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Aims: Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a non-invasive treatment (35 one-hour sessions) for patients with refractory angina pectoris (RAP). To avoid interruption of treatment, more knowledge is needed about potential adverse events (AE) of EECP and their appropriate management. To describe occurrence of AE and clinical actions related to EECP treatment in patients with RAP and compare the distribution of AE between responders and non-responders to treatment., Methods and Results: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing medical records of 119 patients with RAP who had undergone one EECP treatment and a 6-min-walk test pre- and post-treatment. Sociodemographic, medical, and clinical data related to EECP were collected from patients' medical records. An increased walking distance by 10% post-treatment, measured by 6-min-walk test, was considered a responder. The treatment completion rate was high, and the occurrence of AE was low. Adverse events occurred more often in the beginning and gradually decreased towards the end of EECP treatment. The AE were either device related (e.g. muscle pain/soreness) or non-device related (e.g. bradycardia). Medical (e.g. medication adjustments) and/or nursing (e.g. extra padding around the calves, wound dressing) actions were used. The AE distribution did not differ between responders (n = 49, 41.2%) and non-responders. Skin lesion/blister occurred mostly in responders and paraesthesia occurred mostly in non-responders., Conclusion: Enhanced external counterpulsation appears to be a safe and well-tolerated treatment option in patients with RAP. However, nurses should be attentive and flexible to meet their patients' needs to prevent AE and early termination of treatment., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2021. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive treatment that can decrease limiting symptoms in patients with refractory angina pectoris (RAP). Identifying responders to EECP is important as EECP is not widely available and relatively time intensive., Hypothesis: The effect of EECP treatment on physical capacity in patients with RAP can be predicted from baseline patient characteristics and clinical factors., Methods: This explorative study includes all patients from a cardiology clinic who had finished one EECP treatment and a 6 min walk test pre and post EECP. Clinical data, including Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classification and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), were assessed before treatment. If patients increased their 6 min walking distance (6MWD) by 10% post EECP, they were considered responders., Results: Of the 119 patients (men = 97, 40-91 years), 49 (41.2%) were responders. Multinomial regression analysis showed that functional status (i.e., CCS class ≥3) (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.12-8.57), LVEF <50% (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.02-7.80), and prior performed revascularization (i.e., ≤ 1 type of intervention) (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.06-7.20) were predictors of response to EECP (p < .05, Accuracy 63.6%). Traditional risk factors (e.g., gender, smoking, and comorbidities) did not predict response., Conclusions: EECP treatment should be considered preferentially for patients that have a greater functional impairment, evidence of systolic left ventricular dysfunction, and exposure to fewer types of revascularization, either PCI or CABG. Improvement in 6MWD post EECP could imply improvement in physical capacity, which is a likely contributor to improved well-being among patients with RAP., (© 2020 The Authors. Clinical Cardiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Patients with refractory angina pectoris experience recurrent symptoms that limit their functional capacity, including psychological distress and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL), despite optimized medical therapy. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is an evidence-based alternative noninvasive treatment. Although physical well-being and mental well-being are equally important components of health, few studies have investigated the psychological effects of EECP in patients with refractory angina pectoris., Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EECP treatment in patients with refractory angina pectoris regarding medication profile, physical capacity, cardiac anxiety, and HRQoL., Methods: This quasi-experimental study with 1-group pretest-posttest design includes a 6-month follow-up of 50 patients (men, n = 37; mean age, 65.8 years) who had undergone 1 EECP course. The following pretreatment and posttreatment data were collected: medication use, 6-minute walk test results, functional class according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, and self-reported (ie, questionnaire data) cardiac anxiety and HRQoL. In addition, the questionnaires were also completed at a 6-month follow-up., Results: After EECP treatment, patients used significantly less nitrates (P < .001), walking distance increased on average by 46 m (P < .001), and Canadian Cardiovascular Society class improved (P < .001). In addition, all but 1 subscale of cardiac anxiety and all HRQoL components improved significantly (P < .05). The positive effects for cardiac anxiety and HRQoL were maintained at the 6-month follow-up., Conclusions: Enhanced external counterpulsation treatment resulted in reduced symptom burden, improved physical capacity, and less cardiac anxiety, leading to increased physical activity and enhanced life satisfaction for patients with refractory angina pectoris. Enhanced external counterpulsation treatment should be considered to improve the life situation for these patients.