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Vision is initiated by the rhodopsin family of light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A photon is absorbed by the 11-cis retinal chromophore of rhodopsin, which isomerizes within 200 femtoseconds to the all-trans conformation, thereby initiating the cellular signal transduction processes that ultimately lead to vision. However, the intramolecular mechanism by which the photoactivated retinal induces the activation events inside rhodopsin remains experimentally unclear. Here we use ultrafast time-resolved crystallography at room temperature to determine how an isomerized twisted all-trans retinal stores the photon energy that is required to initiate the protein conformational changes associated with the formation of the G protein-binding signalling state. The distorted retinal at a 1-ps time delay after photoactivation has pulled away from half of its numerous interactions with its binding pocket, and the excess of the photon energy is released through an anisotropic protein breathing motion in the direction of the extracellular space. Notably, the very early structural motions in the protein side chains of rhodopsin appear in regions that are involved in later stages of the conserved class A GPCR activation mechanism. Our study sheds light on the earliest stages of vision in vertebrates and points to fundamental aspects of the molecular mechanisms of agonist-mediated GPCR activation., 視覚に関わるタンパク質の超高速分子動画 --薄暗いところで光を感じる仕組み--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-03-23.

The molybdenum storage protein (MoSto) deposits large amounts of molybdenum as polyoxomolybdate clusters in a heterohexameric (αβ) 3 cage-like protein complex under ATP consumption. Here, we suggest a unique mechanism for the ATP-powered molybdate pumping process based on X-ray crystallography, cryoelectron microscopy, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and mutational studies of MoSto from Azotobacter vinelandii . First, we show that molybdate, ATP, and Mg 2+ consecutively bind into the open ATP-binding groove of the β-subunit, which thereafter becomes tightly locked by fixing the previously disordered N-terminal arm of the α-subunit over the β-ATP. Next, we propose a nucleophilic attack of molybdate onto the γ-phosphate of β-ATP, analogous to the similar reaction of the structurally related UMP kinase. The formed instable phosphoric-molybdic anhydride becomes immediately hydrolyzed and, according to the current data, the released and accelerated molybdate is pressed through the cage wall, presumably by turning aside the Metβ149 side chain. A structural comparison between MoSto and UMP kinase provides valuable insight into how an enzyme is converted into a molecular machine during evolution. The postulated direct conversion of chemical energy into kinetic energy via an activating molybdate kinase and an exothermic pyrophosphatase reaction to overcome a proteinous barrier represents a novelty in ATP-fueled biochemistry, because normally, ATP hydrolysis initiates large-scale conformational changes to drive a distant process.

A continuous FeMo cofactor supply for nitrogenase maturation is ensured in Azotobacter vinelandii by developing a cage-like molybdenum storage protein (MoSto) capable to store ca. 120 molybdate molecules ( MoO 4 2 - ) as discrete polyoxometalate (POM) clusters. To gain mechanistic insight into this process, MoSto was characterized by Mo and ATP/ADP content, structural, and kinetic analysis. We defined three functionally relevant states specified by the presence of both ATP/ADP and POM clusters (MoStofunct ), of only ATP/ADP (MoStobasal ) and of neither ATP/ADP nor POM clusters (MoStozero ), respectively. POM clusters are only produced when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. Vmax was ca. 13 μmolphosphate ·min-1 ·mg-1 and Km for molybdate and ATP/Mg2+ in the low micromolar range. ATP hydrolysis presumably proceeds at subunit α, inferred from a highly occupied α-ATP/Mg2+ and a weaker occupied β-ATP/no Mg2+ -binding site found in the MoStofunct structure. Several findings indicate that POM cluster storage is separated into a rapid ATP hydrolysis-dependent molybdate transport across the protein cage wall and a slow molybdate assembly induced by combined auto-catalytic and protein-driven processes. The cage interior, the location of the POM cluster depot, is locked in all three states and thus not rapidly accessible for molybdate from the outside. Based on Vmax , the entire Mo storage process should be completed in less than 10 s but requires, according to the molybdate content analysis, ca. 15 min. Long-time incubation of MoStobasal with nonphysiological high molybdate amounts implicates an equilibrium in and outside the cage and POM cluster self-formation without ATP hydrolysis. DATABASES: The crystal structures MoSto in the MoSto-F6, MoSto-F7, MoStobasal , MoStozero , and MoSto-F1vitro states were deposited to PDB under the accession numbers PDB 6GU5, 6GUJ, 6GWB, 6GWV, and 6GX4.

Various N2-fixing bacteria contain a cage-like molybdenum storage protein (MoSto) that deposits more than 100 Mo as discrete polyoxomolybdate (POMo) clusters. To explore the relationship between modifiable cage properties/preparation conditions on one side and the types of POMo clusters formed on the other we established a recombinant production system for MoSto of Azotobacter vinelandii and prepared site-specifically mutated, “in vivo-like and in vitro” POMo cluster-loaded and POMo cluster-free MoSto. Seven representative X-ray structures revealed highly different POMo clusters inside architecturally rather related MoSto cages. The only significant structural difference includes a small polypeptide segment, the β-linker, which protrudes differently far into the cage interior. The β-linker is positioned outwards in in vivo-like structures of MoSto (treated with ATP and Na2MoO4 during preparation) and inwards in in vitro structures (obtained after loading the purified POMo-cluster free MoSto with ATP and Na2MoO4). Non-covalent Mo8, Mo6–7 and Mo8–14 clusters are exclusively present in in vivo-like structures. Instead, in vitro structures contain a new well-defined Mo5-7 cluster II. The digit(s) behind Mo defines the (variable) number of metal atoms in the respective POMo clusters. In comparison to the native MoSto structures the Lα131H variant is characterized by a new non-covalent Mo3 cluster and a ca. 5 A shifted Mo5–7 cluster II, by which the covalent Mo8 cluster becomes structurally modified. Altogether, the unique bionanolab in the MoSto cage is able to create a large variety of POMo clusters by expansions, fusions and positional/orientational variations of a few discrete polynuclear Mo-O building blocks.

Historically, room-temperature structure determination was succeeded by cryo-crystallography to mitigate radiation damage. Here, we demonstrate that serial millisecond crystallography at a synchrotron beamline equipped with high-viscosity injector and high frame-rate detector allows typical crystallographic experiments to be performed at room-temperature. Using a crystal scanning approach, we determine the high-resolution structure of the radiation sensitive molybdenum storage protein, demonstrate soaking of the drug colchicine into tubulin and native sulfur phasing of the human G protein-coupled adenosine receptor. Serial crystallographic data for molecular replacement already converges in 1,000–10,000 diffraction patterns, which we collected in 3 to maximally 82 minutes. Compared with serial data we collected at a free-electron laser, the synchrotron data are of slightly lower resolution, however fewer diffraction patterns are needed for de novo phasing. Overall, the data we collected by room-temperature serial crystallography are of comparable quality to cryo-crystallographic data and can be routinely collected at synchrotrons., Nature Communications, 8, ISSN:2041-1723

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes1. These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and have become useful optogenetic tools with applications in neuroscience. Although the resting state structures of the prototypical sodium pump Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) have been solved2,3, it is unclear how structural alterations over time allow sodium to be translocated against a concentration gradient. Here, using the Swiss X-ray Free Electron Laser4, we have collected serial crystallographic data at ten pump–probe delays from femtoseconds to milliseconds. High-resolution structural snapshots throughout the KR2 photocycle show how retinal isomerization is completed on the femtosecond timescale and changes the local structure of the binding pocket in the early nanoseconds. Subsequent rearrangements and deprotonation of the retinal Schiff base open an electrostatic gate in microseconds. Structural and spectroscopic data, in combination with quantum chemical calculations, indicate that a sodium ion binds transiently close to the retinal within one millisecond. In the last structural intermediate, at 20 milliseconds after activation, we identified a potential second sodium-binding site close to the extracellular exit. These results provide direct molecular insight into the dynamics of active cation transport across biological membranes. ISSN:0028-0836 ISSN:1476-4687