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It is estimated that Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the region with the second highest figures for food insecurity (FI) globally, with a prevalence of 40.9% in the entire region. This cross-sectional study analyzes the household factors associated with FI across 13 LAC countries. We used data from the first round of high-frequency phone surveys, conducted by the World Bank. Approximately 4 out of 10 people in LAC experienced FI during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. FI was positively associated with the number of individuals aged from 5 to 18 years, the number of men, the illness, accident, or death of an income-earning household member, and health expenditure due to COVID-19 or other illnesses, as well as the increase in food prices, reduced family income, and job loss by a member of the household. On the other hand, households located in capital cities and those with more bedrooms were less likely to have experienced FI. The design of social policies must focus on the economic deficiencies experienced by the LAC population, with unemployment, reduced income, and high food costs being the main factors that must be addressed to ensure adequate nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem, especially in Peru, where it affects women of childbearing age and school-age children. The objective of the study was to conduct a household-level analysis of the factors associated with the consumption of table salt with inadequate amounts of iodine in Peru. Design: Analytical cross-sectional study using Peruvian household-level data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey. Table salt iodine concentrations were considered as the dependent variable ('inadequate' with iodine levels <30 PPM and 'adequate' with levels ≥30 PPM). The association between iodine concentrations in salt and independent variables was evaluated using crude and adjusted log-binomial regression models. Setting: Peru. Participants: A total of 25 007 households were included. Results: In Peru, 21·8 % households had inadequate table salt iodine concentrations. Belonging to the poorer and poorest wealth index, living in the Highlands natural region, and living with women of childbearing age with native mother tongue were identified as factors associated with inadequate iodine concentrations in table salt. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to ensure that table salt with adequate iodine concentrations is available for poor populations, residents of the Highlands and households with ethnic presence. Likewise, it is necessary to promote good storage practices, greater regulation/law enforcement and better monitoring of the companies that manufacture or sell this product. Furthermore, the population needs to be informed of the disorders associated with iodine deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date, the factors associated with the presence of depression or depressive symptoms in the Peruvian population have not been described. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the Peruvian population and its associated factors.Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study of secondary data from 2018 Demographic and Family Health Survey was conducted. The survey database includes 31,996 participants over 18 years of age. The dependent variable of the analysis was the presence of depression during the 14 days before the survey measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Factors associated with the presence of depression were estimated with a proportional odds logistic regression model.Results: The overall prevalence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms was 6.4% (moderate and severe symptomatology in 3.9% [95% CI: 3.6-4.3] and 2.5% [95% CI: 2.2-2.7], respectively). Being a woman, belonging to the age groups of 45 to 64 years or 65 or older, living in the Andean region, and having high blood pressure or diabetes mellitus or some disability increased the probability of having clinically relevant depressive symptoms.Limitations: The use of the PHQ-9 tool to assess depressive symptomatology limits the evaluation to a period of two weeks before the survey, requiring further study for diagnosis confirmation.Conclusion: Six out of 100 Peruvians presented moderate to severe clinically relevant depressive symptoms in 2018. Strategies for depression should contemplate population subgroups , such as women and patients with chronic diseases and disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem and a violation of individual rights. The objective of this study was to assess the association between physical child abuse and current IPV in women of childbearing age in Peru. An analytical cross-sectional analysis of the data from the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey was carried out. IPV was constituted by emotional, physical and sexual violence, while physical child abuse was constructed from variables related to physical punishment that women of childbearing age experienced during childhood. Poisson's family generalized linear models were used for the crude and adjusted analyses to determine the association between physical child abuse and IPV. Data from a total of 21,518 women of childbearing age were included. 67.1% of women experienced physical abuse in childhood, while 57.7% experienced intimate partner violence. After adjusting for the characteristics of the woman, the partner or husband, marriage or relationship and the home, it was observed that having experienced physical abuse during childhood increased the probability of experiencing emotional (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.21), physical (aPR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.20-1.47), sexual (aPR 1.57; 95% CI: 1.26-1.96) and any type of violence (aPR 1.15; 95% CI: 1.09-1.21) in adulthood. In conclusion, physical abuse during childhood is a public health issue in Peru. This study shows that women aged 15 to 49 who experienced physical abuse in childhood are more likely to experience intimate partner violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the factors associated with the homicide profile of the prison population in Peru. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on the data of inmates surveyed in the First National Prison Population Census of 2016. The dependent variable was committing intentional homicide which was constructed from the Peruvian Penal Code and the International Classification of Crime for statistical purposes. To determine the factors associated with the homicide profile, a generalized linear model of the Poisson family with logarithmic link function was used and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated. A total of 57,866 inmates were included, of whom 6.60% had committed intentional homicide. In addition, some sociodemographic, mental health, social and family environments, and crime characteristics we found to increase the probability of inmates committing intentional homicide. Almost 7 out of 100 inmates committed intentional homicide. Although our findings are based on a prison population, the associated factors reported in our study could be useful for the implementation of strategies to reduce the homicide rate in Peru and for judicial decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]