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Abstract: Background: Inflammation is a known pitfall of surveillance colonoscopy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as it is difficult to differentiate between inflammation and true dysplasia. This randomized controlled trial assessed the effectiveness of a low dose of corticosteroids prior to surveillance colonoscopy to decrease mucosal inflammation. Methods: IBD-patients scheduled for surveillance colonoscopy between July 2008–January 2010 were eligible to participate. Patients were randomized to either two weeks daily 20mg prednisone and calcium plus vitamin D prior to surveillance colonoscopy or no treatment. All biopsies were reviewed by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist who was blinded for medication-use. Statistics were performed using chi-square tests, non-parametric tests and binary logistic regression. Results: Sixty patients (M/F 30/30, UC/CD 31/29) participated: 31 (52%) in the treatment arm and 29 (48%) in the control group. In the treatment arm, 247 biopsies were scored against 262 in the control group. In the treatment arm 27 out of 247 biopsies (10.9%) had a score >1 on the Geboes scale, against 50 out of 262 biopsies (19.1%) in the control group, p=0.013. In total, 58% of the treatment arm against 66% of the control group had endoscopic or histological mucosal inflammation (p=0.6). There was a trend for patients in the treatment arm to have less severe inflammation compared with the control group, however this was not significant (p=0.12). Conclusions: In our cohort, a short course of corticosteroids decreases the overall histological disease activity in individual biopsies without major side-effects. Moreover, there is a trend for corticosteroids to decrease the maximum severity of both endoscopic and histological disease activity per patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]