharani and Kadiri-6) under different plant populations (3.33, 4.44, 5.00 and 6.66 lakh ha-1) during early kharif, 2013, at Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati campus of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh. The results revealed that the highest stature of yield attributes viz., number of filled pods plant-1, pod to peg percentage, hundred pod and kernel weight were significantly higher with groundnut variety Dharani compared to rest of the varieties due to better partitioning of photosynthates to sink. The groundnut cultivar Dharani recorded 42.0, 32.2 and 17.0 per cent higher pod yield compared to Abhaya, Kadiri-6 and TAG-24, respectively. All the yield components were significantly higher with plant population of 3.33 lakh ha-1. The pod yield of groundnut with plant population of 5.00 lakh ha-1 was increased by 2.8, 7.2 and 14.0 per cent compared to 3.33, 4.44 and 6.66 lakh ha-1, respectively. The higher pod yield of groundnut during early kharif in sandy loam soil was obtained with groundnut cultivar Dharani at plant population of 5.00 lakh ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgenic research using the DREB group of transcription factors has received much attention in developing drought-tolerant and climate-ready varieties of crop plants. While many reports have demonstrated increased tolerance to water deficits under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, only a few have tested possible effects under field conditions, with limited success in most cases. Here, we present evidence of a transgenic solution for enhanced drought tolerance in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), which is an important grain legume and a valuable cash crop for smallholder and resource-poor farmers occupying the largest portion of the farming systems in low income food deficit countries. The presence, integration, expression and inheritance of the transgene in advancing generations of the transgenic peanut plants were assessed using PCR, Southern blot, inverse-PCR, RT-PCR and q-PCR techniques. Four trials were conducted in various water stress regimes under varying vapour pressure deficits (VPDs), and drought tolerance was studied using various component traits of drought. A substantial yield improvement of up to 24 % in drought trials under field conditions was achieved across a wide range of stress intensities and was related to higher harvest indices (HIs). All transgenic events had significantly higher seed filling under drought and displayed 20-30 % lower pod yield reduction than their untransformed counterpart under drought stress. Two transgenic events showed yield advantage under drought stress that consistently had higher pod and seed yield than the untransformed parent under drought stress across all trials, without displaying any yield penalty under irrigated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genotype × environment (G×E) interaction complicates the identification of superior genotypes. An understanding its causes is needed for a more effective breeding strategy. The objective of this study was to determine the plant traits that cause genotype × location (G×L) interaction for pod yield in peanut using a modeling approach. The CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model was used to simulate pod yield for 17 peanut genotypes for 14 locations representative of all peanut production areas in Thailand using 30 years of historical weather data. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the effects of individual and combinations of plant traits on pod yield and yield response to environments by varying the value of one or more cultivar coefficients and then evaluating their effects. The results showed that the cultivar coefficients that showed major effects were the duration from first seed to physiological maturity (SDPM), maximum leaf photosynthesis rate (LFMAX), the maximum fraction of daily growth that is partitioned to seed and shell (XFRT), single seed filling duration (SFDUR) and the duration of pod addition (PODUR). Those having minor effects were the duration from emergence to first flower (EMFL), maximum leaf size (SIZLF) and maximum seed weight (WTPSD). The cultivar coefficients that caused the differences in both mean yield and yield response to locations between peanut genotypes in different pairs included LFMAX, XFRT, SDPM, SFDUR and PODUR, but the causal characters differed among pairs of genotypes. It was concluded that changing the degree of genotypic response to environments is possible through selection for a combination of some of these traits, and that model simulation could be used to identify those traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) products depends on the protein content, oil content, and composition of oil. Low genetic variability has been a major bottleneck in genetic enhancement of these nutritional traits in commercial cultivars. The present study was conducted to identify stable genotypes with better nutritional traits and good agronomic performance for use in future breeding programs. The 184 mini core accessions and four control cultivars were evaluated for nutritional traits for two seasons at two locations and for agronomic traits at one location. Significant genotypic and genotype × environment interactions were observed for all the nutritional and agronomic traits in the entire mini core collection and within each A. hypogaea subspecies of fastigiata Waldron and hypogaea. Eighteen accessions with higher nutritional traits such as protein content, oil content, oleic acid, and oleic to linoleic acid ratio with superior agronomic traits were identified and their stability analysis resulted in identification of a high oleic acid content (>73%) accession (ICG 2381). On the basis of higher nutritional and agronomic traits 11 subsp. fastigiata and 10 subsp. hypogaea diverse accessions were identified with more than two trait combinations for use in peanut breeding programs for genetic enhancement of nutritional traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Early and late leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum, respectively) are major yield-reducing diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern U.S. Effective suppression of both early and late leaf spot, collectively called ‘leaf spot’, can be reached with integrated disease management (IDM) systems utilizing peanut cultivars with moderate levels of resistance to these pathogens. A Bolivian landrace cultivar, Bayo Grande, and a series of progeny breeding lines were evaluated under two IDM systems consisting of various reduced application fungicide regimes and/or tillage treatments in field experiments over two years. In the absence of fungicides or when averaged across fungicide regimes, Bayo Grande and breeding lines had better leaf spot resistance when compared to cultivars Georgia Green, MDR-98 and C-99R in all experiments across years. The addition of three or four fungicide applications to Bayo Grande and several of the breeding lines suppressed leaf spot to levels similar to those genotypes and Georgia Green under the full regime. Conservation tillage reduced the need for fungicides in most genotypes in both years. Yields were higher for Bayo Grande and the breeding lines compared to Georgia Green in three of the four experiments across years. When compared across genotype, yields were greatest for the full season fungicide regime, except in 2002 when yields were similar for all treatments. Leaf spot severity was reduced in conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage in most varieties in the absence of fungicides. However, yields tended to be lower in conservation tillage treatments than in conventional tillage. Under conservation tillage, yields of Bayo Grande and two of the breeding lines were negatively impacted in one year and were overall lower in the other year. Several of these new Bolivian-derived genotypes show promise for use in a reduced fungicide and/or conservation tillage IDM system with the potential to lessen fungicide use compared to standard production practices while maintaining low leaf spot levels and high yields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Valencia peanuts [Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata Waldron var. fastigiata (Waidron) Krapov. & W. C. Greg.] are well known for their in-shell market value. Assessment of genetic diversity is key to the success of developing improved cultivars with desirable agronomic and quality traits. Seventy-eight U.S. Valencia core collection accessions together with 36 Valencia accessions representing the global peanut mini-core collection were used to study population structure and diversity and to identify genetically diverse Valencia germplasm for use in peanut breeding. Fifty-two simple sequence repeats loci amplified 683 alleles, with an aver- age of 13 alleles per locus. The mean polymorphism information content and gene diversity, respectively, were 0.270 and 0.335. The pairwise genetic distance ranged from 0.143 to 0.474, with an average of 0.631. Neighbor-joining clustering, principal coordinate analysis, and STRUCTURE analysis consistently separated the Valencia germplasm into five clusters with two distinct major groups. The first major group consisted of genotypes from South America (64%) with few accessions from Africa, North America, Caribbean, and European regions. The second group consisted of accessions mostly from diverse regions of Africa, North and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. However, the structuring was not related to the geographic origin and several admixtures were observed. The information generated in this study and phenotyping of this material for biotic and abiotic stress responses and yield-quality traits will facilitate selection of trait-specific, genetically diverse parents for developing Valencia peanut cultivars with a broad genetic base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing successful strategies to ensure future increase in yield of soybean and peanut crops hinges in part, on improving the genetic basis of the cultivars. Knowledge of genetic relationships in crop breeding programs provides valuable information that can be used by plant breeders as a parental line selection tool. So far, a thorough analysis of genetic diversity among the soybean and peanut genotypes grown in Turkey had not been attempted at DNA level. In this study, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity between 21 soybean and 32 peanut cultivars and breeding lines adapted to different regions of Turkey. The ISSR analysis, which was performed with 46 primers in soybean and 47 primers in peanut, yielded 31 and 26 polymorphic bands, respectively, while 26 and 17 polymorphic amplicons were amplified by 34 and 36 SRAP primer combinations in soybean and peanut, respectively. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means dendrograms (UPGMA), based on Jaccard similarities,were obtained from the combined ISSR + SRAP data for both soybean and peanut. In soybean, UPGMA dendrogram clustered all soybean cultivars into the same group except 'Yeşilsoy', whereas, in peanut, it separated cultivars southwest runner and spantex from all the other cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions. In light of the narrow germplasm base of soybean and peanut genotypes grown in Turkey, a renewed emphasis should be placed on the introduction of new sources of germplasm into the breeding pool in order to enhance genetic variability to permit continued progress in developing high yielding cultivars and lead to greater gains for selections. The results obtained from this study will be helpful for soybean and peanut breeders in Turkey to gain information about genetic diversity and will enable them to make a future strategy for broadening the genetic basis of these crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high oleic:linoleic acid ratio (OIL) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds is controlled primarily by two recessive genes, ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B (ol1 and ol2). Marker-assisted breeding for high OIL could become routine provided that user-friendly and economical markers could be developed that would target mutant alleles underlying the trait. Previously, a mutant allele of ahFAD2A was characterized as having a 448G>A transition, and two ahFAD2B alleles were found with either a nonsense mutation caused by a single nucleotide insertion (441_442insA) (high OIL line F435) or a transposable element insertion (Flavorunner 458). A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker targeting the 441_442insA site in ahFAD2B was designed. 'Georgia-02C' and 'Georgia Hi-O/L', derivatives of irradiation-induced high O/L mutants, showed CAPS marker and sequence data diagnostic for the genetic mutations in ahFAD2 found in the spontaneous mutant line F435. In addition, conflicting reports regarding the organization of ahFAD2 genes and ahFAD2B mutations were reexamined. Our data clearly show that molecular markers can be used to screen for known ahFAD2 mutations and that only two mutant ahFAD2B alleles are present in the U.S. high O/L cultivars. Genetic markers based on these mutations have utility for detecting seed mixtures and heterozygotes, and can accelerate introduction of the high O/L trait into peanut breeding lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of many of the peanut breeding programs is to achieve agronomic improvements over existing cultivars. However, it is also important that desirable sensory characteristics of the peanut varieties are at least maintained during this process. The main objective of this study is to examine flavour characteristics of peanut cultivars developed through traditional breeding. Flavour and aroma evaluations were performed by a trained descriptive sensory panel and a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) equipped with an olfactory detector. The peanut samples were also analysed for their moisture, ash, protein, sugar and oil composition. Sensory analysis carried out by trained panellists showed that there were only minor differences among the peanut cultivars examined in this study. Florunner had high roasted peanut (5.13) and low total off-flavour (0.88) scores when rated on a zero to fifteen intensity scale. Results of the olfactory evaluation of the peanut cultivars support the sensory tests conducted on the same samples by trained panellists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multienvironment trials of crop breeding lines consume many resources. Crop models have a potential to assist in this process. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model in assisting with yield performance and stability evaluation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding lines. Seventeen peanut lines were tested in 11 environments in Thailand during both the rainy and the dry sea- sons of 2002 to 2004. Yields of these lines were also simulated with the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model for the same 11 test sites. The cultivar coefficients of the peanut lines used for model simulation were derived from a separate experiment conducted in two seasons and were evaluated against an independent data set from another experiment. Yield performance and stability of the peanut lines were evaluated on the basis of observed and simulated data using the genotype and genotype × environment interaction biplot method. The results showed that the model predicted the relative performances and yield stability for pod yield of the test peanut lines for the 11 actual test sites reasonably well. Out of the nine highest yielding lines, that is, the upper 52%, identified by observed data, six were identified by model simulation. Similarly, out of the nine stable lines identified by observed data, six were common with those identified by simulated data. We conclude that the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model could be used in assisting yield performance and stability evaluation of peanut breeding lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three major species of root-knot nematode infect peanut: Meloidogyne arenaria race 1, M. hapla, and M. javanica race 3. Sources of resistance to all three nematodes are needed for developing novel peanut cultivars with broad resistance to Meloidogyne spp. Cultivars and breeding lines of peanut were evaluated for resistance to M. arenaria, M. hapla, and M. javanica in the greenhouse and in the laboratory. Twenty-six genotypes with some resistance to M. arenaria, M. javanica, or M. hapla were identified from 60 accessions based on average eggs per gram of root and gall index relative to a susceptible control. Among these, 14 genotypes were moderately to highly resistant to all three species, 5 genotypes were resistant to M. arenaria and M. javanica, 2 genotypes were resistant to M. javanica and M. hapla, I genotype was resistant M. arenaria alone, and 4 genotypes were resistant to M. hapla alone. Reproduction of M. arenaria on lines NR 0817, C724-19-11, and D108 was highly variable, indicating that these genotypes likely were heterogeneous for resistance. COAN, NemaTAM, C724-25-8, and the M. arenaria- resistant plants of C724-19-11 contained the dominant sequence-characterized amplified region marker (197/909) for nematode resistance. Results with the molecular markers indicate that the high resistance to M. arenaria in GP-NC WS 6 may be different from the resistance in COAN, NemaTAM, and C724-25-8. Resistance to M. arenaria was correlated with resistance to M. javanica in peanut, whereas resistance to M. hapla was not correlated with the resistance to either M. arenaria or M. javanica. The resistant selections should be valuable sources for pyramiding resistance genes to develop new cultivars with broad and durable resistance to Meloidogyne spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 are the major allergens found in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed. We analyzed 60 accessions in the core of the U.S. peanut core collection, along with 88 Florida peanut breeding program lines, by quantification of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns. The core of the core collection showed a wider range of allergen content than the Florida breeding lines; however, average levels of the allergens were the same for both germplasm sources. Geographic origin of the accession had no bearing on the levels of allergens measured. The accession P1 288210 from India had the lowest level of Ara h 1 (7.0%). Accession Pt 372305 from Nigeria had the highest level of Ara h 1 (18.5%), but the lowest level of Ara h 2 (6.2%). Accession P1 494795 from Zambia had the highest level of Ara h 2 (13.2%), but the lowest level of Ara h 3 (21.8%). Null mutants for the major allergens were not detected; however, two accessions, 20 lines, and two peanut cultivars (Florunner and Georgia Red) contained no or little of a 36 kDa Ara h 3 isoform, Ara h 3-im. Comparing the seed protein profiles of the putative progenitors of the peanut A and B genomes, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis, respectively, to the commercial cultivar Georgia Green, allowed the subgenome origin of each allergen polypeptide to be determined. Collectively, these results indicate that eliminating all of the major allergens to create a hypoallergenic peanut is limited with the peanut germplasm currently available and would benefit from reverse genetic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Conventional breeding is widely used for modification of various crop and oilseed traits such as fatty acid composition and disease resistance. The effect of these modifications on the nutritionally beneficial bioactive plant components is usually overlooked unless these components are the specific targets for the modifications. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of breeding on nutritionally beneficial bioactive peanut components. The modified peanut lines Tamrun OL 01, Tamrun OL 02, TX977164 and TX977239 were analyzed for their tocopherol, phytosterol, and phospholipid compositions. Sunoleic and Tamrun 96 were the parent lines of these breeding lines. Parent lines were used as controls to examine the compositional changes resulting from breeding. The experimental results indicated that these peanut breeding lines were rich in α-tocopherol. Tamrun OL 01 had the highest total phytosterol content among the peanut breeding lines examined in this study. All the breeding lines were rich in phosphatidylcholine. Although there were some statistical differences in chemical composition among the peanut breeding lines, these variations were within the range reported for traditional peanut varieties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two peanut cultivars were grown for 13 weeks under water controlled conditions in ceramic pots, lined with plastic bags. The cultivar Falcon (F) showed characteristics of drought tolerance, while cultivar Local (L) showed those of drought susceptibility. The peanut cultivar Falcon showed an osmotic adjustment mechanism that enables it to withstand short-term drought stress. A measurement of the cell-membrane integrity, with the polyethylene glycol (PEG) test, showed that membranes of the cultivar Falcon were less injured, compared to those of the cultivar Local, under drought stress. The same cultivar maintained a higher relative water content RWC (water saturation deficit, WSD) and relatively low relative saturation deficit (RSD) as compared with the cultivar Local, when both cultivars were subjected to drought stress. Additionally, proline was substantially more accumulated in this cultivar. Therefore, cultivar Falcon was classified as drought tolerator and cultivar Local as drought avoider. The relative water content (RWC), relative saturation deficit (RSD), cell membrane integrity (CMI) and proline content were effective criteria for detecting drought tolerance strategies taking into account the growth stage and duration of the stress period, while the water retention capacity (WRC) did not show any significant relation with drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to compare the variability among advanced large-seeded `Georgia Browne' mutant breeding lines induced by γ-irradiation. Seeds of the small-seeded, high-yielding, disease-resistant peanut cultivar `Georgia Browne' were exposed to a 200 Gy dose of γ-radiation. Several advanced (M6 : 7 –M6 : 9 ) `Georgia Browne' mutant breeding lines were developed and evaluated at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station over three consecutive years 1997–99 for disease incidence, pod yield, total sound mature kernels (TSMK) grade, pod weight, seed weight and seed size distribution. Field performance tests showed significant differences among the advanced large-seeded mutant breeding lines compared with `Georgia Browne' for each of these variables. The results obtained demonstrate the beneficial use of mutation breeding for inducing and developing variable and desirable advanced mutant breeding lines within peanut cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the registration of Carver peanut cultivar, which was developed at the University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station and was approved for release in 2002. The variety was derived from a 1990 cross made in 1990 between the breeding lines of OKFH15 and NC3033, and tested experimentally as UF97102 or 90x7-1-5-1-b2-B. It originated from a breed of Okrun and has Florunner as a parent. Details on yield and agronomic traits, breeding conditions and method, maintenance, and growth habits are presented.

The article provides an overview of the registration of CHAMPS, a large-seeded virginia-type peanut cultivar, which was released in 2005 by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. The variety was derived from a cross of the VA breeding line 8911215 and the variety "VA-C 92R." Details on yield and agronomic traits, breeding conditions and method, maintenance, and growth habits are presented.

The article provides an overview of the registration of Andru II peanut cultivar, which was developed by the University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station and was approved for release in 2002. The variety was derived from a 1990 cross made at the North Florida Research and Education center in Marianna, Florida. It originated from a breed of a sister line of Florunner and a component line of Early Bunch. Details on yield and agronomic traits, breeding conditions and method, maintenance, and growth habits are presented.

The article provides information on the scientifically enhanced plant variety George-05E peanut. Originated from a cross made in 1995 between Georgia-01R and a high-oleic advance Georgia peanut breeding line, GA 942010, the George-05E is a multiple pest resistant, Virginia-type peanut cultivar. It was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations in 2005 and developed at the University of Georgia in Tifton, Georgia. Furthermore, the George-05E was found to be significantly far more better compared to other peanut cultivar.