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The study aimed to apply the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to understand middle-aged women's behavior of physical activity (PA). We recruited 185 women between 45 and 64 years (mean: 53.2 ± 5.6) for this cross-sectional study. Participants complete demographic data and an exercise behavior questionnaire including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intention. Means, frequencies, and

Objective To examine the psychometric properties of the Health Practice Questionnaire–II Chinese version (HPQ-II CV), a self-report instrument designed to measure the health behaviors of pregnant women. Design Cross-sectional, psychometric design. Setting Prenatal clinics of four hospitals in southern Taiwan. Participants Two convenience samples, 368 pregnant women in Phase 1 and 289 pregnant women in Phase 2. Methods In Phase 1, the 34-item HPQ-II was translated into Chinese. Then, we explored the factor structure of the HPQ-II CV using exploratory factor analysis, determined the factors of the HPQ-II CV, and shortened the length of the scale. In Phase 2, we used confirmatory factor analysis to cross-validate the factor structure of the 13-item HPQ-II CV. Results In Phase 1, we used item analysis to reduce the 34-item HPQ-II CV to 21 items. Using exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis, we shortened the 21-item HPQ-II CV to 15 items grouped in four factors: Taking Safety Measures (4 items), Eating A Healthy Diet (3 items), Coping With Uncertainty (3 items), and Seeking Help From Professionals (5 items), which accounted for 45.70% of the total variance. In Phase 2, two items were removed from the 15-item HPQ-II CV after confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the 13-item HPQ-II CV was .80, and the cross-sample validity supported the best-fit model for the 13-item HPQ-II CV. Conclusion We found acceptable validity and reliability statistics for the 13-item HPQ-II CV when administered to pregnant, Taiwanese women.

Background Breastfeeding self-efficacy refers to a mother's confidence about her ability to breastfeed, which has been found to shape her choice about whether or not to do so. It depends on social and psychological factors and has not previously been studied in postpartum Vietnamese women. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore factors related to breastfeeding self-efficacy and its predictors among postpartum Vietnamese women. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 postpartum women in Tu Du hospital in Vietnam from August to September 2017. The study used the Breastfeeding Self-Efficiency Scale (BSES), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to explore factors affecting breastfeeding selfefficacy. Independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical linear regression were used to determine the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. Results: Breastfeeding self-efficacy was related to mothers' age, mother's occupation, previous breastfeeding experience, mode of delivery, skin-to-skin contact with the baby, and extent of breastfeeding in the hospital. It was also positively correlated with social support and was significantly lower in women with more postpartum depression. Independent variables predicted 36.8% of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the hierarchical linear regression. Conclusion Strategies to foster breastfeeding self-efficacy should focus on decreasing the incidence of postpartum depression and promoting social support for breastfeeding. Health care providers should screen for and pay close attention to signs of postpartum depression. Moreover, health care providers should offer adequate support tailored to the mother's needs and involve her social network in breastfeeding education.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test Leventhal's common sense model reflecting women's menopausal experiences. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to examine the common sense model. We recruited 228 women between 45 and 64 years (mean, 55.6 ± 0.35 years). Most of them were white (63.4%), college educated (74.2%), and postmenopausal (76.8%). RESULTS After adding three regression pathways based on the common sense model and modification indices, the fit indices of the alternative model indicated acceptable fit (χ(2) = 99.69 [P < 0.0001] with df = 46, goodness of fit = 0.95, comparative fit index = 0.95, root mean square error of approximation = 0.07 [90% CI, 0.05-0.09], and Akaike information criterion = 247.69). According to the results, menopausal representation can influence how women seek and engage in health behavior as coping strategies that impact their quality of life. The findings suggested the common sense model reflecting women's menopausal experiences. CONCLUSIONS As expected, the common sense model can help healthcare professionals understand women's menopausal representations that can provide a context for specific and individualized intervention that will have a greater efficacy with women.

Ambivalence in the decision-making process for living liver donors has the potential to result in their experiencing a negative mental status. To promote donor candidates' well-being, it is important to study the factors related to ambivalence. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the ambivalence of living liver donor candidates and to investigate the effect of social support and donation-related concerns on their ambivalence. A cross-sectional design was used. In total, 100 living liver donor candidates who underwent a preoperative evaluation between April and October 2009 were recruited for the study. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that contained items related to ambivalence, donation-related concerns, and social support. The mean score for ambivalence was 3.14 (standard deviation = 1.8), and the median was 3. Only 7% of the study sample reported no ambivalence during the assessment stage. Ambivalence was positively correlated with donation-related concerns (physical concerns, r = 0.39; psychosocial concerns, r = 0.43; financial concerns, r = 0.29) and negatively correlated with social support (r = -0.16 to -0.33). Those with psychosocial concerns had significantly worse ambivalence (β = 0.29, P = 0.03), but social support mitigated ambivalence (β = -0.34, P = 0.01). When intimacy and social support were included in the model, the effect of psychosocial concerns on ambivalence became nonsignificant (β = 0.24, P = 0.08). Ambivalence is common among living liver donor candidates, but instrumental social support can mediate the negative effect of donation-related concerns. Recommendations include providing appropriate social support to minimize donation-related concerns and, thus, to reduce the ambivalence of living liver candidates.

OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop the Menopausal Interpretations/Perceptions Questionnaire (MIPQ) using confirmatory factor analysis. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to examine the MIPQ. We recruited 228 women through mail-outs and word of mouth. The women were aged between 45 and 64 years (mean [SD], 55.6 [5.2] y) and were able to read and write English. Most were non-Hispanic white (63.4%), college-educated (74.2%), and postmenopausal (76.8%). We modified the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire to reflect menopausal perception by substituting the word "menopause" or "menopausal symptoms" for the word "illness" to develop the MIPQ. RESULTS Using confirmatory factor analysis to test the MIPQ model, we deleted 22 items that did not reflect their respective subscales (latent variable). The fit indices indicated acceptable fit (χ209 = 425.5; P = 0.000; goodness of fit = 0.96; comparative fit index = 0.93; root mean square error of approximation = 0.07; 90% CI, 0.06-0.08; Akaike information criterion = 559.5). There were significant correlations among the MIPQ constructs. Correlations between the MIPQ subscales and the Greene Climacteric Scale were significant and in the expected direction, supporting construct validity. The intercorrelations between the MIPQ subscales supported the discriminant validity of the constructs. CONCLUSIONS The MIPQ provides a comprehensive measure of menopausal experience to more fully understand women's interpretations/perceptions of their experiences. Future researchers should further examine the construct validity of the MIPQ.