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Saudi Law criminalizes forging of medical reports and certificates, and places it under crimes with light punishment in the penal law for forgery. Because of the wide spread commission of this crime among a category that should not be underrated, and the fact that a lot of people are ignorant of the legal consequence of being indicted for such an offence, it has become imperative to do a detailed research on this crime and to know the legal pillars of it and to evaluate the extent of adequacy of it light punishment in preventing its spread. The research aims at studying this crime according to Saudi Law and knowing the legal principles regulating its various aspects such as its meaning, pillars, legal consequence, and penalties. The researcher used the descriptive approach in reviewing the Saudi law, In addition to the analytical approach to the law articles related to the subject . The major research findings include: that the legal clauses criminalizing forging of medical reports and certificates did not differentiate between medical report and medical certificate. That the law equates the penalty of this crime for all professionals such as doctors, nurses, administrators in medical agencies and ordinary people. The research recommends the need for severe penalty in situation where the crime occurred with the knowledge of a general employee or in situation where the general employees commits this crime together with bribery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forms of dealing with medicines and medical preparations is governed by legal rules. If the transaction becomes a violation of the law، then it constitutes a criminal behavior that deserves punishment، protecting the interest، the human right to the safety of his body and to preserve the national economy. Therefore، fraud and imitation of medicines and medical preparations are crimes that have specific criminal penalties in the comparative legislation and Iraqi legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forms of dealing with medicines and medical preparations is governed by legal rules. If the transaction becomes a violation of the law، then it constitutes a criminal behavior that deserves punishment، protecting the interest، the human right to the safety of his body and to preserve the national economy. Therefore، fraud and imitation of medicines and medical preparations are crimes that have specific criminal penalties in the comparative legislation and Iraqi legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a large collection of official statistics and case studies across colonial boundaries, this paper analyzes the context and incidence of currency counterfeiting in inter-war British West Africa. It examines the phenomenon in the interlocking contexts of the inter-war economic depression, colonial monetary policy, imperial-colonial relations, transnational criminality, international policing and justice systems, the travails of indigenous entrepreneurship, and the driving forces of social prestige and agency. A key feature was the widespread involvement of African merchants who had fallen on hard times occasioned by the Great Depression. The loss of social status in the face of business bankruptcy underlay recourse to currency counterfeiting as an exit strategy. In spite of the limited success of counterfeiting schemes and the small amount of counterfeits in circulation, the coordinated countermeasures of colonial and imperial governments reveal the extent to which counterfeiting was considered a menace to West African currency and economic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It had its own characteristics that distinguished Beyoğlu from other administrative districts in Payitaht, especially in the second half of the 19th century. This was the center where various states’ embassies were located. The ancient Galata which was a trade center with sarrafs, bankers and traders was here. The amount, circulation speed of money was quite high here. It was a region that stands out with its multicultural structure where foreigners, Levantines and non-Muslim population were concentrated, work and reside. Beyoğlu was also the place where the security problems were experienced most in the capital in this period and crimes were recorded most in terms of various and quantity. Because of all these features that make Beyoğlu different, the officers to be assigned here were been selected with great care. In this sense, Bahri Pasha, who has served here for a long period of nine years, in various positions, was a successful manager. As a matter of fact, he was awarded with different degrees of medals in different years. However, Bahri Pasha had a lot of enemies as well as his friends because of his duty. Here he was accused of counterfeiting, which led him to have hard times while he was a manager. He was dismissed, arrested and tried. The events that took place in this process caused the reaction of Sultan Abdulhamid. What happened to Bahri Pasha is pointing out the existence of some power centers that were influential around the government and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Important questions have arisen about the capacity of traditional questioned document methodology to differentiate between genuine and forged exemplars of an author's handwriting. This paper does not address that dispute. The paper describes the first part of a research project investigating whether imitators (forgers) can reliably differentiate between genuine samples and forgeries. This paper takes a different, cognitive neuroscience approach and investigates the overlooked topic of the mental processing of forgeries by forgers. The paper tried to examine the neural mechanisms of imitators' (forgers') attentive processing of forged and genuine exemplars. The data in this initial phase of the study showed imitators experienced more difficulty evaluating their own forgeries perhaps because the forgeries included both the features they had consciously copied and some of their own handwriting characteristics that they could not completely suppress. A subsequent phase of the study will use self-reporting and eye movement tracking studies, in this phase we shall attempt to identify the specific types of features the imitators relied on in correctly classifying the exhibit as a forgery. We shall then enlist the services of experienced questioned document examiners endeavor to determine whether those characteristics appear in genuine exemplars of the forgers' handwriting. The identification of those categories of features may hold the potential for improving both the detection of forgeries and the identification of the forger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70), many people in the secessionist Republic of Biafra resorted to forgery, confidence scams, and other forms of fraud to survive the dire conditions created by Nigeria's blockade. Forgery of passes and other documents, fraudulent commercial transactions, and elaborate schemes involving impersonation and racketeering became common in Biafra, intensifying as the Biafran government's ability to enforce the law diminished. Using long-neglected legal records from Biafra's courts and tribunals, this study traces the process by which deception emerged as a practice of survival in wartime Biafra – a process with important implications for the growth of fraud (known as ‘419’ after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code) in reintegrated postwar Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital image forgery detection is important because of its wide use in applications such as medical diagnosis, legal investigations, and entertainment. Copy-move forgery is one of the famous techniques, which is used in region duplication. Many of the existing copy-move detection algorithms cannot effectively blind detect duplicated regions that are made by powerful image manipulation software like Photoshop. In this study, a new method is proposed for blind detecting manipulations in digital images based on modified fractal coding and feature vector matching. The proposed method not only detects typical copy-move forgery, but also finds multiple copied forgery regions for images that are subjected to rotation, scaling, reflection, and a mixture of these postprocessing operations. The proposed method is robust against tampered images undergoing attacks such as Gaussian blurring, contrast scaling, and brightness adjustment. The experimental results demonstrated the validity and efficiency of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the number of criminal charges among problem gamblers (N = 384) and non-problem gamblers including non-gamblers (N = 18,241) and examines whether problem gambling is more strongly associated with income-generating crimes like theft, fraud and forgery than other types of crimes such as violent crimes. A cohort study was carried out, based on data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys in 2005 and 2010, which were linked at the individual level with data from The Danish National Criminal Register. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between problem gambling and charges for different categories of crime. We found that problem gamblers had significantly higher odds of being charged than non-problem gamblers (adjusted odds ratio 1.5; 95 % confidence interval 1.1-1.9). The odds ratio for economic crime charges was 2.6 (1.5-4.5), for violence charges 2.2 (1.1-4.5), and for drug charges 3.7 (1.7-8.0). For road traffic charges the odds ratio was 1.3 (1.0-1.8). Hence, there was a strong association between problem gambling and being charged except for road traffic charges; however the association was not stronger for economic charges than for violence and drug charges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses two aspects of the migration and crime. First, it explores the crimes associated with internal and external migrants. The analysis shows that foreigners in Russia are more often charged with low gravity crimes such as “forgery of documents” and “illegal crossing of the border.” With regard to other types of crimes there are almost no difference between Russian citizens and foreigners. Second, the paper discusses the inequality between Russians and foreigners before criminal court which could be found from the analysis of the judicial statistics. Russian judges do indeed convict foreigners more often than citizens of Russian Federation. They also more often sentence foreigners to real imprisonment and more rarely choose suspended sentence. However, when it comes to the length of incarceration term, Russian judges tend to be more lenient to migrants than to Russians and systematically give them shorter prison terms than to Russian citizens. The study is based on the dataset of 1,5 million individual cases considered by Russian Courts in 2009-first half of 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective To review confidentiality requirements of prescribers who become aware of a forged prescription. Design A case is reviewed in which a prescriber believes that a prescription has been forged. Results The literature and law related to prescription forgery and confidentiality are reviewed. Although prescription forgery is a crime, the prescriber's responsibility for reporting to law enforcement is not clear under current state and federal law. Federal laws and regulations, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA), do not permit prescribers in all circumstances to disclose prescription fraud to law enforcement. Conclusions Under common circumstances, HIPAA may prohibit prescribers from reporting prescription forgery to law enforcement. However, collaborating with a dispensing pharmacist may offer a lawful pathway to reporting prescription forgery. State legislature may consider laws that clarify the reporting responsibilities of prescribers in cases of prescription forgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engagement in criminal activity may be viewed as risk-taking behaviour as it has both benefits and drawbacks that are probabilistic. In two studies, we examined how individuals' risk perceptions can inform our understanding of their intentions to engage in criminal activity. Study 1 measured youths' perceptions of the value and probability of the benefits and drawbacks of engaging in three common crimes (i.e. shoplifting, forgery, and buying illegal drugs), and examined how well these perceptions predicted youths' forecasted engagement in these crimes, controlling for their past engagement. We found that intentions to engage in criminal activity were best predicted by the perceived value of the benefits that may be obtained, irrespective of their probabilities or the drawbacks that may also be incurred. Study 2 specified the benefit and drawback that youth thought about and examined another crime (i.e. drinking and driving). The findings of Study 1 were replicated under these conditions. The present research supports a limited rationality perspective on criminal intentions, and can have implications for crime prevention/intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]