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Context: An easy-to-administer, function-based questionnaire to assess patients with various foot problems was required for a Greek-speaking population. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Quick Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (Quick-FAAM) into Greek and evaluate its reliability and validity. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Established international guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires were followed. The face and content validity of the Greek version of the Quick-FAAM (Quick-FAAM-GR), as well as the internal consistency and test-retest reliability upon repeated administration after 5 days, were examined. In addition, the construct validity of the scale was examined via exploratory factor analysis as well as by testing for associations with the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index, the 12-item Short-Form Survey (version 2), and a functional balance assessment test--the Y-Balance Test. Results: Sixty participants (18 women) with self-reported chronic ankle instability symptoms, with a median (interquartile range) age of 27 (7.7) years, participated in the study. Half of the participants were included in the test-retest reliability study. The Quick-FAAM-GR demonstrated face and content validity. Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach a =.961) and intrarater test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC[2,1] = .93) were demonstrated, with a comparable error margin to the original version (standard error of the measurement = 2.1, 95% minimum detectable change = 5.9). Associations of the Quick-FAAM-GR scores to other questionnaires ranged from weak to strong (Spearman rho), all being statistically significant (Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index from -.26, P = .04, to -.67, P< .001, and 12-item Short-Form Survey, version 2, between .41 and .72, P<.001), and to the Y-Balance Test between lower-limb differences (-.35 to -.58, P< .001). The exploratory factor analysis confirmed the single- factor structure of this scale. No floor/ceiling effects were observed. Conclusions: The Greek Quick-FAAM has proven to be a valid and reliable tool for evaluating chronic ankle instability and can be used for clinical and research purposes in Greek- speaking individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop an instrument for assessing sixth‐grade students’ number sense skills in fractions and decimals. This study was conducted on 452 sixth graders (10–11 years old) from the western region of Turkey. The construct validity of the number sense test (NST) was examined via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). First, the draft NST, which consists of 36 two‐tier items, was administered to 208 students for the EFA. Repeated EFA results indicated that the NST consisted of five number sense components with 25 items (understanding the meaning and magnitude of numbers, recognizing the effects of operations on numbers, using multiple representations of numbers, using reference points in numbers, and judging the reasonableness of a computational result). The NST, with factor loadings ranging from 0.60 to 0.87, accounted for 72.39% of the total variance. The composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.88 to 0.92. The CFA was administered to an additional 244 students in the school. The results of the first‐ and second‐order CFA revealed that the model fit of the NST was good (Chi‐square/df = 2.04; RMSEA = 0.066; NNFI = 0.97; IFI = 0.98; CFI= 0.97; and S‐RMR = 0.065). The results of the present study indicate that the NST is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing sixth‐grade students' number sense skills in fractions and decimals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foot and ankle problems are frequently prevalent, especially among the elderly, ranging from 70 to 80%. In primary care, foot, and ankle complaints stand out as one of the most frequent reasons for orthopedic consultations. Patient-reported outcome measures are significant in the assessment burden of any condition on the effects of intervention as well as research. The Foot Function Index (FFI) is a region-specific tool that was identified as one of the most commonly used evaluation tools for foot complaints. This study aimed to translate, cross-cultural adapt, and test the psychometric properties of FFI in the Urdu language. Methodology: The FFI was translated into Urdu language (FFI-U) following Beaton et al. translation guidelines. The data were collected from 230 Urdu-speaking participants with different foot and ankle pathologies. Data collection started after the written informed consent from the participants. All participants completed the FFI-U, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), SF-36, and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) at baseline while only 30 participants completed ULFI-U after one week for test-retest reliability. The psychometric properties involved reliability and validity testing. Reliability was assessed where internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability through the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). FFI-U was tested for face validity and construct validity (convergent and discriminant). Psychometric criteria were examined against priori hypotheses, and alpha level (p-value < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: FFI-U demonstrated good reliability with internal consistency (α = 0.86) and test-retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.845 (0.78–0.89). A moderate correlation was found using Pearson correlation between FFI-U total score and physical components of SF-36, VAS (pain, disability), and FAOS (γ= -0.65, 0.72, 0.71, -0.68) respectively, indicating convergent validity however, a weak correlation was found with mental components of SF-36 (γ=-0.25) demonstrating discriminant validity. Face validity was assessed at the pre-final testing stage by interviewing patients. There were no floor and ceiling effects found for FFI-U. Conclusion: The FFI-U has been found reliable, valid, and feasible tool to be used as a patient-reported outcome measure to assess functional levels with different foot and ankle disorders in Urdu speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the development of the Death Literacy Index (DLI) in 2019 in Australia, subsequent internationally validated versions have prompted rewording and refinement of the original survey questions. Use of the DLI in the community has also resulted in requests for a short format. Objectives: To examine and report on the psychometric properties of a revised version of the DLI-R and develop a short format DLI-9. Design: A cross-sectional national survey was conducted for the validation of the revised DLI. Methods: The DLI items were revised by the research team using the international literature. DLI data were collected from a representative online non-probability panel of 1202 Australian adults, based on age, gender, and geographical location. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to ensure the revised version (DLI-R) was consistent with the original. To develop a short format version of the DLI (DLI-9), items were first removed based on face validity, followed by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and CFA. The internal reliability of the DLI-R and the DLI-9 was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the inter-rater reliability between the DLI-R and DLI-9. Results: Twenty-four questions in the DLI were reworded for clarity. A CFA on the 29 items of this modified version of the DLI indicated a good model fit (Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI): 0.93; Comparative Fit Index (CFI): 0.93; root mean square of approximation (RMSEA): 0.06; standardized root mean residual (SRMR): 0.06), with six latent variables and an underlying latent variable "death literacy." For the DLI-9, an EFA identified a nine-item, two-factor structure model (DLI-9). A subsequent CFA in a separate sample demonstrated a good model fit for the DLI-9 (TLI: 0.92; CFI: 0.94; RMSEA: 0.089; SRMR: 0.07). Excellent inter-rater reliability (0.98) was observed between DLI-9 and DLI-R. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for DLI-R scales and subscales and the DLI-9 all exceeded 0.8, indicating high internal consistency. Conclusion: The DLI-R and the DLI-9 were found to have acceptable psychometric properties. The development of a shorter version of the DLI provides a valid measure of overall death literacy. Plain language summary: Progressing the Death Literacy Index: the development of a revised version (DLI-R) and a short format (DLI-9) The Death Literacy Index (DLI) is used to measure the knowledge and skills people about death and dying. Multiple countries have made their own versions, which helped improve the original questions. Community members also asked for a shorter version of the DLI. The research team updated the DLI questions using information from other studies around the world. Data was collected from 1202 Australian adults. A method called Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to check if the new version (DLI-R) was similar to the original. To make a shorter version, some questions were removed first, then Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and CFA were used. Reliability of both versions was tested using a test called Cronbach's alpha, and the short version was compared to the DLI-R to see if results were similar. Twenty-four questions were reworded to make them clearer. The revised 29-question version (DLI-R) worked well and showed a good fit with six main ideas under the main topic of "death literacy." Nine questions were chosen for the shorter version (DLI-9) and were found to be closely related to the longer version. Both versions showed high reliability, meaning the questions consistently measured what they were supposed to. Both the DLI-R and the DLI-9 worked well and were found to be reliable survey tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents' extensive use of digital devices raises significant concerns about their visual health. This study aimed to adapt and validate the computer vision syndrome questionnaire (CVS-Q©) for adolescents aged 12–17 years. A mixed-method sequential design was used. First, a qualitative study was involved two nominal groups to assess the instrument's acceptability. A subsequent cross-sectional quantitative study with 277 randomly selected adolescents assessed reliability and validity. Participants completed the adapted CVS-Q©, an ad hoc questionnaire, and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. Repeatability was tested in 54 adolescents after 7–14 days. The Rasch-Andrich rating scale model was used. Instructions and symptoms were modified to obtain the 14-item CVS-Q teen©. It showed unidimensionality, no local dependence between items, and respected monotonicity. Adequate internal consistency (person reliability = 0.69, item reliability = 0.98) and intraobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.77, Cohen's Kappa = 0.49) were observed. A significant correlation (0.782, p < 0.001) between CVS-Q teen© and OSDI supported construct validity. A score of ≥ 6 points indicated computer vision syndrome (CVS) (sensitivity = 85.2%, specificity = 76.5%, and area under the curve = 0.879). In conclusion, CVS-Q teen© is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing CVS in adolescents using digital devices, applicable in research and clinical practice for early identification and recommendations for visual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC-5As) questionnaire has been designed to evaluate the healthcare experiences of individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes. Older adults are at higher risk for diabetes and its associated complications. The aim of this study was transcultural adaptation and evaluation of the validity and reliability of the PACIC-5As questionnaire in older patients with diabetes residing in Qazvin City, Iran. Method: In this validation study, we recruited 306 older patients with diabetes from Comprehensive Health Centers in Qazvin, Iran. The multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to choose a representative sample. The PACIC-5As questionnaire was translated into Persian using the World Health Organization (WHO) standardized method. The validity (face, content, and construct) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of the PACIC-5As were assessed. Data analysis was conducted using R software and the Lavaan package. Results: The mean age of the older patients was 69.99 ± 6.94 years old. Most older participants were female (n = 180, 58.82%) and married (n = 216, 70.59%). Regarding face validity, all items of PACIC-5As had impact scores greater than 1.5. In terms of content validity, all items had a content validity ratio > 0.49 and a content validity index > 0.79. The results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the model exhibited satisfactory fit across the expected five factors, including assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange, for the 25 items of the PACIC-5As questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the PACIC-5As questionnaire was 0.805. Conclusion: This study indicates that the Persian version of the PACIC-5As questionnaire is valid and reliable for assessing healthcare experiences in older patients with diabetes. This means that the questionnaire can be effectively used in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by hyperglycemia during pregnancy. There are many diabetes-specific tools for collecting information validated in Brazilian Portuguese. However, there are no specific instruments to assess knowledge about GDM in Brazilian Portuguese. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Knowledge of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus questionnaire (GDMKQ). Methods: This study was conducted in southern Brazil from January to December 2023. Women with GDM or diabetes identified during pregnancy were considered eligible based on specific criteria. Clinical and demographic data were obtained through a medical records search. The GDMKQ underwent a multistep adaptation process, including translation, back-translation, content validity assessment, and cognitive interviews. After administration to participants, internal consistency, item-total correlation, and intraclass correlation were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted to ensure validity. Results: A total of 155 pregnant women were recruited for the study. Most participants were aged 18–30 years, and hypertension was the main comorbidity (25.2%). Regarding education, most participants (58.7%) attended high school. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the GDMKQ consisted of 32 items. The intraclass correlation was established by two independent interviews with 57 participants, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.79 (p < 0.01). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.81 overall but was less than 0.7 for each domain. Item-total correlations were calculated, and confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit. The final Brazilian Portuguese version of the questionnaire consisted of 32 items. Conclusions: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the GDMKQ yielded a reliable and valid tool for evaluating diabetes knowledge in pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: People with human papiloma virus (HPV) struggle with numerous challenges and needs in physical, and psychological aspects of quality of life related to this virus. Several studies have recommended counseling interventions to improve the quality of life for these individuals. There is also a need for standardized and normalized instruments in Iran to evaluate the effect of educational and therapeutic interventions on the quality of life of these patients. Therefore, this study was conducted in gynecological cancer clinics in Kerman and Mashhad to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the "Quality of Life Questionnaire for Women Infected with HPV". Methods: This study cross-sectional study included 580 women infected with HPV referred to Kerman and Mashhad's gynecologic cancer clinics. The samples were selected using convenience sampling method in 2023. Content validity, face validity, and construct validity were assessed using explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The results of the content validity assessment, which included the Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), indicated strong content validity. Additionally, qualitatively confirmed face validity, further supports these findings. The results of the EFA revealed that the Persian version of the EQUALI-HPV questionnaire has a 6-factor structure, with 34 items remaining from the 54 items. These 6 factors accounted for 48.9% of the variance and were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and using robust root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA = 0.054), comparative fit index (CFI = 0.928), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI = 0.920). The content validity results showed that all the items had a good validity ratio and index. Cronbach's alpha and Raykov's rho were greater than 0.7 for all dimensions. Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the "Quality of Life Questionnaire for Women Infected with HPV" had acceptable validity and reliability and can be utilized to measure the quality of life of these people and conduct psychological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Child and Adolescent PsychProfiler version 5 (CAPP v5, 2014) is a measure for screening 14 common DSM-5 disorders in children and adolescents. The separation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) by subtype results in 17 screening scales covering the 14 disorders. Theoretically then, the CAPP v5 should have a 17-factor structure, however, to date no published study has confirmed this. Additionally, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the reliability and validity of the screening scales in this measure. These were examined across two different studies. Study 1 examined support for the 17-factor model of the parent-report version of the CAPP (CAPP-PRF) in a large group of adolescents from the general community. It also examined the internal consistency reliability and discriminant validity of the factors in this measure. Study 2 examined the validity of these factors in a clinic-referred group of adolescents. Methods: In Study 1, 951 parents completed the CAPP-PRF on behalf of their adolescents [mean (standard deviation) = 14.54 years (1.66 years)]. In Study 2, 173 parents completed the CAPP-PRF on behalf of their clinic-referred adolescent children [mean (standard deviation) = 14.5 years (1.84 years)]. Adolescents also completed a number of measures and tests for the purpose of assessing their behavior, IQ, and academic abilities. Results: The results in Study 1 supported a 17-factor model, and virtually all of the factors in this model showed acceptable reliability (alpha and omega coefficients), and discriminant validity. Study 2 demonstrated good support for the validity of the scales in the CAPP-PRF. Discussion: These findings indicate acceptable psychometric properties for the CAPP-PRF, and its utility for screening the more common DSM-5 disorders in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As health systems transition to ICD-11, it is essential to gauge the readiness and improve existing transition efforts. Assessing the intention to use ICD-11 and factors influencing it is imperative to encourage the use of ICD-11 among the medical record officers (MROs) and assistant medical record officers (AMROs). This study aims to develop and validate a questionnaire on the factors influencing the intention to use ICD-11 among MROs and AMROs in the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. This study comprised a questionnaire development and validation involving 292 participants nationwide from Ministry of Health Malaysia facilities. The questionnaire was developed based on items adapted from the literature. Forward and backward English-Malay translation was done. Then, the questionnaire was examined for content validity, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, face validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity and confirmatory factor analyses. The final version of the questionnaire consists of eleven domains represented by 50 items. The content validity index and modified kappa were excellent for all domains. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling adequacy value was appropriate, with a value of 0.790. The questionnaire also demonstrated good internal consistency reliability with Cronbach's alpha values between 0.850 and 0.992. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a reasonable fit for this eleven-factor model. In conclusion, this questionnaire provides a reliable tool for investigating the intention to use ICD-11 among MROs and AMROs. Positive findings from the psychometric properties support the validity of the questionnaire. This instrument can potentially support personnel in charge of ICD codification, guide the ICD-11 transition at various levels and facilitate research on support dynamics among the MROs and AMROs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 imposed significant shifts in global health, particularly in understanding and addressing anxiety disorders precipitated by pandemic-related stressors. The current study aimed to adapt and validate the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire (C-19 A) for Arabic-speaking populations (C-19 A-A), assessing its structural integrity, concurrent validity, factorial validity, and reliability. Methods: The data of 571 individuals, including age range, educational history, gender, and marital status, were collected through online platforms. The translation process of C-19 A-A underwent rigorous verification by linguistic and subject matter experts. Several advanced statistical procedures were used to examine the C-19 A-A's reliability, validity, and measurement invariances across demographic subsets. Results: The results indicated robust internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.889, confirming the questionnaire's reliability. Concurrent validity showed significant and positive correlations between C-19-A and FCV-19S (r = 0.77, p < 0.000). EFA revealed a dominant factor explaining 60.4% of the variance, bolstering the questionnaire's factorial validity. CFA further validated the model's adequacy across different demographic groups. Specifically, demographic factors such as age, gender, and educational level showed distinct patterns of COVID-19-related anxiety. Conclusion: The validated Arabic version of the C-19 A-A represents a pivotal tool for assessing pandemic-induced anxiety within Arabic-speaking communities. Its deployment enables targeted identification of vulnerable individuals, facilitating tailored health interventions and informing clinical strategies. This research underscores the pivotal role of culturally attuned assessment instruments in shaping effective public health responses and therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating the psychological sequelae of global health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsThe Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale was developed for testing the balance confidence of elderly individuals, and it has been used extensively for evaluating various patients. No such scale has been adapted for the Hungarian population.To translate and culturally adapt the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale and test the reliability and validity of the Hungarian version.The study included 167 independently mobile subjects, of whom 39 filled in the questionnaire twice, 1 week apart. Beaton’s six-step principle was applied for cross-cultural adaptation. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha and through test–retest analysis. Types of validity evaluated were concurrent validity using the Berg Balance Scale and cross-cultural validity.Excellent internal consistency was shown by Cronbach’s alpha = 0.977. Test–retest analysis resulted in an Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient of 0.962 (0.865–0.961, 95% CI, p < .001) for the whole test; no floor or ceiling effects were found. The convergent validity of the scale was tested by Spearman’s rank correlation analysis using the Berg Balance scale for external validation and showed a strong positive correlation (Rho = 0.755, p < .001). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis showed an Area Under the Curve of 0.821 (CI 95% 0.75, 0.892). Mean detectable change based on the 95% confidence interval was 10.49% on the scale ranging from 0 to 100%.The Hungarian version of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale provides a valid and reliable picture of the patients’ self-assessed balance. It is recommended both for clinicians and for clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Today's problems of cities make it necessary to pay attention to the idea of healthy cities more than in the past. A requirement to have a healthy city is to identify health indicators in different dimensions. The study of these indicators requires accurate and reliable measurement tools. In this regard, the study was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometrically and using the questionnaire of the indicators of Healthy city. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the first stage on 300 adults aged 20 and over in Isfahan city and in the second stage on 150 people in 1402. The initial questionnaire of healthy city indicators was designed with 107 items based on the opinions of professors and experts in the fields of urban planning, urban engineering, environmental health, psychology, health and social welfare, health policy, health in disasters. In different stages of psychometrics, face validity, content validity (CVR, CVI), criteria (divergent and convergent), exploratory factor analysis and reliability were measured using Cronbach's alpha method. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test and analysis of variance were used to report the data in the software (version 26, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: In the phase of determining quantitative face and content validity (CVR greater than 0.51 and CVI greater than 0.79 was acceptable), 52 items out of 107 items of the questionnaire were removed. All the remaining 55 items had a significant correlation with the total score of the questionnaire in the internal consistency measurement stage. In the Varimax exploratory factor analysis stage, 5 factors had an eigenvalue greater than one and were named as follows: "welfare, support and social participation" by explaining 53.99% of the variance; "Public, health and sanitary services"; "Cultural, educational and residential accesses"; "Emergency, health and social management"; and "fitness and urban beauty". Convergent and divergent validity was confirmed due to the stronger correlation between each item's score with its respective dimension score (P<0.0001), and lower correlation with other dimensions. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire at 0.959 and for the questionnaire scales in the range of 0.934 to 0.784. According to the findings of the application stage, no statistically significant difference was observed between the average score of the indicators of Healthy city by sex, education level, and employment status of the citizens. Conclusion: The psychometrics of the questionnaire of the indicators of Healthy city indicated that the evaluations carried out in different stages were approved, as a result, the questionnaire has sufficient validity and reliability and usability. The results of this study can be used by policy makers and agents of the urban area and benefit from the benefits of planning related to measuring and using the tools of all citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to validate the Turkish version of the Career Exploration and Decision Self‐Efficacy (CEDSE) Scale with Turkish undergraduate students. Results show that with the sample of Turkish undergraduate students (N = 202) the Turkish CEDSE Scale had a two‐factor structure with 12 items. The CEDSE Scale's two‐factor structure was validated by a sample of Turkish undergraduate students (N = 255). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis verified the measurement invariance of the CEDSE Scale across gender groups. The Turkish CEDSE Scale produced positive relations with measures of vocational outcome expectations and career decidedness as well as strong positive correlations with career decision‐making self‐efficacy. The CEDSE Scale scores produced statistically significant beta coefficients predicting vocational outcome expectations and career decidedness. The results support the concurrent and criterion‐related validity of the CEDSE Scale. Calculations of Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, and stability coefficients yielded evidence for the CEDSE Scale's reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted to adapt the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ-13) into Turkish. Methods: The research was conducted in the pulmonology outpatient clinic of a state hospital in Nigde/Turkey. The sample consisted of 229 volunteers with asthma for at least one year. First, language and content validity were assessed. After evaluating the language validity and content validity of the questionnaire, internal consistency, split-half reliability, and construct validity were examined. Questionnaire and demographic data were analyzed using numbers, percentages, dependent and independent groups t-tests, correlation analysis. Results: The AAMQ-13-TR has a Cronbach's alpha (α) score of 0.90 (p < 0.001). It has a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.86. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) shows that the factor structure of the AAMQ-13-TR agrees well with the two-factor model of the original questionnaire. Conclusions: This study presented sources of evidence of validity of AAMQ-13-TR in Turkish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of questionnaires specifically designed to assess social isolation in adolescents. We developed and validated a self‐report measure of social isolation in adolescents, the Social Isolation Questionnaire (QIS). A literature review on social isolation and mental health in adolescents indicated 20 questions to form QIS. Two cross‐sectional surveys with 48 and 1135 adolescents, respectively, evaluated the reproducibility and validity of QIS. The Bland–Altman plot did not indicate a systematic difference between measurements 15 days apart. Bartlett's sphericity test verified a correlation between the questions and the Kaiser‐Meyer‐Olkin test showed good adequacy (.896) to the factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis suggested the exclusion of three questions (loading factors <0.3), and eigenvalues (4.9–0.8) indicated that the questionnaire should be composed of three factors (dimensions). The Cronbach's alpha indicated high internal consistency of the 17 questions (0.850 overall; Dimensions: 0.815 'feeling of loneliness'; 0.760 'friendship'; and, 0.680 'Family support'). The QIS score ranged from 0 to 131 (maximum social isolation score). The correlation between QIS and depressive symptoms (r =.543) indicated the construct validity of QIS. We evaluated QIS in the Portuguese version, thus translation and cultural adaptation are necessary to evaluate the questionnaire in other settings. We constructed and validated the QIS questionnaire, a self‐administered questionnaire to assess social isolation in adolescents, composed of three dimensions; feelings of loneliness, friendship and family support. The QIS questionnaire seems a very promising tool to support practitioners and researchers in assessing social isolation among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is widely prevalent in all age groups which is of major concern. However, there is no valid Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary vitamin B12 estimation. Hence, we aimed to develop and validate an FFQ for the estimation of dietary intake of Vitamin B12. Materials and Methods: Commonly consumed B12-rich food items were selected from literature and filtered using a market survey. For concordant and discriminant validation, B12 and homocysteine levels were estimated. To establish convergent validity, the Cobalamin Intake in North Indians by Food Frequency Questionnaire (COIN-FFQ) and 72-hour dietary recall (72HrDR) were both administered to the same subjects. The COIN-FFQ was readministered after initial administration for test-retest reliability. Internal consistency of the FFQ was then tested using Cronbach's alpha. Results: We enrolled 115 adults with a mean age and weight of 31.9 ± 8.7 years and 66.0 ± 11.8 kg, respectively. In total, 19.1% were vegetarian. The dietary B12 using COIN-FFQ (n = 60; mean = 4.3 ± 1.8 µg/d) was significantly correlated (r = 0.255; P = 0.049) with serum levels (mean = 120.1 ± 62.6 pmol/L) establishing concordant validity. A significant difference was noted between the dietary, serum B12, and homocysteine levels of vegetarians versus nonvegetarians establishing discriminant validity (mean diff 1.4 (0.5-2.4), P = 0.004; Z-statistic -2.182, P value 0.029, and Z-statistic -2.438; P value 0.015), respectively. FFQ was strongly correlated with 72HrDR and test--retest FFQ (n = 27; r = 0.814, P < 0.001 and r = 0.869, P < 0.001, respectively) establishing convergent validity and test--retest reliability. The internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha was in the acceptable range, 0.631 (n = 115). Conclusion: The newly developed COIN-FFQ is valid and reliable in estimating dietary B12 intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a chronic disease requires treatment adherence such as controlling the blood glucose level and adopting a healthy lifestyle. The present study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire based on the Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) to measure treatment adherence and the associated factors among T2D patients. Methods: The present study was conducted in qualitative and the quantitative phases between March 2022 and March 2023. The participants were T2D patients visiting Shahid Mohammadi hospital Diabetes Clinic in Bandar Abbas in the south of Iran. The first draft of items was extracted from the qualitative phase. The present study used interviews with T2D patients, item construction, validity and reliability evaluation of the instrument, and the relevant statistical analyses. It emphasized the significance of content, face, and construct validity, along with reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, V16 and AMOS, V23. Results: A 97-item questionnaire was developed through the qualitative phase and, after content validity, it was reduced to 86 items. Five items were removed in face validation, and after the test-retest method, 79 items were retained. The confirmatory factors analysis confirmed a 65-item model with appropriate fitness of data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed an acceptable reliability of the diabetes treatment adherence questionnaire (α = 0.92). Conclusion: The questionnaire developed based on the HPM model provides a standard and comprehensive measurement of the degree of adherence to treatment and the associated factors among Iranian T2D patients. This is especially valuable in the Iranian healthcare context, where effective management of chronic diseases such as diabetes is of a top priority. Questionnaires can help identify barriers and facilitators of treatment adherence to inform systematic and goal-oriented interventions. The proposed questionnaire had good psychometric properties, and can be used as a valid and practical instrument to measure the factors related to treatment adherence behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The CAPS-5 is a reliable instrument for assessing PTSD symptoms, demonstrating strong consistency, validity, and reliability after a traumatic event. However, further research is warranted to explore the divergent validity of the CAPS-5 and its adaptation to diverse cultural contexts. Objective: In this meta-analysis, we endeavoured to comprehensively evaluate the reliability generalization of the CAPS-5 across diverse populations and clinical contexts. Methods: A reliability generalization meta-analysis on the psychometric properties of CAPS-5 was conducted, encompassing 15 studies. The original versions' psychometric properties were systematically retrieved from databases including PubMed, PsychNet, Medline, CHAHL, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with a focus on studies published between 2013 and 2023. Two independent investigators evaluated study quality using QUADAS-2 and COSMIN RB, pre-registering the protocol in the Prospero database for transparency and minimizing bias risk. Results: Meta-analysis reveals CAPS-5 global reliability (α = 0.92, 95% CI [0.90, 0.94]), z = 99.44, p < 0.05 across 15 studies, supporting consistent internal consistency. Subscale analysis shows variability in Reexperiencing (α = 0.82), Avoidance (α = 0.68), Cognition and Mood (α = 0.82), and Hyperarousal (α = 0.74), with an overall estimate of 0.77 (95% CI [0.70;0.83]). Language-dependent analysis highlights reliability variations (α range: 0.83 to 0.92) across Brazilian- Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, German, Korean, and Portuguese. Test--retest reliability demonstrates stability (r = 0.82, 95% CI [0.79; 0.85]), with overall convergent validity (r = 0.59, 95% CI [0.50;0.68]). Conclusion: The meta-analysis affirms CAPS-5's robust global and subscale reliability across studies and languages, with stable test--retest results. Moderator analysis finds no significant impact, yet substantial residual heterogeneity remains unexplained. Our findings contribute intricate insights into the psychometric properties of this instrument, offering a more complete understanding of its utility in PTSD assessment. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_ record.php?ID=CRD42023483748. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An increasing population and a shortage of identified potential organ donors are causing the waiting list for organ transplants to grow continuously. Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is a method aimed at meeting the demand for transplantable organs. However, it presents new challenges in nursing care, and there is a lack of studies investigating nurses' attitudes and knowledge of DCD. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine and describe intensive care nurses' (ICNs') knowledge, attitudes, and views on DCD before a national implementation in Sweden. Method: This study utilized a cross-sectional mixed-method design. A convenience sampling method was employed, targeting ICNs working in four intensive care units in Sweden. A study-specific tool comprising fixed and free-text questions was developed. Fifty-one ICNs participated. Data were analyzed descriptively, and correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's correlation. Free-text answers were qualitatively assessed and analyzed. An integrated analysis was conducted to synthesize the quantitative and qualitative findings. Results: Fifty-three percent reported limited knowledge about DCD. Nurses with previous education on DCD had significantly higher knowledge (r =.380, p =.006), were more engaged with the public debate on organ donation (r =.423, p =.002), and considered the ethical aspects of DCD more thoroughly (r =.386, p =.022). The qualitative analysis identified four key categories: The importance of the team, the need for ethical discussions, increased knowledge of DCD, and unanswered questions and unmet needs. The integrated analysis underscored the need for targeted education, clear guidelines, and ongoing ethical discussions to prepare ICU nurses for DCD. Conclusion: Nurses educated in organ donor care had better knowledge and a more positive attitude toward DCD implementation. The study also highlights the importance of interprofessional teamwork in DCD implementation. The findings suggest that education on DCD could improve the identification and implementation of DCD donors, addressing the global shortage of transplantable organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While numeric scales to represent pain intensity have been well validated, individuals use various conceptualizations when assigning a number to pain intensity, referred to as pain rating schema. The 18-item Pain Schema Inventory (PSI-18) quantifies pain rating schema by asking for numeric values for multiple mild, moderate or severe pain conditions. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of a shortened form of the PSI, using only 6 items (PSI-6). Methods: A secondary analysis was performed on two existing datasets. The first (n = 641) involved a community-based population that completed the PSI-18. The second (n = 182) included participants with chronic pain who completed the PSI-6 twice, one week apart. We assessed face validity, convergent validity, offset biases, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency of the PSI-6 compared to the PSI-18. Results: Both the PSI-18 and PSI-6 demonstrated excellent face validity. The PSI-6 demonstrated excellent convergent validity relative to the PSI-18, with correlations from r = 0.88 to 0.92. Bland-Altman plots revealed offset biases near zero (< 0.22 on 0-10 scale) across all categories of mild, moderate, severe and average pain. Internal consistency was excellent, with Cronbach's Alpha = 0.91 and 0.80, for PSI-18 and PSI-6 respectively. Test-retest reliability of the PSI-6 was high with correlations from r = 0.70-0.76. Conclusion: The PSI-6 is a valid and reliable tool to assess pain rating schema with reduced subject burden, to better interpret individuals' pain ratings and adjust for inter-individual variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose was to investigate the psychometric features of the Feedback Quality Instrument (FQI) in medical students, emphasizing the instrument's utility for evaluating the quality of feedback provided in clinical contexts and the importance of performing so for medical trainees. Methods and material: The Persian version of the FQI was evaluated for content validity through a focus group of medical education experts. The questionnaire's face, content, and construct validity were assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability. The questionnaire was revised and pilot-tested, with medical students' feedback in different clinical situations. The data was analyzed using AMOS26. Results: The content validity index equaled 0.88(> 0.79). The content validity ratio representing the proportion of participants who agreed on a selected item was 0.69(> 0.42). According to experts, item 25 is the only modified item, while items 23 and 24 are presented as one item. For reliability, Cronbach alpha was equaled to 0.98. Conclusions: The Persian version of the Feedback Quality Instrument (FQI) was valid, reliable, and fair in assessing feedback quality in medical students, providing valuable insights for other institutions. Establishing a basis for systematically analyzing how certain educator behaviors affect student outcomes is practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Promoting patient participation stands as a global priority in nursing care. Currently, there is a lack of a standardized tool to assess the culture of patient participation from the perspective of nurses in China. Aims: To translate and examine the validity and reliability of the Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW) on general hospital wards in Chinese nursing context. Methods: A cross-sectional research study was conducted among 812 nurses. Brislin's recommendations were adhered to during the translation of the scale. Validity was assessed using construct validity, content validity, and face validity. Split-half reliability, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency reliability were used to evaluate dependability. The study was guided and reported following the STROBE checklist and recommendations for reporting the results of studies of instrument and scale development and testing. Results: The Chinese version of PaCT-HCW (the PaCT-HCW-C) exhibits good face validity and content validity. A rigorous exploratory factor analyse verified a six-factor (competence, support, perceived lack of time, information sharing and dialogue, response to questions and acceptance of a new role) scale structure with a cumulative variance contribution of the factors with 44 items of 68.840%. With a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.962, split-half reliability of 0.866, and intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.989, the instrument demonstrates great reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis results validated the consistency of the six factors with the structure of the PaCT-HCW-C scale. Conclusions: The 44-item PaCT-HCW-C is a valid and reliable instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties. It could serve as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of international programs aimed at fostering patient participation from the perspective of nurses, while also providing insights from China's practical experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyle medicine (LM) should be incorporated as part of routine clinical work and medical education programs. Objective: To develop and test the validity and reliability of a questionnaire that measures the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of LM domains among medical trainees through practicing physicians. Methods: The KAP questionnaire sections covered the nine domains of LM. The validation process included face and content validity. A total of 151 individuals from the medical field residing in Saudi Arabia were recruited through a convenient sampling technique to participate in the study. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to validate the knowledge domain, while exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess attitude and practice. Cronbach's alpha was performed to test the reliability of the three sections. Results: The questionnaire contained 37 items of knowledge, 45 attitudes, and 28 practice items. According to the IRT analysis, 27 items of knowledge were within the acceptable range of difficulty and discrimination. The EFA analysis resulted in 6 factors, including all the items in the attitude domain, and 4 factors, for a total of 27 items in the practice domain, with satisfactory factor loading (>0.4). The Cronbach's alpha for the three domains was very high (≥0.88). Conclusions: The KAP questionnaire for LM is valid and reliable across a spectrum, from medical trainees to practicing physicians. This tool could serve as an instrument to evaluate and develop adequate educational programs for medical doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Sensory processing sensitivity is a neurobiological trait that is related to many areas of life. The purpose of this study was to translate the original Sensory Processing Sensitivity Questionnaire to Persian and access the psychometric properties of the translated questionnaire in adults aged 18–45 years old. Methods: The questionnaire was translated using the International Quality of Life Assessment project's protocol. Face and content validity were checked by consulting 15 occupational therapists. The study included 142 participants aged 18–45 years with a mean age of 25.11 ± 7.825 years, without any disabilities. They were selected using non-probability sampling and were from all areas of Tehran. The participants completed Persian versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination, General Health Questionnaire-12, and Highly Sensitive Person Scale, as well as the translated Sensory Processing Sensitivity Questionnaire. They also completed the Goldberg Depression Scale, Beck's Anxiety Inventory and the neuroticism sub-scale of the Big Five Inventory. Convergent validity was investigated using the Highly Sensitive Person Scale to ensure reliability, and internal consistency analysis was used. Results: The quality of the translation was good. All items of the Sensory Processing Sensitivity Questionnaire maintained a high item impact score index, with values higher than 1.5, a content validity ratio higher than 0.60, and a content validity index higher than 0.80. A significant positive correlation (r=0.443, P<0.01) was found between the Sensory Processing Sensitivity Questionnaire scores and the Highly Sensitive Person Scale. The Persian translation of the Sensory Processing Sensitivity Questionnaire showed optimal internal consistency (α=0.826) based on Cronbach's alpha. The questionnaire demonstrated good test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.863). A significant positive correlation exists between sensory processing sensitivity and anxiety (r=0.188, P<0.05) and neuroticism (r=0.186, P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between sensory processing sensitivity and depression despite their direct relationship (r=0.138, P>0.05). In the control condition, similar results were observed. A significant and positive correlation was found between sensory processing sensitivity and neuroticism in both the depression control (r=0.289, P<0.05) and the anxiety control state (r=0.265, P<0.01). Furthermore, a significant and positive relationship was found between sensory processing sensitivity and anxiety in the control of neuroticism (r=0.305, P<0.01). However, no significant relationship was observed between sensory processing sensitivity and depression in the states of anxiety and neuroticism control (0.1000.05). The results of data analysis revealed that women (P=0.002) and employed people (P=0.059) had higher sensory processing sensitivity. Conclusions: The Persian version of the Sensory Processing Sensitivity Questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability in Persian-speaking adults aged 18-45 years old. Implications for practice: The Sensory Processing Sensitivity Questionnaire represents a convenient research tool for measuring sensory processing sensitivity because of its simple scoring system, it is quick to complete and it can be used in different situations, by rehabilitation service providers, especially occupational therapists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion There is no validated symptom scale for Swedish children with gastrointestinal disorders. Our aim was to validate the Swedish version of the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) gastrointestinal symptoms scale and symptoms module.Families were recruited from two hospitals in Gothenburg, Sweden, from 1 March 2021 to 31 October 2022. The instruments were completed by 115 children with functional, congenital or organic acquired gastrointestinal disorders and 149 of their parents. These were the gastrointestinal symptoms scales, symptoms module and the 4.0 Generic core scale. Data were analysed for feasibility, construct validity and reliability, including internal consistency, re‐test reliability and child–parent agreement.Feasibility was good, with a failure to respond of ≤5%. Construct validity showed strong correlation in the PedsQL gastrointestinal symptoms module. The known‐group validity agreed with the expectations associated with the disease characteristics (p < 0.05). Cronbach's alpha was 0.96, which indicated excellent internal reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the child self‐report and parent‐proxy report was 0.74, which indicated good agreement.The Swedish PedsQL Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scales, the symptoms module provided acceptable measurement properties and can be used to evaluate symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders and quality of life during clinical work or research projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and test the psychometric properties of an expanded catheter self‐management scale for patients with in‐dwelling urinary catheters. Design: A cross‐sectional validation study. Despite the utility of the original 13‐item catheter self‐management scale, this instrument did not include bowel management, general hygiene and drainage bag care, which are fundamental skills in urinary catheter self‐management to prevent common problems resulting in unnecessary hospital presentations. The expanded catheter self‐management scale was developed with 10 additional items to comprehensively assess all five essential aspects of urinary catheter self‐management. Methods: A total of 101 adult community‐dwelling patients living with indwelling urinary catheters were recruited from Western Sydney, Australia. Using exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation, the number of factors to be extracted from the expanded 23‐item expanded catheter self‐management scale was determined using a scree plot. The reliability of the overall scale and subscales was measured using Cronbach's alpha. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman's correlations between clinical characteristics, overall scale and subscales. Results: The 23‐item expanded catheter self‐management scale yielded a 5‐factor solution, labelled as: (i) self‐monitoring of catheter function, (ii) proactive, help‐seeking behaviour function, (iii) bowel self‐care function, (iv) hygiene‐related catheter site function and (v) drainage bag care function. Cronbach's alpha of the expanded catheter self‐management scale indicating all 23 items contributed to the overall alpha value. Convergent validity results showed a negative correlation between the overall expanded catheter self‐management scale and catheter‐related problems. Conclusion: The 5‐factor structure provided a comprehensive assessment of key aspects of urinary catheter self‐management essential to reduce the likelihood of catheter‐related hospital presentations. Implications: The expanded catheter self‐management scale can be used to assess and monitor effective patient‐centred interventions for optimal self‐management to prevent catheter‐related problems and improve the quality of life of patients. Impact: Many patients start their journey of living with a urinary catheter unexpectedly and are not supported with quality information to care for their catheter.The findings of this study show the correlation between catheter self‐management skills and catheter‐related problems.The expanded catheter self‐management scale (E‐CSM) assists with analysing the self‐management skills of patients living with a catheter and developing tailored interventions to prevent problems and improve their quality of life. In addition, this screening tool can be included in policies, guidelines, and care plans as a standard for improving catheter management and developing educational resources for patients. Reporting Method: STROBE checklist was used to report all aspects of this study comprehensively and accurately. Patient or Public Contribution: Patients living with indwelling urinary catheter and their carers have participated in surveys, interviews and co‐designing interventions. This paper reports the psychometric analysis of the expanded catheter self‐management scale (E‐CSM) used in the patient survey as part of the main study 'Improving Quality of Life of Patients Living with Indwelling Urinary Catheters: IQ‐IDC Study' (Alex et al. in Collegian, 29:405–413, 2021). We greatly value our consumers' contributions and continue to communicate the progress of the study to them. Their contributions will be acknowledged in all publications and presentations. In addition, all participants will be provided the option of receiving the interventions and publications generated from this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As individuals are likely to feel anxious in case of obscurities in distance education environments, it seems necessary to develop a data collection tool for anxiety in such environments. In this study, a scale was developed to reveal the anxiety levels of university students in distance education. Quantitative research method was used in the study. The study group consisted of 935 students in the first sample for exploratory factor analysis and 418 students in the second sample for confirmatory factor analysis including those who previously experienced distance education. After the validity and reliability were ensured in the study, the final version of the anxiety scale for distance education (ASDE) consisted of a total of 17 items and three dimensions. These dimensions were listed as readiness for the profession anxiety, social anxiety and privacy concern. Furthermore, to establish the concurrent validity, the Online Privacy Concern Scale and Anxiety subscale of Brief Symptom İnventory are administered to 219 and 197 students in the third and fourth samples as a criterion scale. The results of the analysis show that the ASDE is a reliable and valid measurement tool in determining the anxiety levels of university students in distance education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To translate and investigate inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, content validity, and construct validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese Version of the Brachial Plexus Outcome Measure Scale (BPOM-Br). The translation followed international guidelines. Inter-rater reliability was tested with 51 individuals with Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy (NBPP), aged between 4 to 16 years old. To determine concurrent construct validity, children were also assessed with the Mallet Scale. Statistical analysis included Bland-Altman, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Floor and Ceiling and effect, and Pearson correlation. The majority of the sample consisted of children with upper NBPP (75.2%), mean age of 8.9 years old. BPOM-Br showed appropriate content validity (comprehensiveness) according to rehabilitation professionals. It also showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.90) and internal consistency (α = 0.91). Bland-Altman analysis showed bias close to zero. Finally, BPOM-Br showed overall significant positive correlations with the Mallet scale items (rs= 0.31 to 0.78 p < 0.05), indicating adequate concurrent validity. BPOM-Br is a consistent, reliable, and valid instrument to assess activity of school-aged children with NBPP. The Brazilian-Portuguese Version of the Brachial Plexus Outcome Measure Scale (BPOM-Br) presents understandable items and no ceiling and floor effects. The BPOM-Br provides a valid and reliable version for use in Brazilian school-aged children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. It is important to promote its use both in clinical practice and in research as a specific evaluation of activity domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the availability of various tools for measuring medication adherence, efficiently identifying non-adherence levels and reasons at the point of care remains challenging. Existing tools often lack the ease of use needed for practical clinical application. This study aimed to develop and validate a user-friendly tool to provide healthcare professionals with a concise yet comprehensive means of identifying adherence behaviors. The methodology consisted of two phases: tool items were first developed using the nominal group technique with healthcare professionals, followed by a cross-sectional pilot study involving community-dwelling adults in Croatia. Validation analysis indicated acceptable face and content validity and satisfactory criterion validity, with Attitudes towards meDication adHErence self-Reported questionnairE (ADHERE-7) scores correlating with both the self-reported five-item Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5 tool) (ρ = 0.765; p < 0.001) and an objective measure of the proportion of days covered (PDC) from pharmacy prescription claims data (G = 0.586; p = 0.015). Construct validity revealed three factors: Aversion, Comfort, and Practical Non-Adherence, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.617 for Aversion and 0.714 for Comfort Non-Adherence. The mean total score for ADHERE-7 was 26.27 ± 2.41 (range 17 to 28). This robust validation process confirms the ADHERE-7 tool as a reliable instrument for assessing medication adherence, addressing aversion, comfort, practical issues, and both intentional and unintentional nonadherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. More than 1 million colorectal cancers (CRC) are diagnosed annually. This cancer is the cause of 600,000 deaths, and many of these deaths can be reduced by screening. Colonoscopy is the best screening method and tool to diagnose CRC, but it causes anxiety and worry in patients. In addition, no appropriate tool has so far been introduced for assessing anxiety in these patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods. This methodological study used a descriptive-cross-sectional approach to design a psychometric questionnaire. To this end, 106 patients participated in this research, and the questionnaire was completed online. The validity of the list and the analysis of its main components were determined through exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also checked with Cronbach’s alpha. Results. Overall, 20 terms of the questionnaire were examined by exploratory analysis, and 5 factors explained 57.76% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the tool with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91. Conclusion. The findings of the research revealed that the tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy with 20 items and 5 factors has adequate validity and reliability and can be used to assess the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. Practical Implications. The results of this research can change policies in the field of treatment to reduce the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nurses Professional Values Scale-3 (NPVS-3) is a psychometric instrument derived from a set of values initially established by the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics. The present study evaluates the reliability of the NPVS-3 scale for nursing students and nurses in Austria. Methods: A cross-sectional methodological study was conducted on 209 research participants, comprising 139 nursing students and 70 nurses, with the objective of determining the reliability of the Austrian version of the scale. A multilevel approach was employed in the study, encompassing cultural and linguistic validation, content validity, face validity, and construct validity. The scale translation was performed per the established translation stages of back-translation and was subsequently reviewed by an expert committee. The translated instrument was applied to the participants who completed an online survey between April and July 2023. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, while construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The Cronbach's alpha values obtained were deemed appropriate, with the following results: Caring (0.852), Activism (0.832), and Professionalism (0.676). Through factorial analysis, three factors were identified as original NPVS-3 and construct validity was verified. Conclusion: The Austrian version of the NPVS-3 demonstrated satisfactory validity, efficiently evaluating the professional values of nurses and nursing students in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusion This paper aims to develop and validate a taxonomy for the assessment of the subjective experience of curly hair manageability. It represents the latter of two iterative stages of a mixed‐method design interdisciplinary project.The qualitative stage of the study incorporated thematic analysis of 14 interview transcripts generated using a video‐ethnographic method (SEBE). A survey‐based instrument assessing different elements of the construct of hair manageability designed during the first stage of this project was further developed following consultations with experts with extensive experience in hair research, product development, testing and trichology. The instrument was tested online with 506 female participants self‐reporting natural curly hair, types 3A and higher according to the Andre Walker Curl Classification.The initial construct of four groups of hair goals received positive content validity from the experts. High scale reliability was achieved for the aesthetic, haptic and emotive goals' scales as well as for hair esteem (Cronbach's alpha >0.75). Curl type was the only personal hair attribute that was correlated with hair goals and perceptions. From the demographic and lifestyle data, only age was correlated with goals and willingness to try new products. Common hair practices and product usage were also correlated with hair curl and goals.The appropriateness of the instrument for measuring the strength of different hair goals and perceptions relevant to hair curvature degree and hair esteem has been validated. The instrument will support the development and testing of products better aligned with the manageability needs of very curly and textured hair. It was also confirmed that hair curvature is the most significant determinant of practices, and age of product attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pneumatic tourniquets are among the most essential equipment for controlling bleeding in orthopedic surgeries. However, incorrect application of pneumatic tourniquets is accompanied by many hazards and complications for patients. Evaluation of surgical teams' use of pneumatic tourniquets and establishment of protocols can play an important role in improving patient safety, minimizing risks, and increasing the lifetime of this equipment. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to develop and assess the psychometric properties of a pneumatic tourniquet work standards scale. Methods: The present study is a methodological work carried out in two stages. In the first stage, an initial version of the scale was developed based on existing research and panel reviews. In the second stage, the psychometric properties of the scale were tested in terms of face validity (measured qualitatively and quantitatively), content validity (measured qualitatively and quantitatively), item analysis, construct validity, and reliability (internal consistency and stability). Results: The initial version of the scale consisted of 91 items. After several meetings of the research team, the number of items decreased to 81. In the course of face and content validity testing, 40 items were eliminated, leaving 41 items on the scale when it entered the construct validity testing stage. For evaluation of construct validity, a sample of 300 operating room nurses was recruited. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results showed a structure supported by seven factors and 41 items. The reliability of the scale was confirmed by internal consistency analysis, with a good Cronbach's alpha (0.85), and test–retest analysis, with good values of ICC (0.95). Conclusion: The present instrument is a reliable and valid scale which fills the gap in assessment of surgical team members' use of pneumatic tourniquets. The developed scale can be employed by researchers and managers of medical centers to identify hazards in applying pneumatic tourniquets and devise educational programs to eliminate or reduce the existing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to assess the methods used for ripening fruits by sellers and to examine the knowledge regarding the health risks associated with the use of calcium carbide (CaC2) among both fruit sellers and consumers in Ado-Ekiti. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire administered in major markets within Ado-Ekiti. Knowledge levels were categorized into good (> 70% score), fair (50–69% score), and poor (< 50% score). One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Independent sample t-test was used to indicate knowledge score difference with respect to socio demographic characteristics. Results: The study involved 357 consumers and 20 fruit sellers, with a majority being females (54.9% of consumers; 80.0% of sellers) and aged predominantly between 18–27 years and 28–39 years. The findings revealed that the use of CaC2 (50%) and natural ripening methods (100%) were common among fruit sellers. Sellers cited cancer (60%), bacterial infections (35%), and chest tightness (15%) as associated risks with CaC2 usage. Similarly, consumers expressed concerns about consuming CaC2-ripened fruits, attributing risks such as abdominal burns (70%), cancer (70.6%), and diarrhoea (67.3%). A significant proportion of sellers (90%) exhibited poor knowledge regarding the risks associated with CaC2, while 24.6% of consumers demonstrated fair knowledge on the subject. Conclusion: The study identified common fruit ripening practices among sellers. Fruit sellers showed poor knowledge, while consumers displayed fair to poor understanding of health risks linked to calcium carbide use in artificial fruit ripening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses the construct of fantasy proneness that is unexplored in the context of Turkey by adapting and assessing the psychometric properties of the widely accepted Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ), aiming to fill a significant gap in existing literature and contribute to the understanding of this construct and its correlates in a population aged between 18 and 60 years. The Turkish version of the CEQ demonstrated face validity, aligning participant responses with fantasy, imagination, and dissociation (n = 15). Exploratory Factor Analysis confirmed a single-factor solution based on the scree plot graphic, without item removal (n = 310). Reliability and validity analyses (N = 464) affirmed robustness with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.78, McDonald's Omega = 0.77) and test-retest reliability (n = 110, r =.72). Convergent validity was supported by correlations with dissociative experiences (r =.51) and magical ideation (r =.51). Discriminant validity was evident in negative correlations with social desirability (r = -.10, p <.05), notably, impression management (r = -.12, p <.05), indicating unbiased capture of fantasy experiences. Predictive validity was supported by a positive correlation observed between fantasy proneness and interest in creative activities (r =.21). Participants engaged in or aspiring to engage in creative activities professionally scored notably higher, broadening implications for creativity research. Similarities between the original and Turkish versions suggested cultural variations do not significantly affect fantasy proneness in adults. Considering limitations, future research should explore age-related variations of fantasy proneness as well as its association with social desirability. Implications extend to clinical research, emphasizing consideration of fantasy proneness and its correlates in psychopathological and broader psychological health studies in Turkey and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the need for a validated and relevant scale for assessing frailty, we aimed to translate and adapt a specific tool, ‘Edmonton Frail Scale’ (EFS), into the Persian language and evaluate its psychometric properties. In this methodological and cross-sectional study, we recruited 347 older adults in Naqadeh, Iran. Next, by using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), we examined the construct validity of the p-EFS. The internal consistency/reliability was estimated by computing Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. The Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor model that included 11 items and accounted for 49.00% of the variance. Additionally, the construct validity of this three-factor model was supported by the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. The remerged factors were 1) functional, physiological, and cognition status, 2) medication, nutrition status, and social support, and 3) general health status. The Iranian version of EFS is a valid and reliable scale that we suggest for specialists, physicians, and health workers to measure frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate knowledge about HPV and its vaccine, additionally, to examine the effect of knowledge about HPV and its vaccine on perceived benefits and barriers to HPV vaccination among individuals in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed in the western region of Saudi Arabia through a self-administered web-based survey. The survey assessed knowledge, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers to HPV vaccination. Results: A total of 1149 eligible participants completed the survey. Participants exhibited limited knowledge of HPV and its vaccine, with an average total score of 4.76 out of 15. Over 80% of participants were unaware that HPV may not show symptoms, cannot lead to HIV, and is not treatable with antibiotics. Over half were unaware that HPV can cause cervical cancer, oral cancer, or genital warts. Unmarried and graduate-educated participants demonstrated greater knowledge. Perceived benefits were positively associated with knowledge levels, while perceived barriers were negatively associated with knowledge levels after controlling for other variables. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for education and healthcare efforts to raise knowledge about HPV and its vaccine in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Also, this study indicated that enhanced knowledge boosts positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, while reducing perceived barriers, thereby increasing vaccination rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMethodsResultsConclusionTeam-based learning (TBL) is an evidence-based approach to promote teamwork. Peer evaluation (PE) is an essential component to shape future team engagement and promote reflection. As PEs vary in use, implementation, and assessment, this study establishes the content and construct validity of a formative PE tool for a TBL course.A ten-item instrument was developed based on a comprehensive review of PE literature and was critically edited by a team of experienced educators. Each student in a graduate histology course rated peers at two timepoints on a scale from Never to Always (0–3). The instrument’s factor structure was analyzed by dividing the response set (D1 and D2); with D1 utilized for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and D2 for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Cronbach’s alpha assessed internal consistency.Data from 158 students across four cohorts were included in the analyses (D1, D2 = 972). A three-factor solution had good overall internal consistency (alpha = 0.82), and within the subscales ranged from 0.67 to 0.81. The factor structures were resonant with existing literature on (1) preparation, (2) providing feedback, and (3) feedback receptivity and attitude.This study establishes evidence of content and construct validity of a formative PE instrument for a TBL course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health-promoting environments are a key focus of the Ottawa Strategic Charter, which aims to enhance health in the workplace and reduce unhealthy behaviors among employees. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of health-promoting interventions on the habits of university staff in Southeastern Iran. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted from 2020 to 2021 in Zahedan, Southeastern Iran. A total of 254 administrative staff from the University of Medical Sciences and Sistan & Balochistan University were selected using available randomized methods and divided into control and intervention groups. The study instrument was a researcher-designed questionnaire, which demonstrated a content validity ratio (CVR) of 0.8, a Content Validity Index (CVI) ranging from 0.83 to 0.97, and an internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. The questionnaire was distributed online via the Porsline platform. For the intervention, training sessions were conducted online, and the session files and training booklet were made available to intervention group staff through the university's education system. A post-test was administered one month after the pretest. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software, with pretest results adjusted using chi-square and ANCOVA statistical tests. Results: The study found that the mean age of participants was 40.5 ± 7.4 years. Scores for employee knowledge, attitude, and behavior were 80.0 ± 16.4, 86.6 ± 22.8, and 80.8 ± 17.6, respectively. The most significant factors influencing attitudes were education (P < 0.001) and health status (P = 0.001). Type of employment (P = 0.025), work experience (P = 0.017), and health status (P = 0.037) were also significantly associated with behavior. After adjusting for pretest results, there were significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of scores for knowledge, attitude, and behavior (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The study concluded that employees with correct attitudes and healthy behaviors reported better health outcomes. Additionally, educational interventions effectively improved staff knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. To enhance health status, reduce employee disability, decrease absenteeism, and increase organizational productivity, it is recommended to plan and implement workplace health promotion programs focused on employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Nursing care is a unique and indispensable concept for nursing that includes helping to meet the needs of an individual or a group of individuals offered by nurses. This study is aimed to test the validity and reliability of theTurkish version of the Quality Nursing Care Scale (QNCS-T). Materials and Methods The methodological approach employed in this study spanned from April 25, 2021, to May 5, 2021, and enlisted the participation of 347 nurses. Data collection was executed utilizing a “Personal Information Form” and the “Quality Nursing Care Scale (QNCS).” The research comprised two phases: Phase 1 involved the adaptation of the scale, while Phase 2 focused on determining construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was assessed through measures of internal consistency and item-total correlation coefficients. Results and Discussion The adaptation phase yielded affirmative outcomes, affirming the linguistic and content validation of the Turkish version of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a highly favorable fit for a six-factor model. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire scale was determined to be 0.93, attesting to its strong internal consistency. Conclusion The Turkish version of the Quality Nursing Scale showed consistently good psychometric properties of reliability and validity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Smooth transition from study to work is crucial in preparing students for work. Although the questionnaire was used in previous studies to measure transition to work, a limited validated questionnaire is available. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable Study-to-Work Transition Questionnaire, Malaysian Version (S2WTQMV) that can be used to identify challenges that students face during clinical posting, work readiness, and job satisfaction. Materials and methods: The development of S2WTQMV was conducted in five phases: i) a questionnaire development through literature review; ii) a content validation of the questionnaire; iii) a feasibility study of the questionnaire; iv) the distribution of the questionnaire to 130 occupational therapy alumni; and v) a construct validation of the questionnaire using the ADANCO Version 2.1.1. Results: The questionnaire's content validity achieved I-CVI ≥0.78 and S-CVI/Ave ≥0.90. Four items with low factor loading (<0.50) and four items with low AVE were removed. The convergent validity of the questionnaire achieved AVE ≥0.50. Good construct reliability was also indicated based on the Dijkstra-Henseler's rho, Jöreskog's rho and Cronbach's alpha values of more than 0.70. Conclusion: S2WTQMV is acceptable to be used as a tool to identify the challenges faced during clinical posting, work readiness and job satisfaction of graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic evaluations of interventions in health and social care require outcome measures that capture their full benefits, including those beyond health. This study aimed to assess construct validity, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness of the newly developed 10-item Well-being instrument (WiX). Data were gathered via an online survey in a representative sample of the adult general population in The Netherlands (N = 1045). Construct validity was assessed by inspecting convergent, structural, and discriminant validity, following the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments methodology. Regression analyses of the WiX and its items on other validated measures of well-being were performed to assess the convergent validity of the instrument and the relevance of its items. Dimensionality of the WiX was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. To assess discriminant validity, several hypotheses in terms of well-being differences were assessed. Finally, a second survey was sent out 2 weeks after the initial survey (n = 563; 53.9% response rate) to assess the test-retest reliability and responsiveness of the WiX. The WiX showed to be correlated with alternative well-being measures as expected and able to sufficiently differentiate between relevant subgroups in the population. Moreover, the dimensionality analysis indicated that the WiX captures a broad array of elements relevant to well-being, including physical and mental health. The test-retest reliability was good, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.82. The results regarding the WiX are favorable and indicate that this new instrument may be a promising alternative for existing measures of well-being for evaluating interventions in health and social care. • Economic evaluations of interventions in health and social care require outcome measures that capture their full benefits, including those beyond health. For this purpose, outcome measures capturing overall well-being comprehensively are needed. • The 10-item Well-being instrument (WiX) was developed to improve welfare economic evaluations in the field of health and social care, while also allowing comparisons with interventions in other sectors or across sectors. The WiX comprehensively measures the satisfaction of members of the adult population on 10 important domains of well-being. • The WiX seems to be a promising alternative for existing measures of well-being for evaluating interventions in health and social care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to adapt the workplace cyber incivility scale, which consists of 14 statements and 2 dimensions developed by Lim and Teo (2009), to both today and Turkish, and to study its validity and reliability. In the scale adaptation study, data were obtained from 2 separate samples. The first of these groups consists of academics (n=183), and the second consists of people working in three different sectors (n=202). For the validity of the scale, construct validity, convergent and divergent validities were performed. As a result of the validity analysis, 1 statement from the 14-statement scale was removed from the scale as a result of exploratory factor analysis. For criterion-related validity, the relationship between the total and dimensions of the scale and life satisfaction was examined and all relationships were found to be negative. For reliability analysis, the Cronbach Alpha (CA) coefficient of the first group and the Cronbach Alpha and Combined Reliability (CR) coefficients of the second group were examined. As a result of the reliability analysis of the scale, it was determined that it was a reliable scale in both groups. As a result of the study, it was determined that the cyber incivility scale at work is a scale compatible with the Turkish business world, consisting of 13 items and 2 dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Evaluating the psychometric and clinical performances of the RM-18, the shorter version of the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ), in Italian people with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) as a time-saving and clinically useful method of assessing disability. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 74 people (52 females and 22 males, 53.03 ± 15.25 years old) with NSLBP. The RM-18, the RMQ, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and a pain intensity numerical rating scale (NRS) were administered. Psychometric testing included reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test–retest measurement (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC2.1), and concurrent validity by comparing the RM-18 with the RMQ and the ODI (Pearson's r correlation). Two separate regression analyses were performed to investigate the different impact of RM-18 and RMQ on NRS. Results. Cronbach's α of RM-18 was 0.92 and ICC (2,1) = 0.96. Strong correlations were found with the RMQ and the ODI (r = 0.98; r = 0.78, respectively). The regression models showed that the RM-18 and the RMQ similarly impacted the NRS (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The RM-18 showed satisfactory psychometric testing and similarly impacted the NRS when compared to the RMQ. It can be recommended for clinical and research purposes in Italian people with NSLBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lymphedema is a common complication following gynecological cancer treatment, particularly affecting the lower limbs. However, self-reported data on lymphedema detection remain scarce. To address this gap, Yost developed the Lower Extremity Lymphedema Screening Questionnaire (LELSQ) specifically for women. The LELSQ is a straightforward and user-friendly tool designed for the early identification of lower extremity lymphedema (LEL). The validation of the questionnaire in Dutch was crucial for a larger trial called "The Gynolymph", since there were no validated questionnaires in Dutch for the detection of early LEL. This trial aims to enroll four hundred patients who will utilize the screening tool as part of a patient-reported assessment. By doing so, the trial seeks to detect the early development of lymphedema after cancer treatment. To ensure unbiased results, the study team translated and adapted the lymphedema questionnaire to Dutch. The cross-sectional survey conducted during this process demonstrated high internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and validity. Additionally, face and content validity were confirmed, allowing for the implementation of the questionnaire in the early detection of LEL among Dutch-speaking women. Background: Validated questionnaires of self-reported LEL are important in the assessment and diagnosis of LEL. The aim of this study was to validate and translate a Dutch version of the screening questionnaire, the LELSQ developed and validated by Yost et al. Methods: We tested the questionnaire on a group of healthy women and a group of patients diagnosed with LEL. The translation was carried out using the forward and backward method from English to Dutch. Statistical analyses: SPSS (IBM corp, Armonk, New York, NY, USA) version 28.0.1.0 (001) was used for statistical analysis in the process of validation. The internal consistency was assessed by determining Cronbach's alpha. The reliability was tested by test–retest reliability. The validity was determined by ROC analysis, and content and face validity were evaluated. Results: The internal consistency score in both groups had a strong value (0.83 to 0.90). The test–retest reliability was also strong in both groups. Face and content validity showed the LELSQ is an easy, understandable questionnaire that is not too time-consuming in the early detection of LEL. The ROC analysis showed an AUC value of 0.93, indicating strong validity. Conclusions: The validated Dutch translation showed high values for internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and validity, which allows us to implement the questionnaire in the early detection of LEL after gynecological cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego -- Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) assesses five affective temperaments and has been translated into 32 languages. A 35-item short version is available in Persian, but the complete version is not yet translated. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the complete Persian version of the TEMPS-A in an Iranian population. Method: This descriptive study translated the TEMPS-A questionnaire from English to Persian using a standard forwardbackward method. The translation was evaluated for face and content validity by 10 psychiatry specialists, with quantitative content validity assessed through content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) calculations. The Persian TEMPS-A was completed twice, with a two-week interval, by 30 individuals out of the 319 medical staff of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran, Iran, who participated in the study, and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. The questionnaire was then distributed to the entire sample (n = 319) for the analysis of temperament frequencies and statistical indices by a statistician. Results: The Persian version of the TEMPS-A, consisting of 110 items across five factors (depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious), demonstrated excellent reliability with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.910, 0.909, 0.911, 0.910, and 0.909, respectively. The questions related to cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments exhibited the highest and lowest correlation coefficients with the general scale, respectively. Most subscales in the Persian TEMPS-A version showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.28 to 0.68. An ANOVA with Cochrane's test revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of the questionnaire items (P < 0.001), with a grand mean score of 1.73 across all questions. Conclusion: The Persian version of the TEMPS-A, consisting of 110 items, showed good internal consistency and a strong correlation with the original version. This suggests that it is suitable for use in temperament studies among the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Effective communication skills (CS) are essential for occupational therapists. The Gap–Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Form (GKCSAF) is a standard tool for assessing the CS of medical residents. However, the interrater reliability for the nine CS domain scores ranges from poor to good. The intrarater reliability remains unclear. Objective: To examine the inter- and intrarater reliability of the GKCSAF's nine domain scores and total score among occupational therapy interns. Design: Repeated assessments with the GKCSAF. Setting: Medical center psychiatry department. Participants: Twenty-five interns and 49 clients with mental illness, recruited from August 2020 to December 2021. Outcomes and Measures: The transcripts of 50 evaluation interviews between clients and interns were used. Three independent raters assessed each transcript twice, at least 3 mo apart. Results: The GKCSAF demonstrated poor interrater reliability for the nine domain scores (weighted κ =.08–.30) and the total score (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] =.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] [.10,.35]). The GKCSAF showed poor to intermediate intrarater reliability for the nine domain scores (weighted κ =.27–.73) and fair reliability for the total score (ICC =.69, 95% CI [.60,.77]). Conclusions and Relevance: The GKCSAF demonstrates poor interrater reliability and poor to intermediate intrarater reliability for the nine domain scores. However, it demonstrates fair intrarater reliability in assessing the overall CS performance of occupational therapy interns. Significant variations were observed when different raters assessed the same interns' CS, indicating inconsistencies in ratings. Consequently, it is advisable to conservatively interpret the CS ratings obtained with the GKCSAF. Plain-Language Summary: It is essential for occupational therapists to effectively communicate with clients. The Gap–Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Form (GKCSAF) is a standard tool that is used to assess the communication skills of medical residents. The study authors used the GKCSAF with occupational therapy interns in a medical center psychiatry department to assess how effectively they interviewed clients with mental illness. This study aids occupational therapy personnel in the interpretation of GKCSAF results. The study findings also highlight the importance of developing reliable and standardized measures to assess communications skills in the field of occupational therapy. The authors used the Gap–Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Form with occupational therapy interns in a medical center psychiatry department to assess how effectively they interviewed clients with mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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