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1. Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries

Author

Zickfeld, JH, Ven, NV, Pich, O, Schubert, TW, Berkessel, JB, Bhushan, B, Mateo, NJ, Barbosa, S, Sharman, L, Kokonyei, G, Schrover, E, Kardum, I, Aruta, JJB, Lazarevic, LB, Escobar, MJ, Stadel, M, Arriaga, P, Dodaj, A, Shankland, R, Majeed, NM, Li, YS, Lekkou, E, Hartanto, A, Ozdogru, AA, Vaughn, LA, Espinoza, MD, Caballero, A, Kolen, A, Karsten, J, Manley, H, Maeura, N, Eskisu, M, Shani, Y, Chittham, P, Ferreira, D, Bavolar, J, Konova, I, Sato, W, Morvinski, C, Carrera, P, Villar, S, Ibanez, A, Hareli, S, Garcia, AM, Kremer, I, Gotz, FM, Schwerdtfeger, A, Estrada-Mejia, C, Nakayama, M, Ng, WQ, Sesar, K, Orjiakor, CT, Dumont, K, Allred, TB, Gracanin, A, Rentfrow, PJ, Schonefeld, V, Vally, Z, Barzykowski, K, Peltola, HR, Tcherkassof, A, Haque, S, Smieja, M, Su-May, TT, IJzerman, H, Vatakis, A, Ong, CW, Choi, E, Schorch, SL, Paez, D, Malik, S, Kacmar, P, Bobowik, M, Jose, P, Vuoskoski, JK, Basabe, N, Dogan, U, Ebert, T, Uchida, Y, Zheng, MX, Mefoh, P, Sebena, R, Stanke, FA, Ballada, CJ, Blaut, A, Wu, Y, Daniels, JK, Kocsel, N, Burak, EGD, Balt, NF, Vanman, E, Stewart, SLK, Verschuere, B, Sikka, P, Boudesseul, J, Martins, D, Nussinson, R, Ito, K, Mentser, S, Colak, TS, Martinez-Zelaya, G, and Vingerhoets, A

Subjects
Emotional tears, Social support, Attachment, Cross-cultural, Emotional crying
Abstract

Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and likely uniquely human phenomenon. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue by evoking social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were conducted almost exclusively on participants from North America and Europe, resulting in limited generalizability. This project examined the tears-social support intentions effect and possible mediating and moderating variables in a fully pre-registered study across 7007 participants (24,886 ratings) and 41 countries spanning all populated continents. Participants were presented with four pictures out of 100 possible targets with or without digitally added tears. We confirmed the main prediction that seeing a tearful individual elicits the intention to support, d = 0.49 [0.43, 0.55]. Our data suggest that this effect could be mediated by perceiving the crying target as warmer and more helpless, feeling more connected, as well as feeling more empathic concern for the crier, but not by an increase in personal distress of the observer. The effect was moderated by the situational valence, identifying the target as part of one's group, and trait empathic concern. A neutral situation, high trait empathic concern, and low identification increased the effect. We observed high heterogeneity across countries that was, via split-half validation, best explained by country-level GDP per capita and subjective well-being with stronger effects for higher-scoring countries. These findings suggest that tears can function as social glue, providing one possible explanation why emotional crying persists into adulthood.

Published
2021

2. Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Author

Martina Hřebíčková, Giulia Andrighetto, Dzintra Iliško, Minna S. Persson, Richard Wan, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Harry Manley, Fouad Bou Zeineddine, Orlando Nipassa, Jered Abernathy, Hiroshi Shimizu, Tim Hopthrow, Kosuke Takemura, Katarzyna Growiec, Rizqy Amelia Zein, Olivia Foster-Gimbel, Habib Tiliouine, Angela Rachael Dorrough, Sheyla Blumen, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Lê Thuỳ Linh, Juan Camilo Cárdenas, Kadi Liik, Per A. Andersson, Brent Simpson, Yang Li, N V Dvoryanchikov, Lina Zirganou-Kazolea, Ricardo Borges Rodrigues, Yannis Tsirbas, C. M.Hew D. Gill, Anna Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Norman P. Li, Qing peng Zhang, Paweł Boski, Nneoma Gift Onyedire, Peter Halama, Linda Mohammed, Kerry Kawakami, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, Marianna Pogosyan, Napoj Thanomkul, Davide Barrera, Sylvie Graf, Pedro Romero, Hansika Kapoor, Hirotaka Imada, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Jana L. Raver, Elizaveta Berezina, Alisher Aldashev, Sara Romanò, Mícheál de Barra, Sari Mentser, Zhuo Li, Ragna B. Gardarsdottir, Michal Kohút, Bernardo Manhique, Inna Bovina, Hyun Euh, Michele J. Gelfand, Lorena R. Perez-Floriano, Bui Thi Thu Huyen, Adote Anum, Alvaro San Martin, Fatemeh Bagherian, Xia Fang, Carlos C. Contreras-Ibáñez, Hassan Tieffi, Mpho M. Pheko, Dana M. Basnight-Brown, Lisa M. Leslie, Ike E. Onyishi, Toko Kiyonari, Gizem Arikan, Vladimir Gritskov, Sita Widodo, Susann Fiedler, Junhui Wu, Narine Khachatryan, Ani Grigoryan, Márta Fülöp, Inari Sakki, Kimmo Eriksson, Hoon Seok Choi, Andree Hartanto, Jan B. Engelmann, Pontus Strimling, Seniha Özden, Marie Björnstjerna, Birzhan Batkeyev, Natalia Kharchenko, Zeynep Aycan, Rui Costa-Lopes, Angela T. Maitner, Cecilia Reyna, Sara Sherbaji, Charity S. Akotia, Imed Medhioub, Anabel Belaus, Andreas Glöckner, Đorđe Čekrlija, Erna Szabo, Pegah Nejat, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Ravit Nussinson, Ninetta Khoury, Anja Eller, Social Psychology, IBBA, A-LAB, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, Aycan, Zeynep (ORCID 0000-0003-4784-334X & YÖK ID 5798), Özden, Seniha, Eriksson, K., Strimling, P., Gelfand, M., Wu, J., Abernathy, J., Akotia, C. S., Aldashev, A., Andersson, P. A., Andrighetto, G., Anum, A., Arıkan, G., Bagherian, F., Barrera, D., Basnight-Brown, D., Batkeyev, B., Belaus, A., Berezina, E., Björnstjerna, M., Blumen, S., Boski, P., Zeineddine, F. B., Bovina, I., Huyen, B. T. T., Cardenas, J. C., Čekrlija, Đ., Choi, H. S., Contreras-Ibáñez, C. C., Costa-Lopes, R., de Barra, M., de Zoysa, P., Dorrough, A., Dvoryanchikov, N., Eller, A., Engelmann, J. B., Euh, H., Fang, X., Fiedler, S., Foster-Gimbel, O. A., Fülöp, M., Gardarsdottir, R. B., Gill, C. M. H. D., Glöckner, A., Graf, S., Grigoryan, A., Gritskov, V., Growiec, K., Halama, P., Hartanto, A., Hopthrow, T., Hřebíčková, M., Iliško, D., Imada, H., Kapoor, H., Kawakami, K., Khachatryan, N., Kharchenko, N., Khoury, N., Kiyonari, T., Kohút, M., Linh, L. T., Leslie, L. M., Li, Y., Li, N. P., Li, Z., Liik, K., Maitner, A. T., Manhique, B., Manley, H., Medhioub, I., Mentser, S., Mohammed, L., Nejat, P., Nipassa, O., Nussinson, R., Onyedire, N. G., Onyishi, I. E., Panagiotopoulou, P., Perez-Floriano, L. R., Persson, M. S., Pheko, M., Pirttilä-Backman, A. M., Pogosyan, M., Raver, J., Reyna, C., Rodrigues, R. B., Romanò, S., Romero, P. P., Sakki, I., San Martin, A., Sherbaji, S., Shimizu, H., Simpson, B., Szabo, E., Takemura, K., Tieffi, H., Mendes Teixeira, M. L., Thanomkul, N., Tiliouine, H., Travaglino, G. A., Tsirbas, Y., Wan, R., Widodo, S., Zein, R., Zhang, Q. P., Zirganou-Kazolea, L., Van Lange, P. A. M., College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Faculty Common Matters (Faculty of Social Sciences), Everyday thinking and arguing, Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, and Experimental and Political Economics / CREED (ASE, FEB)

Subjects
Male, Value of Life, PERCEPTIONS, RESPONSE, General Physics and Astronomy, Ostracism, 050109 social psychology, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Gossip, STRENGTH, Social Norms, Sanctions, Attention, Comprehension, Female, Humans, Judgment, Negotiating, Social Support, Violence, Perception, Social Behavior, PUNISHMENT, purl.org/becyt/ford/5.1 [https], Multidisciplinary, purl.org/becyt/ford/5 [https], CROSS-CULTURAL, 05 social sciences, Cultural universal, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Justice and Strong Institutions, PREVALENCE, 5144 Social psychology, NORM VIOLATION, 5141 Sociology, Psychology, Social norms, Cultural-differences, Punishment, Prevalence, Strenght, Origins, Social psychology, SDG 16 - Peace, Science, BF, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, META-NORMS, Social support, Human behaviour, 0502 economics and business, CULTURAL-DIFFERENCES, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Science and technology, Multidisciplinary sciences, Psychology and behaviour, COOPERATION, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, General Chemistry, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, ORIGINS, Value of life, Norm (social), 050203 business & management, Social behavior
Abstract

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about people's preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people's perception of the appropriateness of norm violations., Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences; Riksbankens Jubileumsfond; Czech Science Foundation; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Psychology; Stockholm University

Published
2021
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3. Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries

Author

Tara Bulut Allred, Agustín Ibáñez, Amparo Caballero, Anouk Kolen, Terri Tan Su-May, Shamsul Haque, Elif Gizem Demirag Burak, Jozef Bavolar, Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets, Phakkanun Chittham, Andreas Schwerdtfeger, Chew Wei Ong, Marie Stadel, Sadia Malik, Coby Morvinski, Victoria Schönefeld, Suzanne L. K. Stewart, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, María del Carmen Espinoza, Christine Joy A. Ballada, Darío Páez, Masataka Nakayama, Natália Kocsel, Adolfo M. García, Magdalena Bobowik, Janis Zickfeld, Tuğba Seda Çolak, Hans IJzerman, Jordane Boudesseul, Krystian Barzykowski, Elke Schrover, Gonzalo Martínez-Zelaya, Diogo Conque Seco Ferreira, Sergio Villar, Leigh Ann Vaughn, Leah Sharman, Philip C. Mefoh, Patrícia Arriaga, Inbal Kremer, Tobias Ebert, Franziska A. Stanke, Jonna K. Vuoskoski, Eleimonitria Lekkou, Nao Maeura, Asmir Gračanin, Argiro Vatakis, Kristina Sesar, Mustafa Eşkisu, Yaniv Shani, Kitty Dumont, Bruno Verschuere, Rebecca Shankland, Thomas W. Schubert, Friedrich M. Götz, Agata Blaut, René Šebeňa, Nadyanna M. Majeed, Nino Jose Mateo, Eric J. Vanman, Eunsoo Choi, Pilleriin Sikka, Gyöngyi Kökönyei, Harry Manley, Arta Dodaj, José J. Pizarro, Olivia Pich, Kenichi Ito, Irina Konova, Magdalena Śmieja, Nekane Basabe, Julie Karsten, Braj Bhushan, Catalina Estrada-Mejia, Ljiljana B. Lazarević, Andree Hartanto, Jana B. Berkessel, Peter J. Rentfrow, Pilar Carrera, Sari Mentser, María Josefina Escobar, Uğur Doğan, Sebastian L. Schorch, Niels van de Ven, Anna Tcherkassof, Paul E. Jose, Wee Qin Ng, Wataru Sato, Yukiko Uchida, Sergio Barbosa, Shlomo Hareli, Michelle Xue Zheng, Ravit Nussinson, Igor Kardum, Asil Ali Özdoğru, Yang Wu, Nina F. Balt, Henna-Riikka Peltola, Diogo Martins, Yansong Li, Pavol Kačmár, Zahir Vally, Charles T. Orjiakor, Judith K. Daniels, UAM. Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología, MÜ, Eğitim Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü, Doğan, Uğur, Burak, Elif Gizem Demirağ, Zickfeld, J. H., van de Ven, N., Pich, O., Schubert, T. W., Berkessel, J. B., Pizarro, J. J., Bhushan, B., Mateo, N. J., Barbosa, S., Sharman, L., Kökönyei, G., Schrover, E., Kardum, I., Aruta, J. J. B., Lazarevic, L. B., Escobar, M. J., Stadel, M., Arriaga, P., Dodaj, A., Shankland, R., Majeed, N. M., Li, Y., Lekkou, E., Hartanto, A., Özdoğru, A. A., Vaughn, L. A., del Carmen Espinoza, M., Caballero, A., Kolen, A., Karsten, J., Manley, H., Maeura, N., Eşkisu, M., Shani, Y., Chittham, P., Ferreira, D., Bavolar, J., Konova, I., Sato, W., Morvinski, C., Carrera, P., Villar, S., Ibanez, A., Hareli, S., Garcia, A. M., Kremer, I., Götz, F. M., Schwerdtfeger, A., Estrada-Mejia, C., Nakayama, M., Ng, W. Q., Sesar, K., Orjiakor, C. T., Dumont, K., Allred, T. B., Gra?anin, A., Rentfrow, P. J., Schönefeld, V., Vally, Z., Barzykowski, K., Peltola, H.-R., Tcherkassof, A., Haque, S., mieja, M., Su-May, T. T., IJzerman, H., Vatakis, A., Ong, C. W., Choi, E., Schorch, S. L., Páez, D., Malik, S., Ka?már, P., Bobowik, M., Jose, P., Vuoskoski, J. K., Basabe, N., Doğan, U., Ebert, T., Uchida, Y., Zheng, M. X., Mefoh, P., Šebe?a, R., Stanke, F. A., Ballada, C. J., Blaut, A., Wu, Y., Daniels, J. K., Kocsel, N., Balt, N. F., Vanman, E., Stewart, S. L. K., Verschuere, B., Sikka, P., Boudesseul, J., Martins, D., Nussinson, R., Ito, K., Mentser, S., Çolak, T. S., Martinez-Zelaya, G., Vingerhoets, A., College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology, Department of Marketing, Research Group: Marketing, Tilburg University, Center Ph. D. Students, Tilburg School of Economics and Management, Department of Social Psychology, Medical and Clinical Psychology, [Belirlenecek], Sociology/ICS, and Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, Emotions, Personal distress, Attachment, 050109 social psychology, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Relaciones interpersonales, Emotional tears, Social support, 0302 clinical medicine, Emotional crying, Cross-cultural, Psychology, Faces, 10. No inequality, media_common, Inclusion, Emociones y sentimientos, Crying, 05 social sciences, Impact, Feeling, medicine.symptom, Social psychology, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Empathy, Interpersonal relations, Equivalence, 050105 experimental psychology, Exposure, Interpersonal relationship, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Valence (psychology), Empathic concern, Distress, Individuals, Psicología, Psychologie, Llanto, Empatía, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and likely uniquely human phenomenon. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue by evoking social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were conducted almost exclusively on participants from North America and Europe, resulting in limited generalizability. This project examined the tears-social support intentions effect and possible mediating and moderating variables in a fully pre-registered study across 7007 participants (24,886 ratings) and 41 countries spanning all populated continents. Participants were presented with four pictures out of 100 possible targets with or without digitally-added tears. We confirmed the main prediction that seeing a tearful individual elicits the intention to support, d = 0.49 [0.43, 0.55]. Our data suggest that this effect could be mediated by perceiving the crying target as warmer and more helpless, feeling more connected, as well as feeling more empathic concern for the crier, but not by an increase in personal distress of the observer. The effect was moderated by the situational valence, identifying the target as part of one's group, and trait empathic concern. A neutral situation, high trait empathic concern, and low identification increased the effect. We observed high heterogeneity across countries that was, via split-half validation, best explained by country-level GDP per capita and subjective well-being with stronger effects for higher-scoring countries. These findings suggest that tears can function as social glue, providing one possible explanation why emotional crying persists into adulthood., National Science Centre, Poland; Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker Programme; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office; Hungarian Brain Research Programme; Internal Fund of the Open University of Israel

Published
2021
Full Text
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