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Loose smut has a wide distribution and can occur anywhere wheat is cultivated and produced. It is caused by the fungus Ustilago tritici. Mild symptoms may be present prior to heading, including yellowish leaf streaks and stiff, dark green leaves. Spores are not enclosed by the seed coat, so are quickly dispersed by rain or wind after emergence. These spores infect other wheat plants at flowering, causing seed infection. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop and staple food of human population throughout the World. It is widely cultivated in Pakistan and in most of the other agricultural countries like China, India and Bangladesh. Therefore, an experimental study was designed to cultivate Galaxy-2013 for the isolation of pathogenic strains of tritici having potential to cause loose smut of wheat, after natural attack during cropping year 2019-2020. Main purpose of study was to isolate samples of Ustilago, which would be used for the testing of anti-fungal products for future studies during cropping years (2020-2022) after complete identification, isolated strains (RS01) were identified as Ustilago tritici and an accession number (OP164708_RS01) was obtained after blast the obtained sequences at NCBI, which were further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, it was expected that some wheat varieties those are vulnerable to the attack of Ustilago required careful cultivation by adapting suitable strategies to protect crops especially wheat from certain disease to enhance food requirement in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic material against pests is now very common with a negative impact on environment due to which an alternative approaches are needed to reduce the harmful effects of chemicals. Botanicals are the most important source of natural constituents having potential to retard the growth of these pest, Aphids (Myzus persicae) are small sap-sucking insects belonging to Aphidoidea. This insect is marked as threatening enemy which attack on the members of solanaceae and cause numerous damages to the crop. It has ability to cause numerous other infection and induces fungal and viral attack on crop due to which yield decreases. Present experimental analysis was design to investigate the anti-aphid potential of plant parts in order to overcome the use chemical based pesticides, to control attack of disease due to aphid on crops. Current study was performed to synthesize biopesticides as insecticides {against Solanum lycopersicum L (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller)} aphid= M. persicae ) by the fermentation of fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica L., Nicotiana tabacum L. and rhizomes of Allium sativum L. in the form of formulation 1 and A. sativum was replaced with Zingiber officinale L., for formulation 2. After assessing and anti-antiaphid activity, biopesticides were subjected to FTIR and HPLC analysis. Results showed that formulation1 reduced aphids after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hrs (21.72±0.5, 20.19±0.2, 24.08±0.4, 28.78±0.4 and 34.32±0.2% pest reduction, respectively). Phytochemical analysis of both formulations showed that A. sativum had organosulfur compounds (11-35 mg/g of fresh A. sativum), arginine, oligosaccharides, flavonoids and selenium, while the pesticidal importance of A. indica, N. tabacum and Z. officinale was due to azadirachtin, nicotine and alpha-pinene, respectively. Outcomes of current work shows that plant-based pesticides are a better option for farming as an alternative to chemically syntheisized pesticide so this study proves to be environment friendly and biopesticides could be a good alternative to chemical pesticides to overcome insects which act as vector for various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]