Search

Début 2020, l’idée d’une pandémie mondiale était étrangère à la plupart d’entre nous. Et, évidemment, le principe du confinement nous était encore plus éloigné. Mais le bilan de cette année de la Covid-19 reste marqué par le fait que de nombreux gouvernements de par le monde ont édicté des interdictions de sortie du domicile et d’autres mesures de restriction. En France, les gens ont maintenant l’expérience de deux confinements nationaux. Celui du printemps, qui a duré deux mois, a été strict avec la fermeture des écoles, la limitation de l’accès aux espaces publics ouverts ainsi que la fermeture de la plupart des lieux de travail. Le confinement d’automne, le second de l’année, a été plus souple, les écoles et les entreprises restant ouvertes pour la plupart. Mais pour les deux confinements, tout le monde en France devait fournir une attestation sur l’honneur pour effectuer les sorties essentielles. Les réunions publiques, les bars et les restaurants restaient également fermés. Ce policy brief analyse comment la population française a traversé cette année, en comparant les expériences du premier et du second confinement, au prisme de la question des inégalités. Comme pour les autres Policy briefs de cette série, nous utilisons la capacité explicative de sondages répétés auprès des mêmes personnes qui font toutes partie du panel longitudinal français ELIPSS., Policy Brief, n° 5 - Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion, et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a fait l'objet d'une financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche.

In the beginning of 2020, the idea of a worldwide pandemic was not on most people’s minds, let alone the concept of a lockdown. But as this Covid-19 year comes to a close, governments around the globe have instituted stay-at-home orders and other restrictions. In France, people have now experienced two national lockdowns. The first spring lockdown, lasting two months, was severe with schools, outdoor public spaces, and most workplaces closed. The second fall lockdown was less drastic, as schools and many businesses stayed open. Yet for both lockdowns, everyone in France needed a self-written authorization to go outside only for essential outings. Public gatherings, bars, and restaurants remained shuttered. This policy brief analyzes how people in France navigated this past year, comparing the spring and fall lockdown experiences, with an eye toward tracking inequalities. As with previous Policy Briefs, we leverage the power of repeated surveys with the same pool of respondents who are all part of a longitudinal sample of the French population (ELIPSS).

Jusqu’à quel point le Covid-19 perturbe-t-il notre vie de tous les jours ? Comment la population française vit-elle le confinement ? Dans quelles mesures les inégalités sociales sont-elles exacerbées et la cohésion sociale menacée ? Le projet CoCo apporte des éléments de réponse à ces questions d’actualité en comparant les conditions de vie en France avant et après le confinement. Il s’agit du quatrième d’une série de rapports préliminaires couvrant maintenant l’ensemble de la période de confinement. La vie pendant le confinement a-t-elle été une parenthèse ou une forme de nouvelle normalité ? Au-delà du fait de savoir si les gens ont repris leurs activités traditionnelles après le 11 mai, ce rapport s’intéresse aux conséquences de l’expérience du confinement sur les attitudes et les opinions. Le confinement a-t-il accéléré des tendances sous-jacentes ou a-t-il permis l’émergence de nouvelles orientations sociales et politiques ? - 75% des gens anticipent la survenue d’un second pic de l’épidémie, - Le sentiment de bien-être a augmenté pendant la période de confinement, - Un tiers des personnes travaillent toujours à la maison même après la fin du confinement, - Les deux tiers de la population ont l’intention de limiter leurs interactions sociales dans les mois à venir, - Le soutien à plus de dépenses publiques pour les hôpitaux est généralisé, - Les personnes les plus riches ont plus de chances de soutenir le principe d’une augmentation de salaire pour les infirmières, - Le sentiment de défiance à l’endroit de la mondialisation augmente, - Le souhait de protéger l’environnement est de plus en plus répandu., Policy brief n° 4. Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a bénéficié d'un financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Appel Flash-Covid-19). Rapport également disponible en version anglaise.

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds lights on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before, during, and after the lockdown. This is the fourth of a series of research briefs, which now cover the entire lockdown period Has life under the lockdown been a parenthesis or is it the new normal? Beyond whether or not people began to resume their usual activities on 11 May, the consequences of the lockdown experience on people’s attitudes and opinions are the core of this policy brief. Did the lockdown trigger new sociopolitical orientations? Or did it instead accelerate ongoing trends? - 75% of people anticipate a second peak of the epidemic - The expectation of a second peak depends very much on individuals’ level of trust in others - Self-reported well-being rose during the lockdown and increased even further two weeks after it ended - One-third of our respondents are still working at home even though lockdown is over - Two-thirds of our sample intend to limit their social interactions in the coming months - There is very strong support for increased public spending on hospitals - Wealthier people are more likely to support increased wages for nurses - Globalization is increasingly seen in a negative light - Pro-environment attitudes are growing

How disruptive is COVID-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds light on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before, during, and after the lockdown. This is the second of a series of research briefs that we will publish in the forthcoming weeks. In this brief, we explore how French society has coped with the first month of the lockdown, particularly with the economy, self-reported health and well-being, and homeschooling. Are people more concerned with protecting each other from a deadly virus or minimizing the economic damages of a protracted lockdown? Compared to two weeks ago, people are more worried about the economy than they are about health, especially in the case of those living in high-income households. When looking ahead to the partial re-opening that the government has set for 11 May 2020, French residents show a high degree of uncertainty. People waver in their commitment to this date depending on which aspect of the crisis they are taking into consideration. Only 35% of the population would want to end the lockdown on 11 May knowing that the virus is still running rampant in the country. When made to consider a potential catastrophic economic scenario, however, the share of those wishing to follow through on this date rises to 65%. Those in high-income households also prioritise the possibility of adopting a mobile app to help control the spread of the epidemic. How do people assess their health and stress levels? The lockdown is not leading the French into depression. In self-assessments of their general health and well-being, people indicate higher scores than in previous years. We label this phenomenon the “eye of the hurricane” paradox: when a disruptive event breaks out, people seem to better appreciate their relative ‘good health’. However, the lockdown seems to psychologically distress individuals who are both working from home and going out less. What are the main features and challenges of homeschooling? Two-thirds of parents, regardless of their educational background, supervise their children’s school work daily. The additional burden is a source of stress for some parents but is also contributing to parents’ understanding of their children’s learning needs., Policy paper n° 2 - Project ''Coping with Covid-19. Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France''. Funded by ANR (French National Research Agency), Call Flash Covid-19

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds lights on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before, during, and after the lockdown. This is the third of a series of research briefs. We explore how French society has coped with the first 6 weeks of the lockdown, particularly as regards the transformation of working conditions and social life. We also continue to monitor self-reported health and well-being. About a third of workers kept working at their workplace, another third shifted to remote work while the others stopped working altogether, becoming unemployed or taking leave. Women with at least a young child were more likely to stop working. Remote-work is concentrated in the middle-upper segment of the income distribution, while working outside the home remains the norm for the bottom-half of earners. Remote workers’ working conditions are better in comparison to workplace-workers. They are also the most interested in continuing to work remotely after the lockdown. The division of domestic work tends to be more egalitarian in households where the woman is working remotely. The men find it difficult to spend time educating their children. Unprecedented levels of online social contact have compensated for a steep drop in sociability. Continued relations with relatives are the most prevalent while people who developed new relationships during confinement did so mostly with their neighbours.Contracting the virus has now more to do with employment conditions. People who kept going to the workplace were more likely to contract the virus. While happiness levels dropped at the beginning of the lockdown, they have regained and even surpassed pre-lockdown levels for most people., Policy paper n° 3 - Project ''Coping with Covid-19. Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France''. Funded by ANR (French National Research Agency), Call Flash Covid-19. Available in French Language.

Jusqu’à quel point le Covid-19 perturbe-t-il notre vie de tous les jours ? Comment la population française vit-elle le confinement ? Dans quelles mesures les inégalités sociales sont-elles exacerbées et la cohésion sociale menacée ? Le projet CoCo apporte des éléments de réponse à ces questions d’actualité en compa­rant les conditions de vie en France avant et après le blocage. Il s’agit du deuxième rapport préliminaire de la série que nous publierons dans les prochaines semaines. Nous analysons ici la façon dont la société française a fait face à ce premier mois de confinement, notamment en ce qui concerne les préoccupations sur l’état de l’économie, la santé et le bien-être autodéclarés, et enfin l’enseignement à la maison. Comment le souci de protéger la santé publique s’articule-t-il avec celui d’atténuer les dégâts économiques d’un confinement prolongé ? La société française s’inquiète maintenant plus des conséquences économiques que sanitaires, si on compare les réponses recueillies à deux semaines d’intervalle. C’est notamment le cas des personnes à hauts revenus. Lorsqu’ils anticipent la réouverture partielle du pays annoncée par le gouvernement au 11 mai 2020, nos répondants manifestent une forte incertitude. Les avis divergent au sujet du déconfinement selon l’aspect de la crise pris en considération. En sachant que le virus continue à sévir dans le pays, seuls 35% de la population voudraient une fin du confinement le 11 mai. En revanche, lorsqu’un scénario catastrophique pour l’économie est pris en compte, le pourcentage de personnes approuvant la date du déconfinement atteint 65%. Les personnes à hauts revenus soutiennent par ailleurs la mise en place d’une application mobile pour tenter d’endiguer la propagation de l’épidémie. Comment les gens évaluent-ils leurs niveaux de santé et de stress ? Les répondants ne sont pas démoralisés par le confinement. Leurs déclarations sur leur santé et sur leur bien être général atteignent des scores plus élevés que les années précédentes. Nous décrivons ce phénomène comme le paradoxe de « l’œil du cyclone » : confronté à un événement grave, il semble plus facile de se considérer en « bonne santé ». Cependant, le confinement cause une détresse psychologique chez ceux qui travaillent à domicile et qui sortent le moins. Quels sont les modalités et les défis de l’école à la maison ? Deux-tiers des parents, tous niveaux d’éducation confondus, supervisent quotidiennement le travail de leurs enfants. Cette charge supplémentaire entraîne chez certains un stress accru, mais contribue également à une meilleure et nouvelle compréhension des besoins éducatifs de leurs enfants., Policy brief n° 2. Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a bénéficié d'un financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Appel Flash-Covid-19)

Jusqu’à quel point le Covid-19 perturbe-t-il notre vie de tous les jours ? Comment la population française vit-elle le confinement ? Dans quelles mesures les inégalités sociales sont-elles exacerbées et la cohésion sociale menacée ? Le projet CoCo apporte des éléments de réponse à ces questions d’actualité en comparant les conditions de vie en France avant et après le blocage. Il s’agit du troisième rapport préliminaire de la série. Nous analysons ici la façon dont la société française a fait face aux 6 premières semaines de confinement, notamment en ce qui concerne les changements de conditions de travail et de vie sociale. Les français actifs se sont répartis en 3 tiers : un tiers des travailleurs a continué à se rendre sur son lieu de travail, un autre tiers a télétravaillé tandis que les autres ont cessé de travailler. Les femmes avec un enfant en bas âge ont plus fréquemment arrêté de travailler. Les télétravailleurs font partie du segment moyen-supérieur de la distribution des revenus. A l’inverse le travail à l’extérieur du domicile concerne les plus modestes. Les conditions de travail des travailleurs à distance sont meilleures que pour les autres. Les télétravailleurs souhaitent poursuivre cette expérience. La division du travail domestique est plus égalitaire dans les ménages où la femme travaille au domicile. Les hommes prennent peu part aux activités d’éducation. La forte croissance de l’usage des réseaux sociaux et des relations de voisinage a compensé la baisse de la sociabilité. La contagiosité du virus a d’abord été liée à la géographie, elle est désormais dépendante des conditions d’emploi. Les personnes qui ont dû se rendre sur leur lieu de travail ont été plus touchées. Les niveaux de bien-être perçu ont baissé au début du confinement, mais ils ont retrouvé et même dépassé les niveaux d’avant la crise., Policy brief n° 3. Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a bénéficié d'un financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Appel Flash-Covid-19). Rapport également disponible en version anglaise.

Jusqu’à quel point le Covid-19 perturbe-t-il notre vie de tous les jours ? Comment la population française vit-elle le confinement ? Dans quelles mesures les inégalités sociales sont-elles exacerbées et la cohésion sociale menacée ? Le projet CoCo apporte des éléments de réponse à ces questions d’actualité en comparant les conditions de vie en France avant et après le blocage. Il s’agit ici du premier d’une série de rapports préliminaires que nous publierons dans les prochaines semaines. Nous étudierons l’impact de cette nouvelle expérience du confinement à domicile sur la vie familiale, la scolarité, le travail, la santé et le bien-être. Ce rapport est consacré à la manière dont la population française a fait face aux deux premières semaines de confinement. Nous constatons que le virus est devenu rapidement une menace tangible : environ quatre personnes sur dix connaissent quelqu’un qui a été infecté. Malgré cela, les trois quarts de la population française déclarent ne pas se sentir trop stressés. Dans certains cas, cette expérience est vécue avec philosophie : les longues heures passées à la maison permettent de ralentir le rythme et de réfléchir au sens de la vie. Plus que tout, c’est l’accès à la nature et aux espaces verts qui soulage ceux qui tentent de s’adapter à une organisation sociale désormais centrée sur le domicile. Pourtant, des fissures transparaissent. Les femmes, les personnes nées à l’étranger et les individus confrontés à des difficultés financières sont soumis à des tensions émotionnelles plus fortes que le reste de la population. Les inégalités entre les sexes ont été renforcées pendant le confinement : les femmes consacrent encore plus de temps à nettoyer et à prendre soin des autres. Bien que le Covid-19 ait tendance à frapper davantage les hommes, les conséquences du confinement affectent plus intensément les femmes., Policy Brief, n° 1 - Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion, et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a fait l'objet d'une financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche.

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying existing inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds light on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before and after the lockdown. This is the first of a series of research briefs that we will publish in the forthcoming weeks. We will explore this new experience of “sheltering-in-place” and its impact on family life, schooling, work, health and well-being. This brief explores how French society has coped with the first two weeks of the lockdown. We find that the virus has rapidly become a tangible threat, as more than forty percent of the population knows someone who has been infected. Despite this, three out of four persons say that they do not feel overly stressed out. In certain cases, the reaction has been almost philosophical -- long hours spent at home allow people to slow down and think about the meaning of life. More than anything else, it is having access to green spaces and nature which provides some relief to those attempting to cope with this home-based social organization. Still, some cracks have appeared. Women, foreign-born residents, and individuals facing financial hardship are subject to greater emotional strain than the rest of the population. Gender inequalities have been particularly reinforced during the lockdown: women have been spending even more time than usual cleaning and taking care of others. Although the Covid-19 virus tends to disproportionately strike men, the consequences of the lockdown more intensely affect women.

This working paper offers an overview of the first stage of the Coping with Covid (CoCo) project, which tracks the behaviors and attitudes of a representative panel of the French metropolitan population during the COVID-19 lockdown. We conducted five survey waves and administered daily journals of open-ended responses between April and June 2020 among a sample of 1,216 people from a pre-existing panel (ELIPSS). Earlier surveys of this sample allowed us to better contextualize changes that may have occurred during this unusual period. We outline four experiential dimensions during the lockdown period: relation to work, everyday activities and time use, self-assessed health and well-being, and the framing of the pandemic crisis. What we found follows traditional inequality patterns and also reveals some unexpected changes in social practices and attitudes. Working (or not): Different Places, Different Fates (Chapter 2) The transformation of work was unprecedented: in the first two weeks of the lockdown, only 58 percent of workers held on to their jobs, while the other 42 percent were either furloughed or put on leave. The share of working people increased progressively thereafter. ● Of those who continued working, half did so entirely from home and half stuck to their usual workplace. ● Upper and upper-middle class workers and above-median earners massively commuted to working from home, while lower and lower-middle classes, as long as they could continue to work, did so at the usual workplace. ● Working at one’s usual workplace was correlated with exposure to a sensibly higher risk of infection by the virus over time. ● In contrast to working at the usual workplace, working from home shields against wage drops and COVID-19 infection. However, it closely intertwines domestic and professional work, which may be a source of tensions, notably for home-working women with young children in dual-earning couples. Staying Put: Home and Close to It (Chapter 3) The organization of everyday life changed dramatically in the context of restricted freedom of movement. ● Two weeks into the lockdown, almost 60 percent of individuals in our sample said they had stepped out of their home no more than once a week, although this proportion slowly declined. ● Nearly half of all women in the panel reported that they were doing more housework than before the lockdown, compared to only 29 percent of men. ● Women spent dramatically more time than men supervising their children’s schoolwork. ● People living with kids and in cramped spaces were significantly more likely to experience family tensions. ● People with higher income were much more likely to have more computers/devices and a stable Internet connection, which were vital for working, schooling, shopping, and socializing. Feeling: Health and Well-Being (Chapter 4) The evolution of the pandemic across our panel showed changes in individuals’ health conditions and well-being. ● The proportion of the population claiming to have contracted COVID-19 increased from 7 percent in early April to 9 percent in late May-early June. ● Apart from the direct impact of the virus on physical health, we found that the majority of individuals were not psychologically dejected by the unprecedented situation but actually felt better than beforehand. ● However, the subjective well-being of women, the most financially vulnerable, people living alone, and the unemployed lagged significantly behind the average. Framing: A Health or Economic Crisis? (Chapter 5) The framing of the COVID-19 crisis, as either health or economic in nature, varied across social groups and over time. ● At the beginning of the lockdown, health concerns were stronger but swung to economic concerns over time. ● Women and elderly people tended to always place a stronger emphasis on health while the unemployed and wealthier focused on the economic impact of the crisis. ● In an experiment with respondents, the malleability of opinions on the tradeoff between economic and health concerns reveals the uncertainty created by contradictory information and untested policy options. We found two major changes related to the lockdown. On the one hand, everyday work practices and locations were either interrupted or transformed. As working online gained traction among the upper-middle class, it created a new divide with people from other social groups who either continued to commute to their usual (and riskier) workplaces or were suddenly furloughed. On the other hand, we recorded a subjective change in well-being that was surprisingly higher than before the pandemic for most people but lagged behind for the less privileged. Overall, the crisis did not consign everyone to the same situation, as pre-existing inequalities persisted; in particular, women, the financially vulnerable, and the unemployed seemed to suffer the most on many levels, objectively and subjectively. Other groups who are by default under-represented in a general population survey like ours—immigrants, residents of the poorest neighborhoods, the homeless, people living in retirement homes, and those without Internet access—were also potentially more exposed to the multifaceted risks and costs entailed by the pandemic and the lockdown than average French residents., The project ''CoCo - Coping with Covid-19. Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France'' is funded by ANR (French National Research Agency), Call Flash Covid-19.

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds lights on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before, during, and after the lockdown. This is the fourth of a series of research briefs, which now cover the entire lockdown period Has life under the lockdown been a parenthesis or is it the new normal? Beyond whether or not people began to resume their usual activities on 11 May, the consequences of the lockdown experience on people’s attitudes and opinions are the core of this policy brief. Did the lockdown trigger new sociopolitical orientations? Or did it instead accelerate ongoing trends? - 75% of people anticipate a second peak of the epidemic - The expectation of a second peak depends very much on individuals’ level of trust in others - Self-reported well-being rose during the lockdown and increased even further two weeks after it ended - One-third of our respondents are still working at home even though lockdown is over - Two-thirds of our sample intend to limit their social interactions in the coming months - There is very strong support for increased public spending on hospitals - Wealthier people are more likely to support increased wages for nurses - Globalization is increasingly seen in a negative light - Pro-environment attitudes are growing, Policy paper n° 4 - Project ''Coping with Covid-19. Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France''. Funded by ANR (French National Research Agency), Call Flash Covid-19. Available in French Language.

In the beginning of 2020, the idea of a worldwide pandemic was not on most people’s minds, let alone the concept of a lockdown. But as this Covid-19 year comes to a close, governments around the globe have instituted stay-at-home orders and other restrictions. In France, people have now experienced two national lockdowns. The first spring lockdown, lasting two months, was severe with schools, outdoor public spaces, and most workplaces closed. The second fall lockdown was less drastic, as schools and many businesses stayed open. Yet for both lockdowns, everyone in France needed a self-written authorization to go outside only for essential outings. Public gatherings, bars, and restaurants remained shuttered. This policy brief analyzes how people in France navigated this past year, comparing the spring and fall lockdown experiences, with an eye toward tracking inequalities. As with previous Policy Briefs, we leverage the power of repeated surveys with the same pool of respondents who are all part of a longitudinal sample of the French population (ELIPSS)., Policy paper n° 5 - Project ''Coping with Covid-19. Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France''. Funded by ANR (French National Research Agency), Call Flash Covid-19. Available in French Language.

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying existing inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds light on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before and after the lockdown. This is the first of a series of research briefs that we will publish in the forthcoming weeks. We will explore this new experience of “sheltering-in-place” and its impact on family life, schooling, work, health and well-being. This brief explores how French society has coped with the first two weeks of the lockdown. We find that the virus has rapidly become a tangible threat, as more than forty percent of the population knows someone who has been infected. Despite this, three out of four persons say that they do not feel overly stressed out. In certain cases, the reaction has been almost philosophical -- long hours spent at home allow people to slow down and think about the meaning of life. More than anything else, it is having access to green spaces and nature which provides some relief to those attempting to cope with this home-based social organization. Still, some cracks have appeared. Women, foreign-born residents, and individuals facing financial hardship are subject to greater emotional strain than the rest of the population. Gender inequalities have been particularly reinforced during the lockdown: women have been spending even more time than usual cleaning and taking care of others. Although the Covid-19 virus tends to disproportionately strike men, the consequences of the lockdown more intensely affect women., Project "Coping with Covid-19: Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France" – Policy Brief n° 1. Funded by ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche), Call Flash Covid-19.