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On September 20th, 2013, the Cabinet passed the draft amendments to the Criminal Code, which carry out a comprehensive reform of the system of criminal liability of legal persons and include a new offense, consisting of the breach of the duty of supervision or control, whose potential offenders are managers/directors or legal representatives of the legal person. As a consequence, this paper addresses the most significant issues of the current system of criminal liability of legal persons, the main amendments that have been proposed regarding the system, as well as the structure, scope and limits of the new offense that managers of legal persons may commit, which is expected to be included in the new Criminal Code, under article 286.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the theories of criminal law code theorist Paul Robinson. She discusses his deeds theory, in which he argues that justifications for citizen behavior are determined by objective facts, and his reasons theory, in which he argues that a defendant's beliefs cannot justify wrongful behavior. She suggests that a combination of his deeds and reasons theories lead to inconsistencies in criminal law.

The military justice code, in 1936, although its adoption has undergone many changes, after three decades of application and two decades after the country's political regime change became a law that no longer corresponded to the changes undergone by the Romanian society, as a whole, and the military organization, in particular. The diversity of the general rules determined the existence of parallel criminality, which provided different punishment for identical offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, written within the framework of penal theories, seeks to establish the most widely applied criterion used by our recent jurisprudence in the application of and justification for penal sanction. In this respect, and based on analysis of the penal theory that underlies and is recognized by the current Chilean Penal Code, this article proposes the establishment of a criterion which is mainly compensatory, proportional and linked to the normative judgment of guilt to legitimize its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the crime of trafficking in humans concerning the new edition of its legal construction (23, June 2005) in the Criminal Code of Republic of Lithuania. The definition of trafficking in humans was formulated in the November15, 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, then was adopted by the July 19, 2002 EU Council Framework Decision on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, and in June 23, 2005 put into national criminal legislation of Lithuania. The legal construction of the new edition of the norm is quite complicated and this creates some problems of its conceptual explanations and application into practice. The author provides with brief legal characteristic of the norms on trafficking in humans, then turns his attention to the problematic points of this crime, analyses the recent important verdicts of courts in the trafficking cases. The special attention is paid to the cassation decision of the Supreme Court (March 28, 2006), which has given some explanations on the new norm of trafficking and formulated important rules of incriminating the trafficking in humans in cases where the victim gives his consent to be involved into prostitution and trafficked abroad. The article also gives some scientific recommendations on motivation of the opposition of this crime to the protected value of personal freedom, where the victim gives his consent to the intended exploitation, as well as explains how to identify the facts of the abuse of the position of victim's vulnerability and dependency, using of deceit, intent and aim of exploitation of the victim, how to delimit this crime from related crimes of making profit of prostitution of another person and involving into prostitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]