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Competing Interests: We declare no competing interests. We thank the Oxford Radcliffe Biobank, the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (Gastroenterology and Mucosal Immunity Theme), which is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), and the Oxford Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Investigators. This work was partly supported by The Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust as part of the ICARUS study (grant number 2107-04731). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the UK National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. All participants consented to take part in the Oxford Radcliffe Biobank Research Tissue Bank, which has NHS REC approval from the Oxford A South Central REC, 19/SC/0173; data were issued in link-anonymised form under project reference ORB 20/A054, “Prospective analysis of COVID-19 sero-prevalence, immunological response and risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients on maintenance biological therapy” (to JJS).

Competing Interests: JOL declares research grants paid to his institution from the Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust; investigator-initiated research grants from AbbVie, Gilead, and Pfizer; consulting fees from AbbVie, Allergan (Warner Chilcott), Atlantic Healthcare, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Galapagos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Napp, Pfizer, Takeda, and Vifor Pharma; and lecture and speaker fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Napp, Norgine, Pfizer, Takeda, and Vifor Pharma. JJS has declares being director of the UK IBD Registry and grants from the Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust. All other authors declare no competing interests. We thank Bessie Cipriano, Ashley Kingston, James Chivenga, Chris Groves, Jennifer Hollis, Stephanie Jones (Oxford Radcliffe Biobank), the Oxford Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Biomedical Research Centre, which is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (Gastroenterology and Mucosal Immunology Theme), University of Oxford, and the Oxford Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Investigators. This work was partly supported by The Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust as part of the ICARUS study (grant number 2107–04731).