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The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is a geographical region over the South Atlantic Ocean where the inner Van Allen radiation belt extends down particularly close to Earth. This leads to highly increased levels of ionizing radiation and related impacts on spacecraft in Low Earth Orbits, e.g., correspondingly increased radiation exposure of astronauts and electronic components on the International Space Station. According to an urban legend, the SAA is also supposed to affect the radiation field in the atmosphere even down to the altitudes of civil aviation. In order to identify and quantify any additional contributions to the omnipresent radiation exposure due to the Galactic Cosmic Radiation at flight altitudes, comprehensive measurements were performed crossing the geographical region of the SAA at an altitude of 13 km in a unique flight mission-Atlantic Kiss. No indication of increased radiation exposure was found., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements recently proposed new operational quantities for external radiation exposure. Among those, the ambient dose is intended to replace the ambient dose equivalent as estimator for the effective dose. Following its definition, the measurement of the ambient dose requires a much more detailed knowledge about the radiation field than the ambient dose equivalent. The implications for radiation protection in aviation concerning galactic cosmic radiation that would follow the adoption of the ambient dose as operational quantity at flight altitudes were investigated in this work using model calculations. It was found that the ambient dose is about 10% higher than the ambient dose equivalent for conditions relevant in commercial aviation and overestimates the effective dose by about 30%., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

In their most recent recommendations, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) proposed the use of a set of updated tissue and radiation weighting factors for the calculation of the effective dose. This recommendation was adopted in the European Union by the directive 2013/59/EURATOM in 2013 and implemented in the corresponding radiation protection regulations in Germany in 2018. In this study, we investigate the impact of the new weighting factors according to ICRP 103 on the dose rates of the effective dose due to the exposure of aircrew to cosmic radiation with the PANDOCA model for the description of the complex radiation field in the atmosphere. The application of the updated weighting factors leads to a reduction in the rate of the effective dose in the order of 20% to 30% depending on atmospheric and geomagnetic shielding as well as solar modulation.

Epidemiological studies are a useful instrument for investigating the influence of environmental factors on human health. In this context, the determination and quantification of the corresponding exposure is a demanding challenge. With regard to the investigation of the potential health effects in aircrew due to cosmic radiation, their occupational exposure at aviation altitudes is usually assessed in terms of the radiation protection quantity effective dose, which is stored in and available from official dose registers in many countries. However, when biological effects on a particular organ are investigated, knowledge of the corresponding exposure of that particular organ is necessary. In this study, we investigate the differences between the skin dose and the effective dose for the exposure of aircrew to cosmic radiation using a mathematical model for the radiation field at aviation altitudes. Furthermore, we present a method to deduce skin dose values from the officially registered effective doses.

Based upon the European Union (EU)-Directive 96/29/EURATOM, legal regulations on the radiation protection of aircrew had to be implemented into the corresponding national law within the member states of the EU by 13 May 2000. In Article 42 the directive stipulates, among other things, that the exposure of the crew concerned shall be assessed. This requirement has been implemented by dose calculations for most aircrew members in the EU. Some airlines and research institutes regularly spot check the calculated doses by measuring flights. The solar minimum is a time period of particular interest since the dose rates at aviation altitudes reach their maximum within the 11-year solar cycle. For this reason, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) performed repeated measuring flights in cooperation with several German airlines during the past solar minimum from March 2006 to August 2008. The measuring devices used consisted of a tissue equivalent proportional counter, various types of Liulin semiconductor detectors and several bubble detectors.

A screening assay for the detection of NF-kappaB-dependent gene induction using the destabilized variant of the reporter protein enhanced green fluorescent protein (d2EGFP) is used for assessing the biological effects of accelerated heavy ions as a model of space environmental radiation conditions. The time course of d2EGFP expression and therefore of activation of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression was measured after treatment with TNFA or after heavy-ion exposure using flow cytometry. The reported experiments clearly show that accelerated argon ions (95 MeV/nucleon, LET 230 keV/microm) induce the NF-kappaB pathway at low particle densities (1-2 particle hits per nucleus), which result in as few as 5-50 induced DSBs per cell.