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Modern agriculture depends on the production of very few crop species, which provide lower nutritive value for consumers. The present work summarizes the results of a three-year experiment on hulled wheat varieties as potential candidates for food system diversification. The organic field cultivation tests with 10 emmer and five einkorn landraces and varieties were conducted on ~10m2 plots on sandy soil, and from 2017, under on-farm conditions in eastern Hungary. Most accessions adapted well to the marginal conditions, with some landraces even yielding higher than registered varieties—over 3 t per ha on average over three years. Compared to emmer, einkorn had higher maximum grain yields, but its yield performance varied more than that of emmer. Grain protein and the total phenolic content were high in both species. Compared to emmer, einkorn seeds exhibited a 3.8 times higher content of bound flavonoids and had 3.4 times higher antioxidant activity. Four einkorn accessions were resistant to leaf spot, as well as yellow and leaf rusts. Fusarium infected both species similarly. Our findings indicate that not only registered varieties of ancient wheat species but also their landraces can provide sustainable alternatives both for organic farmers and also for the diversification of agriculture.

Survey was conducted with local experts (advisors, researchers, farmers, etc.) between Januar-April 2018 to document CDEs • Rotation, Intercropping, Multiple Cropping in arable production Aims of analyses: a) List of success and failure factors of experiences b) Understanding connections between these factors and the main characteristics of Crop Diversification Experiences

Introduction Mixed cropping, i.e. mixing different crops in the same field, provides agronomic advantages as increased productivity under low inputs conditions (e.g. for organic farming: Bedoussac et al. 2015) and higher yield stability (Raseduzzaman and Jensen 2017). In mixed cropping, choosing the right cultivars is critical for the performance of the mixture, as shown for pea-barley mixtures (Hauggaard-Nielsen and Jensen 2001) and maize-bean mixtures (Hoppe 2016). As performance in pure stand can strongly diverge from performance in mixture, estimating the ability of a cultivar to be mixed with another crop is therefore of utmost importance. For this purpose, concepts of General and Specific Combining Ability in hybrid breeding (Griffing 1956) have been adapted to cultivar and crop mixtures. Thus, these effects are called General Mixing Ability (GMA) and Specific Mixing Ability (SMA) (Federer 1993). In contrast to intraspecific mixtures, interspecific mixed cropping experiments often provide additional information, since harvested lots can be separated into their different grain fractions. Until now, statistical developments mobilizing the additional information provided by separated harvest lots to estimate mixing abilities in intercropping experiments have been neglected. The concept of Producer- and Associate-effects (abbreviated Pr and As, respectively) describes interactions between varieties sown in alternate row trials (Forst 2018). The producer effect Pr is the average performance of a cultivar grown in mixture with other crop-species, whereas the associate effect As is the average effect of a cultivar on the performance of the mixing partner. We used the fraction yields of a spring-pea (Pisum sativum L.) and spring-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixed cropping experiment to determine Pr and As effects of different pea genotypes. The additional information provided by this approach is biologically more informative than GMA/SMA estimates, since it better reflects competition and facilitation occurring between different cultivars of the two crop-species.