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Background: Functional decline is common following acute hospitalization and is associated with hospital readmission, institutionalization, and mortality. People with functional decline may have difficulty accessing post-discharge medical care, even though early physician follow-up has the potential to prevent poor outcomes and is integral to high-quality transitional care. We sought to determine whether recent functional decline was associated with lower rates of post-discharge physician follow-up, and whether this association changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, given that both functional decline and COVID-19 may affect access to post-discharge care. Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using health administrative data from Ontario, Canada. We included patients over 65 who were discharged from an acute care facility during March 1st, 2019 – January 31st, 2020 (pre-COVID-19 period), and March 1st, 2020 – January 31st, 2021 (COVID-19 period), and who were assessed for home care while in hospital. Patients with and without functional decline were compared. Our primary outcome was any physician follow-up visit within 7 days of discharge. We used propensity score weighting to compare outcomes between those with and without functional decline. Results: Our study included 21,771 (pre-COVID) and 17,248 (COVID) hospitalized patients, of whom 15,637 (71.8%) and 12,965 (75.2%) had recent functional decline. Pre-COVID, there was no difference in physician follow-up within 7 days of discharge (Functional decline 45.0% vs. No functional decline 44.0%; RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.98–1.06). These results did not change in the COVID-19 period (Functional decline 51.1% vs. No functional decline 49.4%; RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.99–1.08, Z-test for interaction p = 0.72). In the COVID-19 cohort, functional decline was associated with having a 7-day physician virtual visit (RR 1.15; 95% CI 1.08–1.24) and a 7-day physician home visit (RR 1.64; 95% CI 1.10–2.43). Conclusions: Functional decline was not associated with reduced 7-day post-discharge physician follow-up in either the pre-COVID-19 or COVID-19 periods. In the COVID-19 period, functional decline was positively associated with 7-day virtual and home-visit follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of our study was to assess the initial impact of COVID-19 on total publicly-funded direct healthcare costs and health services use in two Canadian provinces, Ontario and British Columbia (BC). Methods: This retrospective repeated cross-sectional study used population-based administrative datasets, linked within each province, from January 1, 2018 to December 27, 2020. Interrupted time series analysis was used to estimate changes in the level and trends of weekly resource use and costs, with March 16–22, 2020 as the first pandemic week. Also, in each week of 2020, we identified cases with their first positive SARS-CoV-2 test and estimated their healthcare costs until death or December 27, 2020. Results: The resources with the largest level declines (95% confidence interval) in use in the first pandemic week compared to the previous week were physician services [Ontario: -43% (-49%,-37%); BC: -24% (-30%,-19%) (both p<0.001)] and emergency department visits [Ontario: -41% (-47%,-35%); BC: -29% (-35%,-23%) (both p<0.001)]. Hospital admissions declined by 27% (-32%,-23%) in Ontario and 21% (-26%,-16%) in BC (both p<0.001). Resource use subsequently rose but did not return to pre-pandemic levels. Only home care and dialysis clinic visits did not significantly decrease compared to pre-pandemic. Costs for COVID-19 cases represented 1.3% and 0.7% of total direct healthcare costs in 2020 in Ontario and BC, respectively. Conclusions: Reduced utilization of healthcare services in the overall population outweighed utilization by COVID-19 patients in 2020. Meeting the needs of all patients across all services is essential to maintain resilient healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and early survival among newly diagnosed cancer patients. Methods: This retrospective population-based cohort study used linked administrative datasets from Ontario, Canada. Adults (=18 years) who received a cancer diagnosis between March 15 and December 31, 2020, were included in a pandemic cohort, while those diagnosed during the same dates in 2018/2019 were included in a pre-pandemic cohort. All patients were followed for one full year after the date of diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess survival in relation to the pandemic, patient characteristics at diagnosis, and the modality of first cancer treatment as a time-varying covariate. Interaction terms were explored to measure the pandemic association with survival for each cancer type. Results: Among 179,746 patients, 53,387 (29.7%) were in the pandemic cohort and 37,741 (21.0%) died over the first post-diagnosis year. No association between the pandemic and survival was found when adjusting for patient characteristics at diagnosis (HR 0.99 [95% CI 0.96-1.01]), while marginally better survival was found for the pandemic cohort when the modality of treatment was additionally considered (HR 0.97 [95% CI 0.95-0.99]). When examining each cancer type, only a new melanoma diagnosis was associated with a worse survival in the pandemic cohort (HR 1.25 [95% CI 1.05-1.49]). Conclusions: Among patients able to receive a cancer diagnosis during the pandemic, one-year overall survival was not different than those diagnosed in the previous 2 years. This study highlights the complex nature of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on cancer care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ramping down of cancer surgery in early pandemic, many newly diagnosed patients received other treatments first. We aimed to quantify the pandemic-related shift in rate of surgery following chemotherapy. This is a retrospective population-based cohort study involving adults diagnosed with cancer between 3 January 2016 and 7 November 2020 in Ontario, Canada who received chemotherapy as first treatment within 6-months of diagnosis. Competing-risks regression models with interaction effects were used to quantify the association between COVID-19 period (receiving a cancer diagnosis before or on/after 15 March 2020) and receipt of surgical reSection 9-months after first chemotherapy. Among 51,653 patients, 8.5% (n = 19,558) of them ultimately underwent surgery 9-months after chemotherapy initiation. Receipt of surgery was higher during the pandemic than before (sHR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.13). Material deprivation was independently associated with lower receipt of surgery (least vs. most deprived quintile: sHR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04–1.17), but did not change with the pandemic. The surgical rate increase was most pronounced for breast cancer (sHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06–1.20). These pandemic-related shifts in cancer treatment requires further evaluations to understand the long-term consequences. Persistent material deprivation-related inequity in cancer surgical access needs to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency department (ED) use is a concern for surgery patients, physicians and health administrators particularly during a pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the pandemic on ED use following cancer-directed surgeries. This is a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing cancer-directed surgeries comparing ED use from 7 January 2018 to 14 March 2020 (pre-pandemic) and 15 March 2020 to 27 June 2020 (pandemic) in Ontario, Canada. Logistic regression models were used to (1) determine the association between pandemic vs. pre-pandemic periods and the odds of an ED visit within 30 days after discharge from hospital for surgery and (2) to assess the odds of an ED visit being of high acuity (level 1 and 2 as per the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale). Of our cohort of 499,008 cancer-directed surgeries, 468,879 occurred during the pre-pandemic period and 30,129 occurred during the pandemic period. Even though there was a substantial decrease in the general population ED rates, after covariate adjustment, there was no significant decrease in ED use among surgical patients (OR 1.002, 95% CI 0.957–1.048). However, the adjusted odds of an ED visit being of high acuity was 23% higher among surgeries occurring during the pandemic (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14–1.33). Although ED visits in the general population decreased substantially during the pandemic, the rate of ED visits did not decrease among those receiving cancer-directed surgery. Moreover, those presenting in the ED post-operatively during the pandemic had significantly higher levels of acuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limitations in laboratory diagnostic capacity impact population surveillance of COVID-19. It is currently unknown whether participatory surveillance tools for COVID-19 correspond to government-reported case trends longitudinally and if it can be used as an adjunct to laboratory testing. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether self-reported COVID-19-like illness reflected laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case trends in Ontario Canada. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed longitudinal self-reported symptoms data collected using an online tool–Outbreaks Near Me (ONM)–from April 20th, 2020, to March 7th, 2021 in Ontario, Canada. We measured the correlation between COVID-like illness among respondents and the weekly number of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases and provincial test positivity. We explored contemporaneous changes in other respiratory viruses, as well as the demographic characteristics of respondents to provide context for our findings. Results: Between 3,849–11,185 individuals responded to the symptom survey each week. No correlations were seen been self-reported CLI and either cases or test positivity. Strong positive correlations were seen between CLI and both cases and test positivity before a previously documented rise in rhinovirus/enterovirus in fall 2020. Compared to participatory surveillance respondents, a higher proportion of COVID-19 cases in Ontario consistently came from low-income, racialized and immigrant areas of the province- these groups were less well represented among survey respondents. Interpretation: Although digital surveillance systems are low-cost tools that have been useful to signal the onset of viral outbreaks, in this longitudinal comparison of self-reported COVID-like illness to Ontario COVID-19 case data we did not find this to be the case. Seasonal respiratory virus transmission and population coverage may explain this discrepancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug shortages during a pandemic can result from sudden increases in demand and disruptions in supply chains. Age-stratified hospital admissions in Canada were reported by the Government of Canada, based on cases reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada to Feb. 18, 2021.[18] Age-stratified hospital admissions in the United States were reported by the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET)[17] to Feb. 13, 2021, which represents about 10% of the US population. Tocilizumab is a life-saving therapy for adults admitted to hospital with COVID-19; demand for this drug is likely to outstrip available supply in Canada. [Extracted from the article]

Context: Continuity with the same family physician is associated with better patient outcomes and this can be encouraged through patient enrolment models. Access to health care was disrupted by the SARSCoV-2 pandemic and much of primary care shifted to virtual care. Continuity with a family physician in Canada is generally high. It is not known if continuity was disrupted by the pandemic or if continuity varied according to patient enrolment status. Objective: To determine whether continuity of care with the same family physician changed since the pandemic among enrolled and non-enrolled patients. Study design and Analysis: Retrospective analysis of family physician office-based and virtual visits (i.e. telephone or video) 16 months before and 16 months since the onset of pandemic restrictions in Ontario (March 11, 2020). Dataset: Population-based linked physician billing data. Population: All patients residing in Ontario, Canada (population 14.8 million) for whom a family physician/general practitioner could be assigned. Approximately 80% of patients are formally enrolled with a family physician and many non-enrolled patients can be attributed according to the majority of care provided. Outcome measures: Continuity of care, defined as the mean of each patient's proportion of visits to the assigned family physician among all family physician visits, was analyzed for all visits, office visits and virtual visits, for formally enrolled and non-enrolled patients. Results: Among enrolled patients, continuity with the assigned family physician pre-pandemic ranged from 65-68% and this did not decrease with the pandemic. Among non-enrolled patients, the mean proportion of all visits to the assigned family physician ranged from 60-67% before the pandemic and there were decreases by as much as 18% during the pandemic. For virtual visits, there was lower continuity among enrolled than non-enrolled patients before the pandemic, but higher continuity for enrolled than non-enrolled patients during the pandemic. Patients 65 years and older had higher continuity with their own family physician than younger patients in both periods. There were few differences by sex. Conclusions: Since the pandemic, continuity of care has been maintained among patients enrolled to a family physician but declined for patients who are not formally enrolled. Efforts may be needed to address potential disruptions to continuity for patients not formally enrolled to a family physician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: To improve access to care and continuity during the COVID-19 pandemic, family physicians increased their use of virtual care. However, there were concerns that having family physicians see fewer patients in-person was leading to an increase in emergency department (ED) use. Objective: We aimed to understand whether the use of virtual care in the primary care setting was associated with increased emergency department visits. Study design and Analysis: Population-based study comparing the mean ED visits in Feb to Oct 2019 (pre-pandemic) with those in Feb to Oct 2021, stratified by the family physician's percent of care delivered virtually in 2021. Setting or Dataset: Linked health administrative data in Ontario, Canada where primary care and ED visits are fully insured and free at the point-of-care for all permanent residents. Population studied: All family physicians with billings from February to October 2021 (n=15,155) and all patients living in Ontario and attached to a family physician as of March 31, 2021 (n=14,705,864). Outcome measures: The mean number of ED visits among patients, stratified by the percent of care delivered virtually by their attached physician. Results: Mean total ED visits decreased by 15% from 299 per 1000 people in 2019 to 254 visits per 1000 people in 2021. From February to October 2021, 9.2% (n=1,395), 28.1% (n=4,262), 17.8% (n=2,691) and 2.6% (n=400) physicians provided 0%, >60-80%, >80-<100%, and 100% of care virtually, respectively. The largest proportion of patients were seen by physicians who provided >60-80% of care virtually (31.7%, n=4,657,341). Patients whose family physicians provided 100% of visits in-person had the highest mean number of ED visits (488 per 1000), while patients whose physicians delivered >80%-<100% care virtually had the lowest volume of ED use (243 visits per 1000). Trends in ED use across physician virtual care strata were similar in 2019. Conclusions: Family physicians with a higher proportion of virtual encounters did not have higher rates of emergency department use among their patients. Differences observed in patient ED use across levels of physician virtual care provision were similar in 2019, suggesting pre-existing patterns unrelated to the expansion of virtual care during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Local health leaders and the Director General of the World Health Organization alike have observed that COVID-19 "does not discriminate." Nevertheless, the disproportionate representation of people of low socioeconomic status among those infected resembles discrimination. This population-based retrospective cohort study examined COVID-19 case counts and publicly funded healthcare costs in Ontario, Canada, with a focus on marginalization.Methods: Individuals with their first positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test from January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020, were linked to administrative databases and matched to negative/untested controls. Mean net (COVID-19-attributable) costs were estimated for 30 days before and after diagnosis, and differences among strata of age, sex, comorbidity, and measures of marginalization were assessed using analysis of variance tests.Results: We included 28 893 COVID-19 cases (mean age 54 years, 56% female). Most cases remained in the community (20 545, 71.1%) or in long-term care facilities (4478, 15.5%), whereas 944 (3.3%) and 2926 (10.1%) were hospitalized, with and without intensive care unit, respectively. Case counts were skewed across marginalization strata with 2 to 7 times more cases in neighborhoods with low income, high material deprivation, and highest ethnic concentration. Mean net costs after diagnosis were higher for males ($4752 vs $2520 for females) and for cases with higher comorbidity ($1394-$7751) (both P < .001) but were similar across levels of most marginalization dimensions (range $3232-$3737, all P ≥ .19).Conclusions: This study suggests that allocating resources unequally to marginalized individuals may improve equality in outcomes. It highlights the importance of reducing risk of COVID-19 infection among marginalized individuals to reduce overall costs and increase system capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]