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Aim: The aim of this research was to measure the relationship between the Croatian academic and industry sectors. Methods: Method used in this research was co- authorship analysis. Analysing co-authored publications has become the standard way of measuring research collaborations (1). The research papers produced in university-industry collaborations tend to be co-authored by scientists from both institutions. In an analysis of the institutional affiliations of the authors of such papers, a link is found between the two institutions. This type of collaboration is sometimes denoted as formal collaboration (2), but can also indicate the achievement of access to an often informal network. It can be viewed as a successful scientific collaboration among institutions, while also indicating diffusion of knowledge and skills (3). The advantages of assessing research collaborations through co- authorships are that the indicator is quantifiable and invariant, the measurement does not affect the collaboration process and the analysis is relatively inexpensive. Although some forms of university-industry collaboration do not generate co-authored papers and some co- authored papers do not reflect actual collaboration (1, 4), analysis of co-authorship is the most often indicator used for measuring research collaborations, evidently because it offers notable advantages in counter point to the limitations (4). Co-authorship as indicator of university-industry collaboration is also used in several world university rankings, such as the freely available web-based Leiden Ranking and in U-Multirank (5, 6). Aggregate-level data on countries is used for European Commission’s Innovation Union Scoreboard and the U21 university association’s Ranking of National Higher Education Systems (5). This research find averages of research papers Croatian public universities and research institutes co- authored with industry sector from 2011. to 2016. Those averages are compared to the global average. Croatian universities averages were also compared to those of biggest regional general public universities. Furthermore, research areas in which most of the Croatian university-industry occur and the companies which collaborate most with Croatian universities were identified. The data for this research is extracted from InCites, a Clarivate Analitics citation-based evaluation tool that gathers data from the Web of Science Core Collection database. During the time of this research, InCites held data for seven Croatian public universities (University of Zagreb, University of Split, University of Rijeka, University of J. J. Strossmayer Osijek, University of Zadar, University of Dubrovnik and University of Juraj Dobrila Pula) and six Croatian research institutes (Ruđer Bošković Institute, Institute for Medical Research & Occupational Health, Institute of Physics Zagreb, Croatian Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts and Croatian Forest Research Institute). Those twelve institutions were included in this research. Results and Discussion: The results showed that industry co-authorship averages of all Croatian universities and research institutes, with exception of University of Split, are below the global average. As much as three universities (University of Zadar, University of Dubrovnik and University of Juraj Dobrila Pula) and four research institutes (Institute of Physics Zagreb, Croatian Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts, CroatianForest Research Institute) had no research papers co-authored with industry sector. Both Ruđer Bošković Institute and Institute for Medical Research & Occupational Health are under the global average. Only exception was the year 2011., when Institute for Medical Research & Occupational Health was slightly above the global average. In the comparison of 15 regional general public universities University of Split was in the third place, University of Zagreb in eleventh, University of Rijeka in twelfth and University of J. J. Strossmayer Osijek in the last place. Most collaboration between Croatian public universities and industry sector occurred in research areas from the fields of medicine and computer science. From those fields also came corporations that have co- authorship most papers in collaboration with Croatian universities: GlaxoSmithKline, Ericsson, Novo Nordiks, Pfizer, Roche Holding etc. Conclusion: Co-authorship analysis suggests that there is only a weak link between Croatian public universities and industry sector. The link is even weaker between Croatian public research institutes and industry sector. The only exception is the University of Split, with co- authorship averages above the global average and above most of regional universities. Most university-industry collaboration occur in the field of medicine and information science, and most corporations that collaborate with Croatian universities come from those fields. Conclusions that came from this analysis are based on one indicator, co-authorship of research papers. Additional research, such as patentometric analysis, is required to validify the results of this research.

Makrofiti su biljke koje rastu djelomično ili potpuno u vodi. Prema smještaju i načinu rasta u vodenom okolišu mogu se podijeliti na submerzne makrofite, makrofite ukorijenjene na dnu s plutajućim listovima, makrofite s listovima koji izlaze iz vode i slobodno plutajuće makrofite. Pod pojmom makrofita obuhvaćene su međusobno vrlo različite i nesrodne skupine te u njih ubrajamo vrste koje pripadaju sjemenjačama, papratnjačama, mahovinama i parožinama. Najvažnije prilagodbe makrofita na vodeni okoliš su aerenhim, slabija lignifikacija, tanka kutikula, povećanje površine submerznih listova, hidropoti te posebni enzimski mehanizmi za primanje ugljikovog dioksida. U ovom radu ukratko su opisani abiotički čimbenici koji utječu na rast i sastav zajednice makrofita (prozirnost vode, temperatura vode, sadržaj hranjivih tvari, osobine supstrata i kretanja vode). Također, najčešće vrste makrofita u Hrvatskoj podijeljene su prema smještaju u vodenom okolišu te su unutar tih ekoloških klasa opisane neke od važnijih zajednica. Macrophytes are plants that grow partially or fully submersed in water. Considering their habitat and growth form they can be classified as submersed macrophytes, macrophytes rooted underwater with floating leaves, macrophytes with leaves above water and free-floating macrophytes. Term macrophyte includes species from very different and phylogenetically unrelated groups (spermatophytes, pteridophytes, bryophytes and charophytes). The most important traits that help macrophtyes to adapt to their habitat include aerenchyma, poor lignification, thin cuticle, increased submersed leaf surface, hydropotes and special enzymatic mechanism for carbon dioxide uptake. This paper reviews abiotic parameters that affect growth and occurrence of macrophytes (water transparency, water temperature, water nutrition content, substrate characteristics and water movements). Also, most common macrophyte species that occur in Croatia are classified by their habitats and in that classes the most important plant associations are described.