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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiometabolic risk factors including vitamin D levels according to the degree of obesity in adolescents. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 363 overweight/obese adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years who were evaluated in our clinic from January 2012 to December 2015 were included in the study. The degree of obesity was calculated as the body mass index standard deviation. Hypertension, dys-lipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and vitamin D deficiency were defined as cardiometabolic risk factors. Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, Spearman and Pearson's correlation tests, and linear regressions analyses were used for statistical analyses. Results: Of the 319 (n=319/363) adolescents, all of whose cardiometabolic risk factors were known, 267 (85.7%) had at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. The body mass index standard deviation had a positive correlation with the number of cardiometabolic risk factors (p<0.001). In the linear regression models in which sex and age were considered as covariates, an increase of one unit in the body mass index standard deviation led to an increase of 6.085 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure, 4.4 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure, 1.59 points in HOMA-IR, 13% in insulin level, and a decrease of 2.16 ng/mL in vitamin D levels. Conclusion: In adolescents, the number of cardiometabolic risk factors increases as the degree of obesity increases. The determination of the severity of obesity can help to identify individuals at greater risk for higher blood pressure, impaired glucose metabolism, and lower serum vitamin D levels. On the other hand, the degree of obesity may not reflect the presence of abnormal lipid and glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of stress caused by disordered eating attitudes on bone health in obese adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study comprising 80 obese adolescents was performed from November 2013 to September 2014. Twentyfour- hour urinary free cortisol levels were measured as a biological marker of stress. Bone turnover was evaluated using bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, and urinary N-telopeptide concentrations. Bone mineral density was measured using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Children's Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were used to assess eating disorders, depression, and anxiety. Psychiatric examinations were performed for binge eating disorders. Results: In the Pearson's correlation test, a positive correlation was found between the 24-hour urinary cortisol level and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire total and restrained eating subscale scores (p<0.05 for both). In linear regression analyses, the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire total and restrained eating subscale scores were found to be significant contributors for urinary cortisol level (β=1.008, p=0.035; β=2.296, p=0.014, respectively). The femoral neck areal bone mineral density was found to be significantly higher in subjects who had binge eating disorder compared with those without binge eating disorder (p=0.049). Conclusion: Despite the lack of apparent effects on bone turnover and bone mineral density in our obese adolescents at the time of the study, our results suggest that disordered eating attitudes, and especially restrained eating attitudes, might be a source of stress. Therefore, studies in this area should continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study (HBSC) was conducted in five European countries in 1983/1984 for the first time. It is a WHO collaborative cross-sectional study which involves a wide network of multinational researchers. It is repeated every four years. Forty three countries including Turkey participated in the 2009/2010 study. HBSC study is a detailed study that investigates health, well-being and health behaviors of school-aged children and the determinants of these behaviors in all participating countries through the same questionnaire. The results of the study are published both as international and national reports. Related United Nation's Organizations and WHO use the results of this study as indicators of adolescents' health status. According to the Turkish 2005/2006 HBSC study results, 30.3% of the students reported their health as excellent, 51.2% as good, 14.9% as fair and 3.6% as poor. Fifty nine percent of the students reported that they experience one or more health symptoms more than once a week or almost everyday. Only 30.1% of the students' life satisfaction scores were above the median value. According to HBSC 2005/2006 study international report, both female and male Turkish students had the lowest life satisfaction scores than those of the other 40 participating countries. Similarly, the ratio of Turkish students who brush their teeth regularly were the lowest among the participating countries. Our national team members believe that this study is important for promoting and improving Turkish adolescents' health and work hard for institutionalization of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between physical activity level and demographic characteristics, body mass index and some other health behaviors in Turkish adolescents. Material and Method: The data presented in this study were a part of the Turkish data collected for the cross-sectional and international "Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2005/2006 study" which aimed to evaluate adolescents' health and health behavior around Europe and North America. The data were collected from 3884 11 and 13 years of age (1946 males, 1938 females) students who attended 180 classes of 82 primary schools in 26 cities, and 1668 15 years of age (901 male, 767 female) students who attended 88 classes of 83 high schools in 26 cities. Statistical analyses were made by using chi square test, factor analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results: Twenty percent of the students reported that they were physically active at least 60 minutes a day every day a week. In logistic regression analysis being 11 and 13 years old, being male, spending four or more evenings with friends outside the home were found to be associated with being physically active. When the "eating both healthy and unhealthy foods less frequently group" was taken as the referans group, the other three groups (healthy foods frequently + unhealthy foods less frequently; unhealthy foods frequently + healthy foods less frequently; eating both healthy and unhealthy foods frequently) were more likely to be physically active than the reference group. Conclusions: The results of this study are important to show that physical inactivity is common among Turkish adolescents especially females. These results are also important to show that both eating habits and time spent with friends are related to physical activity of the adolescents. Effective health promotion programme, should be especially focused on females and emphasize the importance of adolescents' eating habits. It should also be remembered that peers could play an important role to improve adolescents' physical activity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]