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Background: Amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, nursing students' contribution to combating this global health crisis is becoming more significant. However, we need a more comprehensive understanding of the psychological impact of this crisis on these students. Therefore, this study holds immense importance as it offers valuable insights into the connection between COVID-19 pandemic fear, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms among nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect and analyze data from 319 undergraduate nursing students. They participated in the study by responding to an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of the Fear of the Coronavirus Questionnaire, Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results: The study revealed that 45.5% of the participants had a severe fear of COVID-19, 21.9% showed severe depressive symptoms, and 64.6% used moderate coping mechanisms. A positive correlation (r = 0.160, p = 0.01) was found between the fear of COVID-19 and depressive symptoms. Interestingly, this correlation turned negative (r = -0.074, p = 0.01) when adaptive coping strategies such as religion, acceptance, planning, positive reframing, instrumental support, emotional support, active coping, and humor were used. However, when participants resorted to maladaptive coping strategies like venting, self-distraction, self-blame, behavioral disengagement, denial, and substance abuse, the correlation between high fear levels and depressive symptoms became positive (r = 0.352, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the fear of COVID-19 and depressive symptoms among nursing students are significantly correlated. However, the nature of this correlation is influenced by the type of coping strategies employed. Adaptive coping mechanisms can mitigate the impact of fear on depressive symptoms. In contrast, maladaptive coping can exacerbate the relationship between fear and depressive symptoms. Therefore, promoting adaptive coping strategies could be a crucial approach to managing the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the impact of the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and physical states of sports students from Romania and also to compare the differences according to gender and the type of sport. Initially, in order to collect demographic data and health reports, a cross-sectional survey was developed to evaluate the emotional needs of sports students during the pandemic. After the second wave, the coping strategies used by the participants to fight negative emotions were assessed using the CERQ questionnaire. The results indicate that depression symptoms are the most reported psychological issues among the participants and that there are differences according to gender concerning the cognitive schemas they use in order to reduce the symptoms. Also, it was found that there are differences, corresponding to the type of sport, in choosing adaptive coping mechanisms. Ultimately, it was confirmed that higher levels of hopelessness among sports students are associated with increased vulnerability to substance use, with the correlation between those two indicators being strong. Delving deeper into this relationship can help identify critical points for intervention to prevent substance abuse. At the same time, the dichotomic analysis of the results found as moderators—the gender and the type of sport in decreasing the severity of depression could be an important aspect of the next counseling interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate nursing students' psychological distress and their response to stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 370 South African nursing students (female= 75%; mean age= 21.9 years, SD = 3.9 years). Students completed the following scales: Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue, Kessler Psychological Distress, and Response to Stressful Experiences. Findings from the descriptive statistics and inferential statistical analyses indicated that students meeting the criteria for being well were likely to have higher resilience scores. Protective factors such as self-efficacy, active coping, and spirituality suggest higher resilience during COVID-19-related stressful events. Physiological factors such as self-reported medical conditions and lack of sleep were associated with poorer mental well-being. These findings provide a profile of nursing students' coping and adaptation to a community-spread pandemic. From these findings, nursing schools could manage students' well-being by providing needed resources in their current and future work health support programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the potential facilitators of vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG; i.e., secondary traumatic stress symptoms--STS, resilience, coping strategies), the interspecialty differences in VPTG among medical (i.e., physicians and nurses) and nonmedical health care workers (HCWs; i.e., psychologists and social workers) across two consecutive lockdowns (T1 and T2), and the mediating role of the coping strategies in the STS-VPTG relationship. A sample of 1,076 HCWs (752 medical and 324 nonmedical) completed a web-based survey during two lockdowns. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory was used to measure VPTG, whereas the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory were used to assess potential VPTG indicators. At T2, after controlling for gender and age, all participants reported significantly lower STS scores. Regarding PTGI scores, after controlling for gender and age, an interaction effect was observed between time point and specialty: At T1, the nonmedical HCWs reported higher PTGI scores compared to the medical HCWs, whereas at T2 the medical HCWs reported higher PTGI scores compared to the nonmedical HCWs. VPTG was positively predicted by time point (higher scores in T2), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale intrusive symptoms, and the coping strategies of active coping, instrumental support, positive reframing, religion, and denial, and negatively predicted by gender, education, and substance use. These coping strategies fully mediated the relationship between intrusion and VPTG. Policies should enhance resources for HCWs at risk of STS and promote VPTG as an important contribution to their ability to deliver highquality care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work stress is a double-edged sword to creativity. Some analysts call stress a creativity killer while others describe it as a creativity driver. Journalists face a myriad of daily work stresses that forces them to establish a coping mechanism that could evolve over time. The Covid-19 pandemic is a new problem in itself and has also brought new challenges to the daily work stresses of journalists. This phenomenological study, anchored on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, had explored the changes in 13 Filipino journalists' work stresses and coping mechanisms and how these developments affected their creative processes during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study yielded six themes that described the changes in journalists' work stressors and their coping mechanisms, as well as the reasons behind their attempt to remain creative despite the stressful nature of the profession. The study also puts forward a definition of daily work stress in journalism and establishes an inventory of identified work stresses under the "new normal." Study findings will help newsrooms adopt and implement necessary measures that would ease their employees' negative stressors, while improving the work environment to induce creativity through positive stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative inquiry examined the coping mechanisms employed by health system executives in Ghana during the COVID-19 pandemic to enhance resilience and leadership effectiveness. Utilizing in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, this study uncovered a diverse range of coping strategies utilized by both clinical and non-clinical leaders, such as seeking support from family and friends, engaging in physical activity, and using professional counseling. Non-clinical leaders also emphasized time management and spirituality as coping strategies. This study's conceptual framework highlights the interplay between individual and organizational factors, contextual elements, and the pandemic's impact on executives' coping abilities. These practical implications emphasize the need for tailored support systems, addressing health system executives' specific coping needs, and promoting interventions to strengthen resilience during crises. This study provides valuable insights for healthcare leadership and resilience studies and offers evidence-based policies and support mechanisms for health system executives during future healthcare emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anecdotal reports of student parents' challenges during the Covid‐19 pandemic prompted this explorative study; investigating the lived experiences of UK student parents and the provision of Higher Education support. Data was derived from 91 online surveys, 20 follow‐up interviews, and analysis of 100 university websites. This occurred during the pandemic lockdowns whenthe stresses, challenges and opportunities of balancing their simultaneous roles of parent and student were intensified due to school closures. The Double ABC‐X model provided a framework for examining participant's lived experiences, and the role that Higher Education institutions could play in effecting positive coping and adaptation. Findings indicate that universities need to implement strategies to enhance support for this sector, including greater awareness of the vulnerabilities and challenges involved, more flexibility and adaptability in the university ethos, formal and informal policies and structures to provide more effective support and advice for juggling these simultaneous demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To understand the moral distress experienced by health‐care workers (HCWs) in the COVID paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We also aimed to assess the psychological well‐being and the coping mechanisms used by HCWs. Methods: A prospective observational cross‐sectional study was conducted from July to September 2021, involving all HCWs who worked in the COVID PICU. Moral distress using Moral Distress for Health‐care Professionals (MMD‐HPs) scale, psychological well‐being using Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ) and coping strategies adopted by HCWs using Brief‐COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced) were measured. Results: One hundred and eighty‐four HCW data were examined. The most common causes of moral distress among HCWs were compromised patient care caused by a lack of resources and caring for more patients than they could safely handle. Moral distress was the same regardless of the HCWs' job profile, marital status, number of children or age. The TSQ revealed psychological stress in 23.3% of HCWs with Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder, significantly higher in HCWs under the age of 30 and without children. Few HCWs turned to substance use, self‐blame or denial as coping mechanisms; instead, acceptance, self‐distraction and emotional support were the most frequently used. Conclusion: The most common reasons for moral and psychological distress perceived by participants were insufficient staff and organisational support. Younger HCWs and those without children experienced higher levels of psychological distress. HCWs' typical coping mechanisms are constructive, such as seeking help and support from others, reframing situations and meditation. Health‐care administrators must develop a framework to assist HCWs in dealing with such serious issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to individuals worldwide, demanding the rapid development and utilization of coping mechanisms to navigate the recurring waves of uncertainty and disruption. Coping mechanisms are mediated by personality traits, cognitive schemes and developed perceptions. They are activated in states of stress, danger or events such as the COVID-19 period. Our study employing a network analysis approach sheds light on the coping mechanisms utilized during the recurring periods of the COVID era among a convenience sampling of 403 respondents in Romania. The findings highlight that substance use emerges as the most destabilizing factor within the pandemic resilience network, while the use of instrumental support exhibits the highest expected influence, offering valuable insights into the adaptive and maladaptive strategies that shape the Romanian population's resilience during these challenging times. They highlight the complex interplay of coping strategies and the need for tailored interventions that consider the influential positions and susceptibilities of specific coping mechanisms within the context of recurring COVID-19 waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elderly represent one of the categories that was most affected by the pandemic period. The purpose of this research was to analyze the ways in which mass media and very often contradictory information flows influenced the lives and personal communications of the Romanian elderly population during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to conduct the research, we used a mixed-methods approach. For the quantitative research, we gave a questionnaire to the elderly population of Romania, and for the qualitative research, we conducted interviews. Our quantitative sample included 881 retired persons with an age between 55 and 94 years old; the mean age was 71.48 years old with 6.6 years standard deviation. The elderly described the pandemic period using negative words: fear, loneliness, anxiety, disaster; the channel they mostly watched and trusted was the TV; they were aware of the measures they had to take to protect themselves; they missed most of the meetings with the family and the main problems they had were represented by loneliness, the inability to be with their families or the lack of access to medical services. The elderly's mass media consumption during the pandemic was mostly represented by TV consumption; the information spread by mass media was sometimes contradictory; it influenced their behavior and may have generated feelings of anxiety among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and the sociopolitical climate in the United States have imposed additional stress and anxiety for graduate students. We explored the stress level in graduate occupational therapy students, the role of exercise in reducing stress, and common coping mechanisms applied to manage academic and sociopolitical stress. Methods: A survey was created and distributed to graduate occupational therapy students in the U.S. Results: Most participants reported moderate to high levels of academic-related stress (n = 73, 97.33%), and more than half reported moderate levels of anger and frustration because of academic-related stress (n = 43, 57.33%). Half of the participants reported that they engage in physical exercise as a coping mechanism for academic stress (n = 38, 50.67%), and most participants thought that kickboxing would help reduce stress (n = 48, 64.00%) and reduce anger and frustration (n = 56, 74.67%). Conclusion: the well-being of graduate students over the past two years has increased after the COVID-19 pandemic and the sociopolitical tension in the U.S. Future research is needed to determine how this stress may affect graduation and employment outcomes and recommendations for burnout and suicide prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and political crisis, Myanmar's health system has suspended routine services while struggling to respond to the pandemic. Many people who need continuous care, like pregnant women and people with chronic illnesses, have been facing challenges in seeking and receiving essential health services. This study explored community health seeking practices and coping mechanisms, including their views on health system stressors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional qualitative study based on 12 in-depth-interviews with pregnant people and persons with pre-existing chronic health conditions in Yangon. Sampling was purposive, convenience-based and snowball sampling was also used. The 3-delays framework was used to understand how persons were interacting with and accessing health care services; community and health system stressors and coping mechanisms in relation to COVID-19 were also identified. Results: Findings showed that Yangon region was the hardest hit with both the pandemic and political crisis and its health system was greatly affected. People were unable to access essential health services on time. The health facilities were not available to see patients, with serious shortages in human resources, medicines and equipment, resulting in interruption of essential routine services. The prices of medicines and consultation fees, and transportation costs, increased during this period. Limited options for accessing care were available due to travel restrictions and curfews. It became challenging to receive quality care because of unavailable public facilities and private hospitals being costly. Despite these challenges, the Myanmar people and health system have shown resilience. Cohesive and organized family support structures and extended and deep social networks played an important role in accessing health care. At times of emergency, people relied on community-based social organizations for transportation and accessing essential medicines. The health system also showed resilience through establishing new service provision options, such as teleconsultations, mobile clinics, and sharing medical advice through social media. Conclusions: This is the first study in Myanmar to explore peoples' perceptions on COVID-19, the health system and their healthcare experiences during political crisis. Although there is no easy way to cope with this dual hardship, the people and the health system, even in a fragile and shock-prone setting like Myanmar, stayed resilient by developing alternative pathways for seeking and providing health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies the self-reported stressors and coping mechanisms of Dermatology residency applicants during the 2020–2021 application cycle, occurring during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The most common stressors reported were academic, family crisis, and coronavirus disease 2019. The type of stressor differed by race/ethnicity of the applicants and their geographic location. Objectives: Our aim was to identify self-reported stressors and coping mechanisms during the 2020–2021 application cycle by dermatology residency applicants. We hypothesized that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) would be the most reported stressor. Methods: During the 2020–2021 application season, the Mayo Clinic Florida Dermatology residency program sent a supplemental application to each applicant requesting that they describe a challenging life situation and how they handled it. Comparisons of self-reported stressors and self-expressed coping mechanisms according to sex, race, and geographic region were performed. Results: The most common stressors reported were academic (18.4%), family crisis (17.7%), and COVID-19 (10.5%). The most frequent coping mechanisms expressed were perseverance (22.3%), seeking community (13.7%), and resilience (11.5%). The coping mechanism of diligence was observed more often in females than in males (2.8% vs 0.0%, P = 0.045). First in medicine was more often observed in Black or African American students (12.5% vs 0%, P = 0.001), immigrant experience was more often observed in Black or African American and Hispanic students (16.7% and 11.8% vs 3.1%, P = 0.021), and natural disaster was reported more often in Hispanic students (26.5% vs 0.5%, P < 0.001) as compared with White applicants. By geography, applicants in the northeastern United States were more likely to report the COVID-19 pandemic as a stressor (19.5%, P = 0.049), and the natural disaster stressor was more often reported by applicants from outside the continental United States (45.5%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Stressors reported by dermatology applicants in the 2020–2021 cycle included academic, family crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The type of stressor reported varied by race/ethnicity and geographic location of the applicant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of declaration of Covid-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the Prime Minister of India announced a nationwide lockdown to curb its spread. Subsequently, some groups of people found themselves away from their family or friends, and were unable to return to them. The aim of the research was to explore the lives of young adults who were living alone and working, during the lockdown in India. Focus was on their daily living, their relationships and their mental health. Twelve participants residing in various cities of India were included via the Internet. Focus group discussions were used to attain the objectives of the study. The data that emerged from the discussions, was analysed using thematic analysis. All participants had experienced different kinds of disruptions in their life due to the lockdown. This effect was mediated by their financial situation, their general comfort and preference for living alone, media, opportunities for non-virtual interactions and other kinds of recreation, quality of relationships and more. Though there were similarities in their coping methods, their perspective on the lockdown, the meaning they attributed to their current situation and their vision for their future was unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted in Turkey to determine the experiences and coping mechanisms of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted using qualitative descriptive phenomenology. Data were collected from ten patients via in-depth interviews through semi-structured questionnaires. Content analysis, incorporating a combination of deductive and inductive approaches, was conducted to determine the themes and subthemes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, simultaneously with the analysis and collected data. The study data were categorized into 3 contexts, 7 themes and 39 subthemes. The first context titled "Problems accompanying the disease" includes the effects of the pandemic, the fear of being infected with COVID-19 and hospital-related themes. The second context titled "Coping strategies" comprises the themes of coping behaviors and healthy lifestyle behaviors. The last context is titled "Anxiety about being infected, and suggestions for the future". In the study, problems experienced by patients with breast cancer throughout the COVID-19 pandemic were investigated from a broad perspective. Patients treated in chemotherapy units constitute the vulnerable group affected by the pandemic most. Therefore, it is important to investigate the experiences of oncology patients, particularly of patients with breast cancer and their coping strategies, and to take necessary precautions accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) placed healthcare professionals (HCPs) at a higher risk for stress-related conditions. Implementing a brief online mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) was hypothesised to transform the HCPs' ability to cope with stress by enhancing their self-care. Aim: This study aimed to explore the impact of an online MBI on HCPs' self-care practices and determine if personality traits were a moderating variable. Setting: An online MBI was implemented for HCPs working in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. Methods: A quantitative study design included a pre-assessment and post-assessment component, which allowed paired comparison and regression analysis to confer correlations. Data were collected via two validated instruments: the Mindful Self-Care scale-2018 and the Big Five Personality test. Results: Forty-nine HCPs participated in the study. Significant improvements were found in all the major self-care subscales post-intervention (p < 0.05). No significant associations were found between the personality traits and self-care except for neuroticism, which appeared to be an essential moderating variable. Conclusion: An online MBI significantly impacted health professionals' ability to care for themselves, despite their personality styles. Contribution: The impact of an online MBI on HCPs' self-care during the most intense time of stress and with a cohort of people known to be the most vulnerable to stress, namely those with neuroticism to date, has not been commented on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is still affecting the lives of everyone up to this day. Undeniably, nurses have a tremendous role in fighting the virus. They face multiple challenges brought by this pandemic, including mental and social well-being issues. This study aimed to find out what lived experiences the nurses had during the COVID-19 surge. Lazarus's Cognitive-mediational was the theory utilized in the study. The Qualitative Descriptive Phenomenological Approach was used for the investigation of this study. The researchers utilized convenience sampling to determine the participants. A total of 11 participants were from tertiary hospitals in Quezon City. The researchers used open-ended interviews to collect responses from participants. After a thorough investigation, the researchers found that participants saw these events as both challenges and opportunities. This implies they experienced numerous mental health and social well-being issues, which include depression, anxiety, stress, exhaustion, and being the carrier of the virus. The participants mentioned resilience, personal growth, social support, faith, and hobbies as coping mechanisms during the surge. This suggests that nurses are also vulnerable to mental feuds and thus aims to conceptualize a Mental Health Awareness program to cultivate effective coping mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 Pandemic has resulted in severe difficulties, especially for those who are traditional business owners. Thus, there are different challenges that business owners have experienced. This study was designed to identify the coping mechanisms of traditional business owners when a pandemic hit them. The participants in this study were ten selected traditional business owners from Santiago City. The researchers used a narratology design that focuses on the life of a person to obtain a precise and correct response. In addition, the researchers used an open-ended interview method through an interview guide. The study found that the traditional business owners experienced business closures, the emergence of online selling, a downtrend in sales, heightened business compliance to safety protocols, financial difficulties and emphasizing products and services, strengthening customer relationships and loyalty, adapting personalized public health measures, aligning the traditional business to innovative business trends and promotion through virtual channels are their ways to cope up and keep their business afloat amidst COVID-19 Pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study examines the challenges faced by intercultural teams and the coping mechanisms employed while working on a virtual business professional project during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing upon affect event theory and appraisal theory, the study sheds light on the interplay between affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping mechanisms adopted by teams during the pandemic crisis. The findings offer valuable insights into effective strategies for steering intercultural teams during and after pandemic crisis. These insights are beneficial for both scholars and practitioners seeking to improve intercultural communication and collaboration within virtual work settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study examined the capacity of sex as leisure approach to serve as a coping strategy with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sex life and its relationships with people’s tendency to use other coping mechanisms and benefit from them. The cross-sectional data were collected using an online survey (N = 675, 65.9% women, age range:18-76yo). The analysis included t-tests and multivariate multiple regressions. Results show that many people used sex as leisure approach as a coping strategy with the impacts of the pandemic on their sex lives and found it useful. Sex as leisure approach included attitudinal, behavioral, and technologically mediated strategies. The use and capacity to benefit from sex as leisure coping strategy had significant (and in most cases, large) effects on people’s propensity to use and find useful other sexual coping mechanisms, including creativity and pleasure, diversion, goal-setting, relational, educational, caution/logistical, online and technology, and innovation/experimentation coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With lifestyle disruptions in almost all individuals' lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian incidents surged in the United States. The researchers employed a phenomenological method with semi-structured interviews to explore Southeast Asian immigrants' lived experiences from Chinese Texans' perspectives. We employed two research questions for investigation, including a) What were Southeast Asian immigrants' lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and b) How do Southeast Asian immigrants perceive and cope with other individuals' standpoints or perspectives toward the COVID-19 pandemic? We identified six emerging themes from participants' responses, including a) grappling with bias and avoidance, b) overwhelming endeavors, c) pandemic concerns and revocation, d) psychological impacts and somatic symptoms, e) fatigue rising over homeschooling, and f) effective coping mechanisms during the pandemic. Participants concluded that their COVID-19 experiences were more related to cultural and background differences rather than racial issues. Participants also shared their coping strategies that helped them conquer adverse impacts that they faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The influence of the COVID‐19 vaccine and the evolution of the pandemic over time on nurses' mental health have not been thoroughly examined. This study aimed to explore the changes in nurses' mental health from the early pandemic to the early vaccination period over a 1‐year time span and examine vaccination and coping mechanisms as predictors of nurses' poor mental health and burnout. Methods: Three cross‐sectional surveys were conducted: Early‐pandemic (n = 320), pre‐vaccination (n = 228), and early‐vaccination cohorts (n = 292). Findings: About 72% of nurses in the early‐vaccination cohort were fully vaccinated with two doses of mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines. There were significant decreases in moderate/severe anxiety and moderate/severe depression for the early‐vaccination cohort compared to the other cohorts. In multivariate analyses, vaccination had almost three‐fold higher odds of moderate/severe anxiety (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.87; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.28–6.44). High resilience, family functioning, and spirituality were associated with two‐ to five‐fold lower odds of poor mental health and burnout. Conclusions: Although nurses in the early‐vaccination cohort had lower anxiety and depression than earlier cohorts, COVID‐19 vaccination had minimal associations with nurses' mental health. Coping mechanisms and organizational support appear to be important predictors of nurses' poor mental health and burnout. Clinical relevance: The evidence gathered over 1 year of the pandemic may be helpful for a better understanding of the challenges facing frontline nurses and preparing for future healthcare crises. As a part of the preparedness plan for the future, evidence‐based interventions that raise frontline nurses' resilience, as well as family and spiritual support, should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Health-care workers (HCWs) are facing stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stigma is associated with poor mental health. Aims: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and psychological impact of COVID‑19‑related stigma and different coping mechanisms among physicians in Mumbai. Settings and Design: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and seventy physicians from Mumbai were administered questionnaires on perceived stress, anxiety, COVID-19-related stigma, and coping strategies. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation tests, and binary logistic regression in the SPSS, version 20.0. Results: The prevalence of stress and anxiety was 57.6% and 20.0%, respectively. 34.7% of physicians felt stigmatized due to COVID‑19. Stress was significantly associated with COVID‑19‑related stigma (P = 0.009), and emotion-oriented coping (P = 0.000), as was anxiety (P = 0.000, P = 0.000, respectively). Conclusions: COVID-19-related stigma is a major issue among physicians. Stigma and emotion-oriented coping mechanisms are predictive of mental distress in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the global changes during the pandemic period, employers and employees had to comply with the requirements and rules imposed, and those who did not adapt were eliminated or suffered numerous damages. The study highlights the importance of psychological constructs involved in the industry, such as stress, burnout, adaptability and professional coping mechanisms. The article includes objectives, purpose, hypotheses, conceptual bases, methodology, tools for measuring them and addresses part of the specialized literature about the concepts mentioned at the workplace and their measurement. The aim being to highlight the relationships between stress - adaptability and professional burnout, stress - low performance at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several professionals, including teachers, have been engrossed in fear of the worst happening due to COVID-19 and the rapidly evolving nature of the virus affecting the perception of safety in any working environment. This study examined teachers' perception of classroom safety, anxiety, and coping strategies during instructional delivery in senior high schools in Ghana. Adopting the cross-sectional survey design with a quantitative approach, a convenient sample of 174 senior high school teachers in the Cape Coast Metropolis completed a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression. The findings showed that teachers perceived their classroom environment as unsafe during instructional delivery amidst COVID-19 and reported modest to extreme levels of anxiety. Further, teachers with a high level of COVID-19 anxiety were found to utilize active coping strategies to manage stressful situations. The reported unsafe working environment in schools during pandemic times highlights the critical role of supportive working environments for teachers' mental and psychological wellness. School counseling psychologists, school welfare officers, and school health coordinators should collaborate to implement interventions (e.g., social emotional learning; resilience strategies) that promote the wellbeing of teachers and a safe working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigated children and adolescents' explicit and spontaneous representation of the COVID-19 pandemic and their related emotions, cognitions, and coping strategies. We explored the self-reported protective factors and coping mechanisms, in addition to similar attributional emotional experiences, i.e., the ways participants evaluated others' pandemic experiences. Our sample consisted of 155 children and adolescents aged 10 to 13 (M = 10.70, SD = 0.85, 56.1% females). We designed a 12-item survey and analyzed our data using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Our findings suggested that most children and adolescents associated masks with the thought of the novel coronavirus, and the most frequently associated emotion was sadness (45.2%), followed by fear (17.4%). Generally, participants reported a medium level of perceived adverse effects of the pandemic, mainly because their regular physical school classes moved to the online setting. We also found a significant association between children's self-reported levels of harmful effects of the pandemic and perceived adverse effects on their families. Most participants expressed their dissatisfaction concerning online school classes, primarily due to poor online interaction. In our sample, the children and adolescents reported positive thoughts and family relationships as their primary coping mechanisms during the pandemic, suggesting similar perceived coping mechanisms in the others around them. Finally, more than half of the participants considered that the COVID-19 pandemic had no positive effects, while 40% considered the increased time spent with their families the primary positive consequences following the COVID-19 health crisis. Results are discussed regarding their implications concerning healthcare, social, and educational policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent need to respond to the Covid crisis has provided the impetus for the implementation of modular distance learning in the Philippines. Hence, this study is one of the very few studies which sought to investigate the modular distance learning in the country, particularly the challenges it brought to the English language learners. Also, this present research aimed to determine the coping mechanisms of students, relevant to the challenges raised. The participants of the study were senior high school students, two males andsixfemales, who were purposely selected to fit into the inclusion criteria. Descriptive qualitative research design was employed and individual in-depth interviews were conducted to gather the data. The responses were transcribed, translated, and analyzed through thematic analysis. With regards the challenges, these themes were created: absence of teacher's instruction, struggles of self-learning, poor picture quality, limited contents of the module, insufficient allotted time, failure of teachers to respond to inquiries, unstable and limited access to internet, students lack of vocabulary and grammatical knowledge, and less opportunity for correction. The paper ends with the discussion on how the students addressed the challenges of modular distance learning which was also subdivided into themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of the Coronavirus pandemic had affected every sector in our community including the sector of education. Educational institutions all over the world were forced to temporarily close. The COVID-19 pandemic is continuously arising yet learners should continue to learn. Thus, the Department of Education together with other educational institutions in the Philippines decided to devise a learning continuity plan. The authorities and the stakeholders decided to utilize distance learning as an alternative to face-to-face classes. Specifically, public elementary and secondary schools used distance modular learning. The modules used in modular distance learning. Hence, this qualitative research study utilized the thematic analysis method to unveil the challenges and coping mechanisms of English language teachers in developing the modules. This study primarily aimed to present the challenges encountered by inexperienced English language teachers in developing the materials for the modular learning of English. Moreover, the coping mechanisms of the English language teachers against the challenges they faced while developing the modules are discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has left the student community in distress. They have had to vacate their hostels and go home, which has restyled their enjoyable campus life into virtual online classes. The technical glitches and uncertainty of the future kept them in the doldrum. Our study explored the subgroups of socio-demographic variables (gender, educational qualifications, history of mental health condition, current experience of mental health condition, and current accommodation) and Social Connectedness as predictors of coping strategies during the pandemic in university students of Delhi-NCR. Method and Materials: A cross-sectional research design was implemented. Through purposive sampling, 248 students were recruited. The sample consisted of males and females aged 18-34 years (Mean=21, SD=2.86). Data was collected using Google forms consisting of the Sociodemographic Form, The Brief Cope and Social Connectedness Scale. Online informed consent was taken from the participants. Results: Regression results suggested that the current experience of mental health conditions predicted active emotional and avoidant emotional coping strategies. Social Connectedness positively predicted avoidant emotional coping strategy and negatively predicting problem focus strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant differences were found in active emotional and avoidant emotional coping strategies between students having a past and current history of mental health conditions (anxiety/depression) vs. those who were in sound mental health. Students with past experience of mental health issue were reported to be significantly more socially connected than who did not have any mental health issue. Conclusions: The potential effects of Social Connectedness, a history of the mental health condition on coping strategies during COVID-19, were found to be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological condition of diabetic patients affects blood glucose. Assessment of anxiety levels and coping mechanismsis important where diabetic patients are prone to psychosocial problems that affect glycemic control. Objectives: To analyze anxiety levels and coping mechanismsin diabetic mellitus patients during the COVID 19 pandemic. Methods: Descriptive methods of analytics with a cross sectional approach. Sampling with non probability sampling through purposive sampling in 66 diabetic patients at Idaman Banjarbaru Hospital. Results:The result of the analysis with p-value = 0.538 > 0.05, concluded Ho accepted. So there is no relationship between anxiety and coping mechanisms in diabetic mellitus patients during the COVID 19 pandemic. Discussion: Coping is considered a factor of a person’s equilibrium in the adjustment of anxiety conditions. Coping manages the problems faced, with adaptive coping then a person succeeds in solving the problem that makes the level of anxiety decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poland's inhabitants have often expressed disbelief and negative attitudes toward social isolation, combined with restlessness. This is due to a tendency to discount troubling informa tion while facing the unknown and counter-argue against information that causes discomfort and fear. This tendency helps humans to maintain hope and well-being. The study aimed to determine if Polish citizens tend to downplay or even deny danger when faced with a death threat. Material/Methods: The study comprised 58 adults - 46 females 12 males, aged 21 to 49. The participants were asked to answer 12 questions defining their beliefs and attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic threat and its consequences. The subjects gave answers on the 5-point Likert scale, from "definitely not" to "de finitely yes". Results: The findings of the present study show that a considerable number of the participants tend to exhibit an optimistic bias. This is reflected in their direct statements and in the lack of congruence of their opinions. They do feel the threat of becoming ill but also seem to believe it need not affect them personally. They are also relatively optimistic about the outcomes of the pandemic. At the same time, they realize that COVID-19 may lead to severe psychological, neurological, and mental disorders. Conclusions: The study confirmed a tendency to deny the threat that can pose a severe risk to health and psychological well-being. This is a manifestation of an optimism bias that has its roots in the way the human brain works. The participants did express concerns about the future but at the same time hoped that life after the pandemic would return to normal. It reflects a benevolent facet of self-deception since it makes it possible to cope with highly threatening and impossible to control events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We all know we will die, but not when and how. Can private death awareness become public, and what happens when it does? This mixed-method research on the Covid-19 crisis reveals how pandemic politics cultivates and uses mass existential anxiety. Analyzing global discourse across vast corpora, we reveal an exceptional rise in global 'mortality salience' (awareness of death), and trace the socio-political dynamics feeding it. Comparing governmental pandemic policies worldwide, we introduce a novel model discerning 'mortality mitigation' (coping mechanisms) on a scale from steadfast resistance ('oak') to flexible resilience ('reed'). We find that political trust, high median age, and social anxiety predict a reedy approach; and that the oak, typically pushing for stricter measures, better mitigates mortality. Stringency itself, however, hardly affects Covid-related cases/deaths. We enrich our model with brief illustrations from five countries: China and Israel (both oaks), Sweden and Germany (reeds) and the USA (an oak–reed hybrid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the pandemic, Filipinos enjoy eating on the street, which creates and replicates Filipino cuisine in every corner with various exotic dishes and foods. This study aims to determine the coping mechanism among Nasipit Port vendors during the COVID-19 pandemic. ffis study employed the descriptive survey meffod conducted among different vendors located in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, particularly in Barangay Talisay, Nasipit Port. The respondents of the study were a total of 29 vendors. The study followed an effical standard by giving a survey questionnaire to the respondents with an attached inform consent form to protect the conffdentiality of their information. The ffndings of the study revealed that among the four (4) areas such as product, price, place and promotion, the price has the major distribution of responses which means that coping mechanisms in this area were being used and applied by different vendors to keep their business survive. Threfore, coping mechanism in price, affordable and can be bought by people in the average class, exact to people expectations and enough to gain a profft and capital back, bring a big contribution as it helps them to maintain their business operation during diffcult times given by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was recommended that vendors should provide beneffts such as food feed daily by people, students, workers, shoppers, and travelers on a low income that is relatively cheap and effctively available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the perceived effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic lockdown measures on food availability, accessibility, dietary practices and strategies used by participants to cope with these measures.Design: We conducted a cross-sectional multi-country online survey between May and July 2020. We used a study-specific questionnaire mainly based on the adaptation of questions to assess food security and coping strategies from the World Food Programme's 'Emergency Food Security Assessment' and 'The Coping Strategy Index'.Setting: The questionnaire was hosted online using Google Forms and shared using social media platforms.Participants: A total of 1075 adult participants from eighty-two countries completed the questionnaire.Results: As a prelude to COVID-19 lockdowns, 62·7 % of the participants reported to have stockpiled food, mainly cereals (59·5 % of the respondents) and legumes (48·8 %). An increase in the prices of staples, such as cereals and legumes, was widely reported. Price increases have been identified as an obstacle to food acquisition by 32·7 % of participants. Participants reported having lesser variety (50·4 %), quality (30·2 %) and quantity (39·2 %) of foods, with disparities across regions. Vulnerable groups were reported to be facing some struggle to acquire adequate food, especially people with chronic diseases (20·2 %), the elderly (17·3 %) and children (14·5 %). To cope with the situation, participants mostly relied on less preferred foods (49 %), reduced portion sizes (30 %) and/or reduced the number of meals (25·7 %).Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted food accessibility and availability, altered dietary practices and worsened the food insecurity situation, particularly in the most fragile regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Burnout and professional satisfaction is an often an overlooked component for healthcare outcomes; the COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented stressor that could contribute to higher levels of burnout. OBJECTIVES: Our primary objective was to evaluate the association of a battery of fulfillment, job satisfaction change, COVID-19 concerns, and coping measures. Our secondary objective was to determine whether the fulfillment and coping measures differed by gender and by experience levels among a battery of physician specialties. METHODS: The study was a purposive sample of convenience. Study participants included all trainees and attending orthopedic surgeons from our academic institution; all participants were invited to complete a survey built around a validated measure of professional fulfillment aimed at assessing response to acute change and stressors. We performed univariate statistics and a matrix correlational analysis to correlate different survey domains with variables of interest. RESULTS: The survey was sent electronically to 138 individuals; 63 surveys were completed (response rate = 45.7%). Twenty-seven (42.8%) individuals met the threshold criteria for fulfillment whereas 10 (15.9%) met the threshold for burnout. We found that surgeon perspectives on COVID-19 were not associated with burnout or professional fulfillment. Burnout was inversely associated with professional fulfillment (R = –0.35). Support seeking was noted to be correlated with professional fulfillment (R = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Stressors related to COVID-19 pandemic were not correlated with physician burnout and fulfillment. This held true even when stratifying by gender and by attending vs. trainee. Continued efforts should be implemented to protect against physician burnout and ensure professional fulfillment for Orthopedic surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various social and mobility restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented disruptions in working adults' day-to-day lives at Visayas State University in Leyte Island, Philippines. Everyone had to adjust abruptly to help contain the spread of the virus. In this paper, one of the local responses through an agricultural production program at the University is highlighted, and reflections on its employees' coping mechanisms are recorded in response to the pandemic. The initiative taken was to intensify vegetable production for local consumption to mitigate the looming disruption in the supply of vegetables to neighboring towns. To date, at least seven tons of assorted vegetables have been distributed to around 5,000 beneficiaries in the province. The results of the cross-sectional survey show that the topmost ranked coping mechanism for both men and women during the lockdown was engaging in household chores. Beyond that, men were more inclined to surf the Internet, while women focused more on gardening. Policymakers and administrators can use these results as a benchmark to develop programs and approaches that may contribute to working adults' well-being during this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a new pandemic, declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization, which could have negative consequences for pregnant and postpartum women. The scarce evidence published to date suggests that perinatal mental health has deteriorated since the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the few studies published so far have some limitations, such as a cross-sectional design and the omission of important factors for the understanding of perinatal mental health, including governmental restriction measures and healthcare practices implemented at the maternity hospitals. Within the Riseup-PPD COST Action, a study is underway to assess the impact of COVID-19 in perinatal mental health. The primary objectives are to (1) evaluate changes in perinatal mental health outcomes; and (2) determine the risk and protective factors for perinatal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we will compare the results between the countries participating in the study.Methods: This is an international prospective cohort study, with a baseline and three follow-up assessments over a six-month period. It is being carried out in 11 European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Israel, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom), Argentina, Brazil and Chile. The sample consists of adult pregnant and postpartum women (with infants up to 6 months of age). The assessment includes measures on COVID-19 epidemiology and public health measures (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker dataset), Coronavirus Perinatal Experiences (COPE questionnaires), psychological distress (BSI-18), depression (EPDS), anxiety (GAD-7) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSD checklist for DSM-V).Discussion: This study will provide important information for understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health and well-being, including the identification of potential risk and protective factors by implementing predictive models using machine learning techniques. The findings will help policymakers develop suitable guidelines and prevention strategies for perinatal mental health and contribute to designing tailored mental health interventions.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04595123 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigated children and adolescents’ explicit and spontaneous representation of the COVID-19 pandemic and their related emotions, cognitions, and coping strategies. We explored the self-reported protective factors and coping mechanisms, in addition to similar attributional emotional experiences, i.e., the ways participants evaluated others’ pandemic experiences. Our sample consisted of 155 children and adolescents aged 10 to 13 (M = 10.70, SD = 0.85, 56.1% females). We designed a 12-item survey and analyzed our data using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Our findings suggested that most children and adolescents associated masks with the thought of the novel coronavirus, and the most frequently associated emotion was sadness (45.2%), followed by fear (17.4%). Generally, participants reported a medium level of perceived adverse effects of the pandemic, mainly because their regular physical school classes moved to the online setting. We also found a significant association between children’s self-reported levels of harmful effects of the pandemic and perceived adverse effects on their families. Most participants expressed their dissatisfaction concerning online school classes, primarily due to poor online interaction. In our sample, the children and adolescents reported positive thoughts and family relationships as their primary coping mechanisms during the pandemic, suggesting similar perceived coping mechanisms in the others around them. Finally, more than half of the participants considered that the COVID-19 pandemic had no positive effects, while 40% considered the increased time spent with their families the primary positive consequences following the COVID-19 health crisis. Results are discussed regarding their implications concerning healthcare, social, and educational policies.

The current COVID-19 pandemic represents an accidental crisis of global proportions that requires humanity to adaptively cope with unknown and low-control stressors. This research aimed to explore coping mechanisms by first considering them in the domain of their factor structure and then examining their mediating role in the relationship between stress perception and precautionary measures in the context of a pandemic. The sample included a total of 582 adult respondents from Serbia (75.7% female), with an average age of 38.74 years (SD = 10.48). The Brief COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced) scale was used to measure coping mechanisms, the Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess the perception of the stress level, and the propensity to adhere to the prescribed precautions was examined with a scale constructed for the purpose of this study. The exploratory factor analysis extracted seven coping strategies. The first corresponded to problem-focused confrontation, the second referred to emotion-focused confrontation, three isolated dimensions were associated with avoidance coping strategies, while the functions of Humor and Religion could not be clearly defined. After conducting a higher-order factor analysis, two factors were singled out: the first, which combined problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, Humor, and Religion, and the second, which brought together mechanisms aimed at avoidance coping. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis suggested significant partial mediating effects of coping mechanisms. The first higherorder factor enhanced the effects of stress perception on the practice of precautionary behavior, while the second higher-order factor reduced these effects. The obtained results raise the question of adequacy of the standard coping mechanism measuring instruments in the assessment of stress caused by an accidental crisis and further question the possibility of an adequate response to stressors that are unknown and poorly controllable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The first purpose of this paper is to situate and conceptualise ambiguity in the operations management (OM) literature, as connected to supply chain decision-making (SCDM). The second purpose is to study the role of ambiguity-coping mechanisms in that context. Design/methodology/approach: This research uses the behavioural decision theory (BDT) to better embed ambiguity in a generic SCDM framework. The framework explicates both behavioural and non-behavioural antecedents of ambiguity and enables us to also ground the "coping" mechanisms as individual and organisational level strategies. Properties of the framework are illustrated through two "ambiguous" events – the 2011 Thai flood and Covid-19 pandemic. Findings: Three key findings are documented. First, ambiguity is shown to distinctively affect supply chain decisions and having correspondence with specific coping mechanisms. Second, the conceptual framework shows how individual coping mechanisms can undermine rational-based organisational coping mechanisms, leading to "sub-optimal" (poor) supply chain decisions. Third, this study highlights the positive role of visibility but surprisingly organisational "experiential" learning is imperfect, due to the focus on "similar" past experience and what is known. Originality/value: The paper is novel in two ways. First, it introduces ambiguity – an often neglected concept in operations management – into the supply chain lexicon, by developing a typology of ambiguity. Second, ambiguity-coping mechanisms are also introduced as both individual and organisational strategies. This enables the study to draw distinctive theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the world in an unprecedented way. Understanding the response of the Zimbabwean government to the COVID-19 pandemic and how it affected the informal sector economy is important. This study fills the research void on how various interventions by the government have impacted the informal sector. It demonstrates that the livelihoods supported by the informal sector have been negatively affected by the lockdown measures as well as curfews. Farm-produce vendors, entrepreneurs, secondhand clothes importers, taxi operators, barbers and hair salons were classified as non-essential services and had to observe lockdown restrictions. The study observes that these groups were significantly disrupted by the government's response to the outbreak of COVID-19. Using a qualitative approach, the article reflects on the livelihood experiences of those dependent on this sector during this era by assessing measures that have been introduced to contain the epidemic. Using primary evidence from print and electronic media, the article corroborates the narratives shared in public forums with unobtrusive observations to report on the complex nature of fighting the pandemic in Zimbabwe's informal sector. An in-depth document analysis as well as evidence from print and electronic media adds to the existing literature on the government's informal sector policy response to pandemics. It gives an evaluation of the strategies implemented and how the people in the informal sector respond to such policy initiatives. This study explores the experiences of people engaged in informal projects in their quest for socio-economic empowerment given the coronavirus challenge and restrictive measures implemented by the government to curtail the spread of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mothers have experienced a significant amount of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home orders in the US, which can have major implications for children's health and development; attention should be paid to developmental timing and unfolding of developmental trajectories following this pandemic. • Mothers have used a variety of strategies to cope; as more parents navigate social disruptions, they may benefit from additional resources and supports, such as innovations in childcare modalities, paid leave policies, and strengthening whole family processes using adaptive coping mechanisms. • Mothers with low income and/or children with special needs may experience more vulnerability to the sequalae of the pandemic; it is important to provide financial security, mental health, and educational and social support to relieve stress during the pandemic. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of mothers' lived experiences during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United States. An analysis of open-ended interviews with 44 mothers who had children ages zero-to-five identified two main themes: (1) increased stress among mothers; and (2) resilience through the use of coping mechanisms. The findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to higher stress among mothers due to issues of work-family life balance, family and children's needs, decision-making about getting sick, concerns for children's development, and lack of clarity from government officials. Mothers described using a variety of problem-focused and emotion-focused methods to cope with this stress. The lived experiences of mothers during the pandemic highlights the need for innovations in childcare modalities, paid leave policies to relieve stress, and strengthening whole family processes and resilience through the use of coping mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New "hero" status of essential service workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. using occupational stigma theory. • Adaption of In-Group coping mechanisms for explication of the Out-Group's (i.e. society's) preferred coping mechanisms. • Critical Discourse Analysis of 46 news articles in the U.S. public discourse from March 30, 2020 to May 31, 2020. • Contribution to occupational stigma theory included the use of the constructs for Out-Group coping mechanisms, and a new coping mechanism. • Recommend the continuance of In-Group and Out-Group "hero" messaging for advocacy and public policy. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on essential service workers has given rise to their newfound "hero" status, resulting in a dramatic shift of their occupational value. Service work has been long envisioned as "dirty work", and further, stigmatized by members of society (the Out-Group), until recently. This study utilized occupational stigma theory to identify the mechanisms under which both essential service workers and society at large came to unify around the importance of perceived dirty work in the United States. Critical discourse analysis was employed as a qualitative methodology, particularly examining the In- and Out-Group's coping mechanisms for coming to terms with the value of "dirty" service work heroes. Theoretical implications include the utilization of stigma theory for Out-Groups, and revealed a previously undetected Out-Group coping tactic. Practical implications include the urgency for keeping the "hero" story alive so that all service workers benefit from the movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has a profound impact on all domains of day to day life, forcing individuals to make substancial change in theway of living. Such change is known to cause an important psychological distress, and in some persons evidencing silent disorders among apparently functional individuals. Good coping mechanisms and resilience can be the key to overpass this difficult period. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the coping mechanisms and resilience that Romanian psychiatric trainees used during Covid19 pandemic. Methods: We developed an online questionnaire. We included questions about different socio-demographical variables and about coping mechanisms (using COPE scale), resilience (using Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) and quality of life (using QoL Scale). Results: The preliminary data show that staying busy, seeking social support and having a positive minset are emotion-focused coping strategies present in individuals who overpass easier this period. Conclusions: The Covid-19 pandemic is creating significant distress and impairment in functioning, but individuals who have good psychological mechanisms and who are more adaptable are less vulnerable during Covid-19 pandemic. Future research should build upon these findings to better understand coping mechanisms during crises and also social policies should be developed to acknowledge the variable needs in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]