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This study examines how anti-Asian racism intersects with sexism and ageism, impacting Asian Americans’ fear of racial victimization. Using nationally representative data from the “Dynamics of Social Life during COVID-19” survey, we show that these intersections affect subjective experiences of racism among young and older Asian Americans across various ethnic groups in the U.S. Younger Asian women report the highest levels of worry about racism, with this concern decreasing with age. In contrast, older Asian men worry more than younger men. Asian women also reported more instances of unfair treatment and discrimination, while Asian men reported higher instances of racial violence. Our findings reveal that anti-Asian racism is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by intersections of gender, age, and ethnicity. We discuss existing obstacles and potential pathways to building panethnic solidarity among Asians across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The musical Allegiance was inspired by the childhood of actor-activist George Takei, a Japanese American whose family was incarcerated by the United States government in 'war relocation camps' during World War II. Performed in both New York and London, the play is a rare popular depiction of Japanese detention – a chapter of American history that is simultaneously present and hidden in U.S. public imagination. The musical underscores the realities of racial discrimination that rendered Japanese Americans vulnerable to rights abuses and asks whether a citizen must prove one's loyalty. Thinking through the 'absent presence' of Japanese American incarceration by viewing performances such as Allegiance is a vital step for acknowledging the precariousness of American citizenship and for preventing human rights abuses in the future. Today, this play serves as a cautionary tale for the United States as anti-Asian hatred spikes and citizenship stripping among naturalized American citizens increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in anti-Asian racism in the United Kingdom and given rise to the racial reckoning and mobilization of a pan-East and Southeast Asian ethnic identity. As two clinicians, we reflect upon the internal and external challenges when setting up an East and Southeast Asian mental health service. We focus on our endeavors in setting up a service within the social justice framework, how structural barriers constrain the sustainability of our work. We highlight the complexities in setting up a service for a heterogeneous community. Aligning with values and principles of social justice, we must understand the historical contexts and structural factors that are complicit when formulating our clients' distress. We also must be aware of and challenge the external and institutional barriers in terms of where power is centered, especially in the area of commissioning and service design. We discuss the implications for researchers, practitioners, and commissioners alike based on our experience and reflections. Public Significance Statement: This article features the personal experiences of two clinicians' accounts of setting up a community mental health service for East and Southeast Asian communities in an inner city area in London as a response to rising anti-Asian racism due to COVID-19. The reflections and learnings are applicable to clinicians and community workers working with ethnically diverse communities using an antiracist lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by Fanon's constructs of racial epidermal schema, this study explored youth's experiences with anti-Asian racism (AAR) and their perspective on how AAR is formed and maintained. We recruited 36 Asian youth (age range 14–23 years) residing in a metropolitan city in Canada to attend a semi-structured focus group. Results from the reflexive thematic analysis indicated the tenuous lines of invisibility and visibility of AAR—in a Whiteness dominant racial schema. When Asian youth are objectified within the boundary of Whiteness norms, AAR is pervasive but inconspicuous, happening early and frequently in their life but unrecognized. When they are objectified as threats to Whiteness dominance such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, AAR is visible in forms of overt discrimination, violence, and hate against Asians. Youth attributed roots of AAR to White supremacy and critically discussed their racialization process. Their reflexive insights serve as a form of resistance to AAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty-threat model of conservatism posits that people turn to political conservatism to protect themselves from perceived threats; indeed, studies show increases in conservative ideology and outgroup bias following threat priming. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented threat that has had devastating effects on the health and economic lives of Americans. Concerns surrounding the threat of COVID-19 may have secondary effects on other aspects of American life, such as political and anti-Asian racial bias. The current studies explored the effects of COVID-19 related threats on expressed political conservatism, xenophobia, and racial bias under the uncertainty-threat model. Study 1 assessed the effects of priming health or economic risks of COVID-19 (vs. control), and found that economic threat led to increased xenophobia, but had no effects on overall conservatism. Study 2 then investigated whether the effects of COVID-related economic threat prime extended to racial bias, and explored moderators and mediators of effects. Results showed that the economic threat prime increased perceived group-status threat, and indirectly increased conservatism, xenophobia, and racial bias through the mechanism of perceived group-status threat. Effects were greatest for those impacted financially by the pandemic. In general, our studies provide support for the uncertainty-threat model with the novel threat of the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications for understanding potential shifts in conservatism and bias in response to future threats in the United States are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the links between anxiety and depression symptoms and COVID-19-related racism amongst Asian Americans living in western New York, United States. Based on the findings of survey data (n = 333) and in corroboration with minority stress theory, all forms of racism are positively correlated with anxiety and depression levels. There are differences across different forms of racism. Experiences of avoidance and verbal harassment are primarily linked to increased levels of anxiety, while encountering discrimination in business and social settings is more likely to contribute to depression. Indirect discrimination and stigma consciousness tend to heighten anxiety more than depression. Moreover, individuals who are native-born and female tend to report worse mental health outcomes than those who are foreign-born Asians or males. There is a contrasting relationship with income, where higher earnings are linked to reduced depression but can correlate with more significant anxiety. The study findings reveal that COVID-19-related racism may lead to stigma consciousness, race- and racism-based stress, anxiety, and depression. The study contributes to the literature by connecting theories on mental health effects of racism, as well as by distinguishing the links between different forms and intensities of racism and mental well-being, rather than treating all racism as uniform. Considering the detrimental effects on mental health, public policies must confront and address racial prejudice and discrimination that individuals from marginalized communities encounter, particularly during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the historical experiences of Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) in the context of rising anti-Asian violence in the United States, exacerbated by former President Donald Trump's inflammatory rhetoric during the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing Herbert Blumer's group position theory and Gordon Allport's stages of prejudice, the study analyzes four key periods in AAPI history to reveal how they have been systematically marginalized and racialized as perpetual foreigners. The U.S. experience offers crucial insights for South Korea, which is undergoing significant demographic changes due to immigration. While the two countries differ in their historical and cultural contexts, both face challenges in integrating minority groups and preventing the entrenchment of social hierarchies. By adopting inclusive policies and promoting a more cohesive national identity, South Korea can avoid the pitfalls of systemic exclusion and build a more harmonious society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, more incidents of anti-Asian racism have been reported in Europe. Asians in Germany have been directly and indirectly exposed to racism, with potential implications for their well-being and sense of belonging. This study aimed to explore racism experiences among Korean residents in Germany since the outset of the pandemic. It also examines how racism is associated with their life satisfaction and sense of belonging to the host society. Our online survey of 552 Koreans residing in Germany shows that since the beginning of the pandemic nearly 80% of them experienced direct and/or indirect racism mainly in public places, public transportation, social media, and mainstream media. Women, younger people, and temporary visa-holders were more likely to experience racism than other groups. While the experience(s) of racism was associated with lower life satisfaction, a stronger sense of belonging to local communities and German society as a whole appeared to alleviate the negative effect of the racism experience. This study shows the pervasiveness of anti-Asian racism in Germany, and thus urges German society and local communities to commit to creating inclusive and diverse environments alongside anti-racism efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent have social media discussions of health racialized during the COVID-19 pandemic? How has the spread of racialized social media health content influenced attitudes about race and COVID-19? To answer these questions, we collected data on public US Facebook posts from 2019–2020 related to health and health care (n ≃ 9,659,000) and document a rise in race-related and racist language in online discussions directly-related to health during the pandemic. We show a substantive increase in Facebook posts connecting health to race and racism beginning around the announcement of the first declared case of COVID-19 in March 2020. Text analyses reveal that posts with explicitly racist language surrounding blame for COVID-19, discussions of unemployment rates and benefits, as well as immigration were shared more on average than the typical post about health generally. We connect the spread of this language on Facebook to survey responses (n ≃ 231,000) from Nationscape. We show that weekly increases in racist and race-related health language on Facebook are related to declines in concern for COVID-19 and heightened anti-Asian attitudes, especially for racially resentful white Facebook users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonstrating how psychoanalysts can be useful in community settings outside the conventional consulting room, this paper describes consultation and group interventions conducted at a San Francisco mental health agency serving a largely Asian community. In the traumatic context of the COVID-19 pandemic, agency staff became fragmented, due to remote working conditions and differential work assignments, including mandated deployments to emergency sites. Two psychoanalysts worked with agency leadership to devise a weekly process group held by video conferencing over 6 months, in an attempt to heal resentments and splits in the fabric of the agency. Examples of the group process, interventions, and major themes that emerged are described, as well as recommendations made, including the formation of an ongoing clinical consultation group. The paper situates these interventions in the greater context of the pandemic which exposed not only a universal threat to life and health, but also structural vulnerabilities organized along lines of (racial) difference and inequity. The dynamics at the agency are thus described as rooted within greater nested histories: of the clinic, its leadership, and their relationship with a strained public health system, and more broadly, of the tangled intersection of these histories with anti-Asian racism. These are understood as manifestations of the Social Unconscious, and the intervention as an example of Community Psychoanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore challenging experiences in psychological wellbeing among Korean newcomer immigrant adolescents residing in an emerging immigrant community amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, which had been understudied in previous studies. This study utilized qualitative data from these immigrant adolescents and five of their mothers who had immigrated and lived in the United States for an average of 27 months. Using the Acculturative Stress Model and the Social Ecological Model as frameworks, this study analyzed their acculturative stress experiences as immigrants and as ethnic and linguistic minorities in the unique contexts of an emerging immigrant community and the pandemic, and how these challenging experiences impact their psychological wellbeing. Data collection took place from March to August 2020. Findings in this study demonstrated that these immigrant adolescents grappled with linguistic challenges, family conflicts, difficulties in establishing and maintaining social relationships, and heightened fears of increased anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. The unique contexts of the emerging immigrant community and the pandemic interfered with their adjustment, making these challenging experiences more difficult, all significantly impacting their psychological wellbeing. Schools and communities play pivotal roles in addressing linguistic challenges, fostering social connections for Korean newcomer immigrant adolescents, and promoting awareness of diversity and inclusion within these environments. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to develop more effective support measures and channels for Korean immigrant adolescents in emerging immigrant communities, especially during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current scholarship has identified online hate speech as one of the main threats in digital spaces, leading to an ever-heightened marginalization of ethnic minorities. The COVID-19 pandemic has given racist expressions of hate a new momentum, directed particularly at Asian-heritage individuals who were scapegoated as the originators of the virus. This study explores the repercussions of this for Asian-heritage individuals living in Europe, specifically their (1) identity and (2) coping strategies. Using semi-structured interviews with N = 14 Asian-heritage individuals, the study shows how this group was hatefully othered online, with severe consequences for its members’ sense of hybrid belonging and ethnic identity. Initial defense attempts were muted, and individuals surrendered to passive coping strategies, withdrawing from mainstream discourse. The study shows how identity and coping were inextricably intertwined. Taking this case as an example for minority victimization during crises, we discuss potential empowerment perspectives for ethnic minority individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government policies can be productive tools for protecting citizens while simultaneously forging more egalitarian societies. At the same time, history has shown that well-intentioned governmental actions, such as those meant to quell pandemics (e.g., blood-donation restrictions), can single out members of marginalized groups (e.g., men who have sex with men). How did government actions shape intergroup outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic? Here, we draw from emerging research to provide informed conjectures regarding whether and how government actions affected stereotypes (e.g., beliefs about gender), prejudice (e.g., anti-Asian bias), and intergroup violence (e.g., hate crimes against Asian individuals) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss research examining the impact of policies intended to curb the spread of the disease, and we consider possible effects of the strategies used to communicate about the virus. Furthermore, we highlight open questions regarding how and why pandemic policies and communication shape intergroup outcomes, propose key directions for future research, and note possible implications for future development of policy and communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the hermeneutical phenomenological approach, guided by Critical Race Theory, to explicate a nuanced understanding of the way Chinese international students' racial identity shapes the challenges that they faced during the pandemic and their experience of academic institutions' support during this time. The current study highlights the pervasive anti-Asian racism that directly and indirectly contributed to the negative experiences of Chinese international students studying in Canada during the pandemic. The findings also highlight the lack of support from academic institutions, despite the rising anti-Asian racism faced by this group of students. Furthermore, this study calls attention to the consideration of race in developing support programs for racialized international students. Recommendations for universities to better support international students in general are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What drives racial minorities to partake in social media activism for racial justice? Answers to this question are vital and urgent, particularly in view of growing anti-Asian hate crimes amid the current pandemic. Motivated to address this question, we draw insights from the transactional model of stress and coping, the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS), and social media activism literature. We propose an integrative model that delineates the psychological antecedents and processes leading Asian Americans to cope with racial discrimination and engage in social media activism. Results of an online survey among 400 Asian Americans supported the proposed model, highlighting a perception-motivation-coping-activism effect chain. Our study advances the three bodies of literature—coping, STOPS, and social media activism—in the context of racial discrimination concerning an understudied minority group: Asian Americans. It also renders meaningful insights to organizations, groups, and governments that seek to support this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I critically examine the role of the Australian far-right in the racialisation of the COVID-19 pandemic. A Discourse-Historical Analysis of (n = 133) Facebook posts from Australia's most prominent far-right populist party, Pauline Hanson's One Nation, revealed a range of discursive strategies, linguistic and rhetorical devices, and multimodal semiotic practices were employed to scapegoat China and Chinese-Australians throughout the pandemic. The findings highlight the unique role played by the Australian far-right in the racialisation of the health crisis which engendered a wave of Sinophobic and anti-Asian racism on a global scale. This research furthers our empirical understanding of how crises are exploited by the far-right to advance their racial politics in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges faced by migrant, refugee, and multicultural communities in Australia during the Covid-19 pandemic. It discusses the difficulties these communities encounter in accessing essential resources and the rise in racism and discrimination they experience. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the long-term effects of these issues beyond the pandemic. It introduces a special issue that includes ten research articles examining the challenges faced by multicultural communities during the pandemic and offering recommendations for policymakers and practitioners. The articles delve into the experiences of multicultural communities in Australia, focusing on racism, health disparities, and policy responses. They highlight the types of racism Asian Australians face, the impact of racism on health and social outcomes, and the barriers to reporting racism. The role of far-right actors in perpetuating racism and the effects of anti-Chinese sentiment are also explored. The research underscores the need for improved data collection on racism and calls for culturally sensitive communication, increased representation, and collaborative approaches to address pandemic-related racism. The issue also discusses the experiences of older migrants, the role of digital media in fostering a sense of belonging, and the shortcomings of Australia's multicultural policies during the pandemic. Overall, the articles provide valuable insights into the challenges faced by multicultural communities and the necessity for inclusive and fair responses. [Extracted from the article]

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, a surge in anti-Chinese sentiment emerged as a pressing issue, with debates on how the pandemic exacerbated such sentiments. To explore this intricate relationship, we conducted two survey experiments, incorporating COVID-specific contextual inquiries in Australia and the United States during two phases (8–21 June 2021 and 28 July-12 August 2022). Our findings reveal that individuals' perceptions of the Chinese diaspora remained unaltered when presented with information regarding the Chinese government's initial management of COVID-19. However, when exposed to a message suggesting the Chinese government's influence over overseas Chinese communities, people's attitudes towards the Chinese diaspora significantly deteriorated. In addition, Australian respondents demonstrated heightened sensitivity to perceived foreign interference from China compared to their American counterparts. Our study underscores the role of suspicions and apprehensions surrounding China-related foreign interference in shaping anti-Chinese sentiment in the Western context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to fill a lacuna in existing literature by adopting a feminist and intersectional framework and analysis to examine the experience of racism of individual Chinese residing in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and to explicate how macro and meso-structural processes impact Chinese individuals and communities during COVID-19. We draw on data analysis from a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) funded research project, and focus our analysis of the experience of anti-Chinese racism before and during COVID on i) context of racialization and racism, i.e., geopolitics, Chinese culture and identity, and media representation; and ii) experiences of racialization and racism, in the form of stereotyping, microaggression, and verbal acts of racism. We demonstrate that anti-Chinese racism has persisted prior to COVID-19, however, the pandemic exacerbates precipitating racist ideologies, policies and practices, allowing them to manifest and proliferate. In particular, our paper elucidates how different forms of antiChinese racism interact with individuals’ intersectionalities (i.e., race, class, gender, age, ability, English/French fluency, immigration/citizenship status, etc.) to further complicate how individuals are differentially targeted and how they experience racism differently. As well, our paper illuminates how individual interviewees utilize their agency to devise strategies to deal with anti-Asian racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper seeks to explain and empirically test how a public health crisis, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, might lead to discriminatory attitudes and behaviors against marginalized groups. Method: We identify four causal mechanisms that may account for the increase in anti‐Asian racism during COVID‐19. Using a large data set of geolocated COVID‐19‐related tweets in the U.S., we examine the spatiotemporal pattern of anti‐Asian sentiment on Twitter and test all four mechanisms that link the crisis to the behaviors of "othering" and "scapegoating." Results: We find evidence consistent with the elite cueing, perceived threat, and grievance mechanisms. The president's scapegoating rhetoric significantly increased anti‐Asian hate tweets across all counties. In addition, high COVID‐19 infection rates and grievances from containment policies are also associated with greater numbers of anti‐Asian hate tweets. On the other hand, counties with larger vulnerable populations do not seem to have more anti‐Asian hate tweets. Conclusions: We demonstrate that a crisis alone does not necessarily lead to othering behavior, while elite rhetoric can significantly influence the public's opinion and behavior during a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated racism experienced by Asian Americans, especially women and older individuals. Little is known about how discriminatory experiences during the pandemic have influenced health behaviors among Asian Americans. Between 10/2021 and 6/2022, we surveyed 193 Asian American women in the San Francisco area. Participants were asked to report types of discrimination they experienced since March 2020. We explored bivariable associations of discrimination and changes in health behaviors and healthcare utilization. Most women were Chinese American (75%) and over 45-years-old (87%). The top three discriminatory experiences reported were being treated with less respect (60%), being treated unfairly at restaurants/stores (49%), and people acting as if they are better (47%). Chinese American women (vs. non-Chinese Asian American women) reported higher frequencies of being threatened/harassed (40% vs. 22%). Women who reported any discriminatory experience (vs. none) were more likely to report less physical exercise (42.7% vs. 26.3%) and canceling/rescheduling medical appointments (65.0% vs. 45.1%). Our findings begin to elucidate Asian American women's experiences of discrimination since the pandemic and provide evidence of the harmful impacts of anti-Asian racism on health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expressions of anti-Asian hate and racism rose substantially during the pandemic, which had drastic effects on the wellbeing of various Asian-American communities. Through the lens of bicultural and bilingual Asian human service workers, this study explores how older Asian adults perceived anti-Asian racism and developed coping strategies during the pandemic. Nested in an extensive study of bicultural and bilingual Asian human service workers and their experience working with older Asian adults during the pandemic, this study adopts Asian Critical Race Theory and employs a phenomenological approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the roles of sports fan identity and political affiliation on the perceived accuracy of mediated information during a global pandemic, which adversely affected the sports world through national and international league stoppages and newly developed health and safety protocols. A 4 (news source) × 3 (pandemic term) experimental design was incorporated. 420 subjects read one of twelve factually accurate sports articles but with differing media outlets (MSNBC, Fox News, Associated Press, Bleacher Report) and pandemic terminology of differing anti-Asian sentiments (COVID-19, Chinese coronavirus, Wuhan Virus). Results demonstrated that manipulation of media source and pandemic term did not influence perceived information accuracy, but that one's social identification did alter results. Shifts in media accuracy depended on whether facts were incongruent with one's identity, while xenophobic language was more likely to be accepted if the information came from an acceptable and parallel media source. Ramifications for journalism ethics and media literacy are offered, highlighting the increased role one's identity has in information processing in modern media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: People of Asian origin in Germany are affected by racial–ethnic discrimination, which became even more evident in the context of surging anti-Asian racism (AAR) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiences of discrimination can pose a threat to mental health. This study tested the role of discrimination experiences for subjective well-being in a sample of Asian origin people in Germany. Method: A total of 671 participants (76.5% women) who self-identified as being of Asian origin participated in an online survey in December 2020. Participants completed several measures of racial–ethnic discrimination experiences, some of which were related to the pandemic (e.g., experienced microaggressions and perceived change in discrimination experiences during the pandemic), as well as indicators of subjective well-being (positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and subjective health status). Results: In structural equation models, discrimination experiences were associated with lower subjective well-being (b = −.36, SE =.16, p <.05). A follow-up analysis suggested that this relationship was evident for discrimination measures that had a reference to the pandemic as well as measures without this reference. Conclusions: The range of different discrimination experiences among people of Asian origin in Germany is characterized by discrimination in the context of the pandemic and also beyond, and these may have a significant negative impact on the mental health of those affected. The findings of this study have practical implications both for reducing anti-Asian stigmas in society and in the context of psychological counseling of affected individuals, which should target the maintenance or improvement of subjective well-being. Public Significance Statement: The present study suggests that racial–ethnic discrimination experiences are associated with poorer subjective well-being among people of Asian origin in Germany. The maintenance and improvement of subjective well-being may be thus a relevant target for psychological interventions in order to prevent mental health impairments as a sequelae of anti-Asian racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research suggests that racism is associated with adverse mental health outcomes for Asians in the United States. Relatively less research has been conducted to examine the effects of racism on physical health, particularly the changes in physical health among Asians and Asian Americans. This study aims to fill in this gap in prior research. Survey was conducted via Qualtrics in March 2023. A panel sample of 356 Asian and Asian American adults from across the US was collected. Ordinary Least Squares Regression was employed to examine the interrelationships among racism, religion, and perceived changes in physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to conventional wisdom, more frequent experience with blatant racism was associated with a perceived improvement in physical health after controlling for subtle racism, anxiety, acculturation, and various sociodemographic variables. Interestingly, this robust relationship was more significant among Asians who attended religious services more frequently. Additional three-way interactions revealed that the interaction between blatant racism and religious service attendance on perceived changes in physical health was more significant for US-born Asians and Asians of Indian or Japanese ethnicity. Racism exerts a significant influence on physical health outcomes among Asians and Asian Americans. However, this relationship was contingent upon the specific aspect of racism and intersected with religiosity, acculturation, and ethnic identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face masks were undoubtedly one of the most visible and (at least in some countries of the Global North) most controversial markers of the Covid-19 pandemic. Contrary to the white-German majority society in Berlin, Vietnamese migrants in the city were aware of the essential role of wearing masks in public right from the beginning of this health crisis. In March 2020, when the German government agency for disease control was still advising the general public against donning masks, former Vietnamese contract workers were already producing thousands of fabric masks for donation to ill-prepared hospitals and care facilities. Vietnamese students in Berlin, as well as children of Vietnamese migrants born and/or raised in Germany, also initiated various mask-related campaigns to tackle the health crisis and support local Vietnamese communities. Based on digital ethnography in the spring of 2020, as well as later offline ethnographic exploration, we tracked the emergence of Vietnamese care networks trying to cope with the then-evolving pandemic. Looking through the analytical lens of face masks, we aim to highlight people's emic understandings of care as materialized in self-sewn masks. Besides showing the processual character of those care responses, we also aim to work out distinct differences between the migrant generation and post-migration actors regarding their motivations for organizing their respective campaigns. While our interlocutors from the latter group were much more vocal about anti-Asian racism and thus focused on community care projects, the Vietnamese migrants we talked to framed their care response in terms of a narrative of giving back to their second home country at a time of need. In addition, we will show how these care responses were differently shaped by media discourses from Vietnam and/or the global Vietnamese diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The Asian population, the third largest ethnic group in Aotearoa New Zealand, confronts persistent socio-economic exclusion exacerbated during the Covid-19 pandemic amidst rising anti-Asian racism. The study aims to explore Asians’ pandemic experiences and their impact on their quality of life in Aotearoa New Zealand, with the goal of contributing to tailored knowledge development for Asians in crisis situations. METHODS: The study, theoretically grounded in symbolic interactionism, examines stories of 26 Asians representing Chinese, Indian, Filipino and Korean communities. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews identifies patterns encapsulating participants’ strategies to sustain their lives and challenges faced during the pandemic. FINDINGS: The Covid-19 pandemic profoundly disrupts participants’ lives, evoking anxiety and uncertainty. In response, they turned to virtual realms to maintain daily routines and connections with their home countries. They often relied on ethnic communities for support due to difficulties in accessing formal support systems. Notably, North-east Asians face adversity from racism targeting individuals with a Chinese appearance, resulting in reduced self-esteem and weakened societal belonging. CONCLUSION: The study sheds light on challenges Asians face amidst escalating anti-Asian racism and highlights the crucial role of ethnic social services during the pandemic. Social workers must engage with ethnic communities, partnering with ethnic social services, to address Asians’ needs in times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, anti-Asian racism re-emerged during the coronavirus pandemic in Germany and elsewhere, manifesting in media narratives, and evoking different forms of violence and exclusion, especially in public space. Racialisation as an everyday process creates "counter-frames" by racialised groups. They are constructed in relation to institutionalised interpellation as "the other." Building on Feagin's concept of "white framing" and "counter-framing" and Löw's concept of space, this paper discusses the effects of racialisation, coping and anti-racist resistance strategies as developed by the Asian diaspora. Social change regarding racism will be analysed through Foroutan's concept of "postmigrant society." We based this study on a convenience sample of people with Asian heritage which we conducted in 2020 in Germany. In addition, we included a diary study for which a subset has been sampled. We argue that the pandemic influenced the formation of counter-frames against anti-Asian racism in the specific context of Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary French Civilization is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the experiences of school bullying and racism among Asian American Pacific Islander (henceforth AAPI) high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian students who report being bullied at school or online are more likely to report depression and poor mental health outcomes. Perceived racism is also associated with a higher risk of depression. Among Asian students, females and LGB Asian students are more likely to report adverse mental health outcomes, which suggests they may be particularly vulnerable populations. Finally, our findings suggest that increased social support may act as a buffer against adverse mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigmatization, hostility, and violence towards the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community have increased sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to conduct research to promote understanding of the effects of such stigmatization on the AAPI community. Accordingly, the present study used a combined minority stress and integrated threat framework to examine whether factors related to AAPI identity would moderate the relationship between stigmatization/threat associated with AAPI identity and increased psychological distress and behavioral vigilance. AAPI individuals were recruited online from both Turk Prime and Reddit and completed measures of perceived stigmatization; integrated threat; depression, anxiety, and stress; and behavioral vigilance. Perceptions of stigmatization and threat predicted relevant outcomes both as individual predictors and in multivariate analyses. However, factors relating to the strength of AAPI identification did not moderate the effects of stigmatization and threat on psychological distress and behavioral vigilance, which is a result that failed to support this aspect of the broader conceptual model on which this project was based. Instead, these proposed moderators were themselves predicted by stigmatization and threat variables. The implications of these findings for effective interventions to alleviate the negative consequences of anti-Asian stigmatization are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, East Asians across the globe have been ostracized, othered, pathologized, and subjected to numerous anti-Asian hate crimes. Despite contemporary China's rapid modernization, the country is still perceived as an Oriental and primitive site. Taking these cues, the current article aims to investigate the Sinophobic attitudes in the wake of COVID-19 through a detailed analysis of sequential comics and cartoons by artists of East Asian descent, such as Laura Gao and Lisa Wool-Rim Sjöblom. Drawing theoretical insights from Alexandre White's "epidemic orientalism" and Priscilla Wald's "medicalized nativism," this essay investigates how these chosen comics function as counternarratives through first-person storytelling. In so doing, these comics, while reinstating the dignity of East Asians, also challenge and resist the naturalized methods of seeing that justify violence and dehumanization. The article further argues that Sinophobia and anti-Asian hate crimes are motivated as much by the origins of COVID-19 in China as by the political, economic, and technological variables that have shaped modern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has made historically rooted anti-Asian racism, xenophobia, and civic activism in the United States highly salient, creating a heightened need for Asian American youth to redress racial injustice through civic engagement. However, little is known about Chinese American adolescents' civic engagement in response to racial discrimination. The present study investigated the age-varying associations between Chinese American adolescents' experiences of COVID-19-related racial discrimination and their political civic engagement at the intersection of race and gender, as well as the moderating roles of ethnic identity affirmation and parental civic socialization in these associations. The participants were 295 10- to 18-year-old Chinese American adolescents (Mage = 14.1 years, SD = 2.2 years; 52% girls) and their parents (Mage = 44.2 years, SD = 6.0 years; 79% mothers). Time-varying effect modeling showed that experiences of racial discrimination were negatively associated with political civic engagement in middle adolescence. This negative association was found only among girls but not boys. High ethnic identity affirmation and parental civic socialization not only buffered Chinese American adolescents against the impact of racial discrimination but even promoted their greater political civic engagement across adolescence. These findings revealed the age trends and important individual and contextual facilitators of Chinese American adolescents' political civic participation in the context of the racialized pandemic of COVID-19, which can inform culturally and developmentally targeted education and intervention efforts that promote the civic development of Chinese American adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-Asian violence is a regular part of US history, but surged during the Covid-19 pandemic because of the virus's association with China, and then-US President Trump's use of racist rhetoric to name the virus and its resulting spread. In response and in resistance to these acts of violence, protests and educational efforts increased as well, rooted in the grief and mourning spurred by the attacks. This essay examines these affects as symptoms of a racialized melancholia that is part of US political enactments of national belonging. This melancholia is related to the model minority identity, which is organized around a spiritualized ideal of assimilation that mystifies the causes of anti-Asian violence and its function in cohering US national identity as a settler-colonial state. Rather than a pathology to overcome, interrogating model minority melancholia may expose a different foundation for imagining national belonging that doesn't rely on anti-Asian violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores anecdotes about and experiences of implicit and explicit acts of racism experienced by 16 Asian Americans living in the United States, who narrate stories about incidents of race‐based verbal, physical, or emotional violence. In addition, the participants detail hardships and experiences before COVID‐19, at the onset of COVID‐19, and most importantly, during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The results of the study build on the growing literature on the experiences of racism, othering, and invisibility among Asian communities. Further research is needed to capture the diversity of experiences of the Asian American communities and to identify interventions and practices that will best support their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aimed to assess the role of social support on the impact of discrimination on psychological distress for Asian American women and men. Using the Asian American sample from the Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander COVID-19 Needs Assessment Study (n = 3,508), we used logistic regression to examine the moderating role of different types of social support on the relationship between discrimination and psychological distress by gender. Among Asian Americans, facing discrimination was associated with higher odds of psychological distress, and receiving emotional support was associated with lower odds of psychological distress. When examining interactions between discrimination, social support, and gender, we found that facing discrimination led to the highest odds of psychological distress for Asian American women who provided emotional support. Our findings highlight different mechanisms by which social support buffers and exacerbates the psychological burden of discrimination for Asian Americans. These findings have overall and gender-informed implications for community policies to promote mental health resilience by actively alleviating the effects of racism among Asian Americans. Public Policy Relevance Statement: With greater anti-Asian discrimination from COVID-19, it is crucial to understand how to reduce poorer mental health in Asian Americans. In our study, receiving emotional support was beneficial to lower levels of psychological distress among Asian Americans. Additionally, Asian American women providing emotional support experienced the highest increase in psychological distress if they faced discrimination, highlighting how gendered expectations of care provision contribute to different discrimination impacts on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay, based on a 2022 plenary presentation at the International Society for the Study of Overseas Chinese conference, details the state of anti-Asian American racism from 2020 through 2022. First, it describes the nature and extent of the discrimination. While the media presented the issue as one of hate crimes, the vast majority of hate incidents involved verbal harassment and shunning/avoidance. Second, it reviews the sources of the surge in racism. Political rhetoric and social media re-ignited Yellow Peril fears, leading to the scapegoating of Asians in the US for COVID-19. Third, it considers the traumatizing impact of this spate of racism. In particular, Asian Americans have suffered severe economic distress, have borne the disproportionate brunt of exclusionary public policies, and have been traumatized by the violence of the past three years. The essay concludes with how the Asian American community has resisted with the largest panethnic movement in its history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian violence in the United States has risen significantly. Many Asian American students have been disproportionately harassed in schools and fear resuming in-person learning. Thus, educators must resist returning to the old normal. Instead, they can reimagine the pandemic as a portal to justice for Asian American youth. The authors build on three hallmarks of ethnic studies curriculum as counternarrative, reclaiming cultural identities, and community engagement to suggest how ethnic studies commonalities can be mapped to social studies curricula to create a portal to affirm and empower Asian American students after the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent surveys suggest that the anti-Asian attacks that began during the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to occur. One of the ways school leaders can respond to this problem is by implementing ethnic studies courses. Unfortunately, organizers of social movements sometimes thwart efforts to increase ethnic studies courses, claiming that this type of curriculum is anti-White. But since well-taught ethnic studies courses are designed to benefit all students, this claim is based on misconceptions. In this paper, I clarify how ethnic studies courses benefit students from all ethnic and racial groups and why more of these courses need to be implemented to fight the recent rise in anti-Asian attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The rise in anti-Asian hate since the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the challenges that Asian Americans in the United States (U.S.) experience with xenophobia, racism, and the "model-minority stereotype." The model-minority stereotype is a misleading myth that has been pervasively attached to the Asian American identity and experiences. Thus, it can serve as a useful framework to understand experiences in the current anti-Asian hate climate. In this exploratory qualitative study, the investigators interviewed Asian American social workers (N = 17), highlighting their perspectives and experiences during the anti-Asian hate climate, with attention paid to how the model minority stereotype was contextualized among participants. Findings: The resounding tone underlying participants' model-minority stereotype-related discussions was the need to counter the model minority stereotype. Notably, the model-minority stereotype was contextualized differently for participants and three themes were identified: (1) limbo between model minority and perpetual foreigner status; (2) impacts on the social worker role and in the organizational setting; and (3) impacts on advocacy work. Applications: Study findings suggest a need for continued support and opportunities to unlearn and relearn the purpose of the model-minority stereotype and its broad sweep and attacks on various health dimensions (physically, psychologically, socially, and spiritually) across Asian Americans ethnic groups. Countering the model-minority stereotype can play a pivotal role in transforming the narratives surrounding Asian American's identity and experiences in the U.S., in addition to organizational culture and dynamics to support Asian Americans social workers practice and advocacy work across practice levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how activist organizations wield collective memory as they advance cross-racial solidarity on Instagram. We center digital memory-making in political work by Black and Asian activist organizations as a contribution to understanding social movement communication and online organizing. We study Instagram content from local organizations in Minneapolis (and the Midwest region), Atlanta (and the Southeast region), and national digital organizing collectives between the end of May 2020 to June 2021. This corpus of material includes the summer uprisings for Black liberation following the police murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, as well as the increased visibility of incidents of anti-Asian violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, including a mass shooting at massage parlors in Atlanta. Among our findings is the centrality of memories of internationalist feminist movements to contemporary cross-racial politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to fill the void in the understanding of anti-Asian racism social media activism campaigns during the early era of the COVID-19 pandemic through content analysis and network analysis of social media to provide suggestions for advertisers/nonprofits to address the prevalence of racism against Asian Americans. Within the theoretical framework of expectancy theory and the field of racial positions, this study reveals that in responses to anti-Asian racism, messages reflecting model minority stereotypes were predominant in conversations across the board but especially predominant among Asian Americans. Network analysis with exponential random graph models (ERGMs) demonstrated that other race groups are more likely to unite in interacting around the topic than Asian Americans. Based on these findings, purpose advertising campaign strategy insights and implications are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon existing theory, the current research tested whether people high on right‐wing authoritarianism were predisposed to endorse prejudice in reaction to anxiety arising from the threat posed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. In Study 1 (N = 3009), we found that among people high on right‐wing authoritarianism, pandemic anxiety predicted a stronger endorsement of prejudice toward Asian Americans, who had been (inaccurately) associated with the spread of COVID‐19. Preregistered Study 2 (N = 947) addressed the methodological limitations of Study 1 and replicated these findings at a later period in the pandemic. Implications and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the most acute global crises in recent history, which profoundly impacted the world across many dimensions. During this period, racism manifested in ways specifically related to the pandemic, including xenophobic sentiments, racial attacks, discriminatory policies, and disparate outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. This paper examines some of the pressing questions about pandemic racism and inequity. We review what research has revealed about the nature and manifestations of racism, the entrenchment of structural racism, and trajectories of racism during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the surge of anti-Asian racism during the COVID-19 pandemic, evident in the rise of violence against Asians worldwide. The author reflect on the Asian diaspora's collective experiences in settler countries and challenge of combating systemic racism and white supremacy. Topics include the failure of public policies, the inadequacy of multicultural education in preventing anti-Asian racism, and the relational nature of the term 'Asian' in different geographic contexts.

Anti-Asian xenophobia has exploded during the COVID-19 pandemic, after U.S. political leaders promoted anti-Asian rhetoric from its start. Confronting prejudice interrupts future perpetration of such prejudice, but confronting prejudice can only occur to the extent actions are first attributed to prejudice. Bystanders may attribute less prejudice to speech about the "Chinese Virus" than to more blatant stereotype expression, for example, and therefore be less vehement in their confrontations. Across two studies, we examined the impact of anti-Asian prejudice type (blatant, subtle, or no prejudice) and bystander race/ethnicity (White or Asian American/Pacific Islander [AAPI]), on prejudice attribution, willingness to confront, actual confrontation, and confrontation vehemence. In the context of a hiring manager justifying rejection of a Chinese applicant, we predicted that blatant prejudice would be detected and confronted most willingly, and subtle prejudice more willingly than no prejudice, and that prejudice detection would mediate the relationship between prejudice type and willingness to confront. Further, we expected AAPI bystanders to detect anti-Asian prejudice more readily than White bystanders, but to confront at lower rates, with actual confrontations being more vehement following blatant (relative to subtle or no) prejudice. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 27 and the PROCESS v4.1 macro, controlling for potential confounds such as political orientation and individual-level prejudice (expressed or perceived). Results of both studies (n = 142 [Study 1], n = 274 [Study 2]) supported hypotheses, except in Study 1 bystanders exposed to subtle prejudice were no more willing to confront than no-prejudice controls. Results of exploratory analyses indicated that attribution to prejudice was the primary obstacle to confrontation following subtle prejudice, whereas action taking was the primary obstacle following blatant prejudice. This research underscores the need for interventions to increase detection of all forms of anti-Asian prejudice and to provide would-be confronters with effective confrontation tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to a worldwide increase in the use of face masks to prevent viral transmission. However, as mask‐wearing was a new behavior in many countries, there was a limited understanding of how mask‐wearers are perceived and how such perceptions impact one's own mask‐wearing behavior. Mask‐wearers may be seen as contagious or prosocial, and these perceptions may vary based on the race of the mask‐wearer and the country of the observer, particularly given the rise in pandemic‐related anti‐Asian rhetoric in the U.S. In three experiments (N = 579), we investigated these questions, conducting two studies in the United States (May and July 2020), where mask‐wearing was new and anti‐Asian rhetoric has been prevalent, and one study in South Korea (November 2020), where mask‐wearing was relatively common. Results indicate that masked individuals are perceived as less contagious and more prosocial, regardless of target race or participant nation. These perceptions were more pronounced among American political liberals, Americans who are more sensitive to infection transmission (Study 2), and Koreans who self‐perceived a greater vulnerability to infection (Study 3). Especially in the U.S., perceiving the masked target as more prosocial predicted more self‐reported mask‐wearing, while perceiving the masked target as more contagious and less prosocial predicted less mask‐wearing (Study 2). These findings provide insights into social perceptions of masks and race during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heightened anti-Asian racism and hate crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted older adults and the social workers who supported them. Yet, the experiences of Asian and Asian American (AAA) social workers are unknown. This study aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of social workers focusing on the aging population during the anti-Asian racism climate and the COVID-19 pandemic. Guided by a qualitative approach, seventeen AAA social workers participated in semi-structured interviews. Based on thematic analysis, the following themes were identified: concerns about safety and discrimination, perceived service and support needs for older adults, and perceived generational gaps in advocacy. Social work practice, policy, and research implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 ravaged everyday life for individuals across the globe, but its impact was especially harmful to Asian Americans who suffered both a notably high risk of infection and hospitalization, as well as a sharp rise in anti-Asian racism. In this article, we take these intertwined issues—a synergistic interaction between a novel virus and the deeply rooted racism rendering Asian Americans as perennial foreigners—to interrogate whether and how organizations' early responses to COVID-evidenced communicative strategies that acknowledged the crises that unraveled throughout 2020. Through the framings of Situational Crisis Communication Theory and Racialized Organizations, this study considers what repertoire of crisis communication strategies do public institutions employ to address COVID-19 and what do these responses reveal about racialized inequality in higher education? The findings draw from an original archive of 2,723 public community messages across 31 public institutions in the University of California and California State University systems and demonstrate a deprioritization of responsiveness to anti-Asian animus amid the multiple issues emergent from COVID-19; rather than taking the opportunity to foreground universities' capacity to respond to this crisis, institutions often redirected their responsibility. Such evidence reveals that universities are racialized organizations that employ management strategies that remain ill-prepared to not only manage racialized inequality throughout the crises of the COVID-19 syndemic but also to interrupt racism's durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]