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Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Ron Waksman – Advisory Board: Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Philips IGT, Pi-Cardia Ltd.; Consultant: Abbott Vascular, Append Medical, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, JC Medical, MedAlliance/Cordis, Medtronic, Philips IGT, Pi-Cardia Ltd., Swiss Interventional/SIS Medical AG, Transmural Systems Inc.; Institutional Grant Support: Biotronik, Medtronic, Philips IGT; Investor: Transmural Systems Inc. All other authors – None.

Background: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized fibro-inflammatory disorder that can affect almost any organ. IgG4-RD has also been reported in coronary arteries as periarteritis. IgG4-related coronary periarteritis may cause coronary artery aneurysms, and IgG4-related coronary artery aneurysms (IGCAs) are life-threatening. We describe a case of a patient with IGCA that highlights the usefulness and limitations of various IGCA evaluation modalities and provides insight into disease pathophysiology., Case Summary: A 60-year-old man with IgG4-RD diagnosed 2 years before and with IGCA at the proximal right coronary artery (RCA) on coronary angiography (CAG) 9 months prior to admission to the hospital presented with acute coronary syndrome. Emergent CAG revealed the rapid progression of IGCA at the RCA, an obstruction of the diagonal branch, and stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the high lateral branch (HL). The patient underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for the diagonal branch. The RCA aneurysm was resected and bypassed with a saphenous vein graft (SVG); coronary bypass grafting (left internal mammary artery to LAD and SVG to HL) was performed. Pathological findings showed inflammatory cell infiltration and disruption of the elastic plate., Conclusion: IGCAs require careful follow-up with computed tomography scans for early detection of aneurysmal enlargement., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: A coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) can result in critical cardiac events such as thromboembolic complications or rupture. A saccular CAA located in the left main trunk (LMT) is the most critical form of this pathology and its surgical repair is challenging. We conducted this single-center study to review the surgical outcomes of patients with a saccular CAA in the LMT., Methods: Between May, 2012 and June, 2020, five patients with a saccular CAA in the LMT underwent surgery at our center. The median age at operation was 66.5 (59.7-69) years and the median diameter of the CAA was 13.0 mm (IQR 11-14 mm)., Results: The CAA was fully excluded by patch closure of the LMT orifice and direct closure of the distal LMT, supplemented by coronary artery bypass grafting with the exclusive use of arterial conduits. There was no in-hospital mortality, although one patient suffered graft spasm-related myocardial infarction with complete recovery. Post-operative angiography showed a fully excluded LMT in all patients. There was no mortality or adverse cardiac events during follow-up., Conclusions: Our surgical policy for CAA in the LMT is feasible and safe; however, coronary blood flow is dependent on reliable bypasses., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) represent a rare pathology occurring in 1.5%-5% of routine coronary angiograms. Limited data exist on the management of CAA at the time of cardiac surgery., Materials and Methods: A single-institution retrospective review was performed on 53 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in the setting of atherosclerotic CAA between 1993 and 2015. Patients were stratified based on treatment strategy: exclusion and distal bypass (n = 26) versus revascularization alone (n = 27). Comparisons were made with respect to mortality, need for further/concomitant interventions, and long-term cardiac function including myocardial infarctions and congestive heart failure., Results: A total of 53 patients underwent cardiac surgery in the setting of CAA disease. Management strategies included ligation and bypass in 26 patients and distal bypass only in 27 patients (with four of the patients in this group undergoing coronary stenting across the aneurysm). There were no significant differences in patient demographics between the two groups. No significant difference was found in either 30-d (P = 0.74) or long-term mortality when exclusion of the CAA was performed compared with revascularization alone (P = 0.20). More exclusion procedures were performed earlier in the experience (median surgical date 2000), whereas revascularization alone predominated later in the experience (median surgical date 2007; P ≤ 0.001)., Conclusions: The practice of CAA exclusion, while still performed in selected cases, has largely been supplanted in patients undergoing revascularization. Exclusion does not appear to offer any advantage over isolated revascularization, supporting the current trends in managing this rare condition., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Diffuse coronary lesions adversely influence the outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aimed to investigate the influence of diffuse left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesions on the outcomes of CABG., Methods: The data of 123 patients, who received elective isolated CABG with the left internal mammary artery bypassed to the LAD from January 2011 to June 2017, were collected. According to their lesions (≥50% diameter stenoses) ≤2cm or >2cm in the middle and distal segment of LAD, the patients were classified into a No Diffuse Lesion (NDL) group (69 patients) and a Diffuse Lesion (DL) group (54 patients). The rates of in-hospital mortality, 5-year all-cause mortality, and major cardiac events (MCEs) (i.e. myocardial infarction, angina, acute heart failure, and atrial fibrillation) were analyzed., Results: According to the univariate analyses, the NDL group had fewer diffuse left circumflex artery (LCX) lesions (P = .001) and higher ventricular fibrillation (Vf) after aortic de-clamping (P = .03) than the DL group. According to the multivariate analyses, the in-hospital and 5-year all-cause mortality rates of the two groups did not significantly differ (P = .80 and P = .59). Otherwise, the DL group had a trend toward more MCEs (hazard ratio = 2.07, P = .061), but the difference clearly was insignificant after adjusting for diffuse LCX lesions and Vf after aortic de-clamping (P = .104)., Conclusions: The results demonstrated that diffuse LAD lesions did not influence the risks of in-hospital mortality, 5-year all-cause mortality, or MCEs after CABG.

Complications of aneurysm include thrombosis and distal embolization, rupture, and vasospasm. The natural history and prognosis remain obscure. Controversies persist regarding the use of surgical or medical management.

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (RCA) from the pulmonary artery is a very rare congenital heart disease, and several reports have described long-term events after surgery. We report the case of a 46-year-old woman who underwent reimplantation of the RCA for anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery 16 years ago. An RCA aneurysm gradually developed and dilated over time, and we resected the aneurysm and also grafted the right gastroepiploic artery graft to the distal RCA. Careful long-term follow-up is required to avoid overlooking such a rare but life-threatening complication after surgical repair of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

We report the repair of a 6.5 × 5.3-cm left main coronary artery aneurysm by marsupialization of the aneurysm sac and coronary artery bypass grafting., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Coronary artery aneurysms are abnormal dilations of arterial segments, in some cases associated with underlying atherosclerosis. Although affected patients can be asymptomatic, some are at risk of plaque rupture, dissection, and other complications. Investigations into the optimal management of these vascular malformations are ongoing, because no consensus exists regarding when and how best to intervene. We present the case of a 58-year-old man whose large left main coronary artery aneurysm we ligated and removed during 5-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting. This distal aneurysm was at the trifurcation level of the patient's left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries. In addition, we discuss considerations about left main coronary artery aneurysms and their treatment.

In Kawasaki disease (KD), giant coronary aneurysms in the proximal segments of the coronary arteries have long been among the serious complications associated with acute myocardial infarction. To treat myocardial ischemia in children, Kitamura et al. first performed coronary artery bypass grafting in a pediatric patient using an autologous saphenous vein. In the early 1980s, they began to use the internal thoracic artery (ITA) as a bypass graft to the left anterior descending artery, which later was proven to improve long-term life expectancy with its favorable long-term patency, as well as growth potential. Thus, the excellent characteristics of the ITA have come to be widely known among pediatric cardiac surgeons, and a growing number of coronary bypass surgery procedures using the ITA are now being performed worldwide. Although a longer follow-up with more patients is necessary, downsizing reconstructive procedure may be a treatment of choice for giant aneurysms of non-LAD territories to improve coronary circulation. The efficacy of surgical treatment for giant coronary aneurysms in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease is now well established. Pediatric coronary artery bypass grafting using the ITA, either single or bilateral, can be safe not only for patients with Kawasaki coronary disease but also for infants with congenital coronary lesions.

Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis that occurs predominantly in infants and children younger than 5 years old. If undiagnosed and untreated, the risk of developing coronary artery aneurysms increases to about 20%. In patients who present with angina and are found to have coronary artery aneurysm on imaging and angiography, Kawasaki disease should be considered as one of the leading diagnoses.

A 68year old female patient underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) 1year previously. At that time she had a giant coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) of the proximal right coronary artery and severe 3 vessel disease including a severe ostial right coronary artery stenosis, severe stenosis of the proximal and mid left anterior descending artery (LAD) and a totally occluded left circumflex artery. She underwent CABG including left internal mammary artery to LAD, aorto-saphenous venous graft (ASVG) to posterior descending artery and ASVG sequential to the first diagonal and obtuse marginal branch. Subsequent computed tomography and invasive angiography demonstrated increasing size of the aneurysm (from 42 by 37mm to 50 by 42mm) which was now fed retrograde via the graft to the posterior descending artery in addition to being fed antegrade by the native vessel through a high grade stenosis. Percutaneous covered stent insertion was planned. The aneurysm was traversed with a guide wire, but passage of Viabahn covered stents was difficult due to the 8 Fr guide catheter and the bulky and rigid structure of the Viabahn stent. Using a distal anchoring technique and dual guide catheters, successful passage of two Viabahn stents (two of 5 by 50mm) was accomplished. The technique utilized is described., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A 21year-old male presented to the emergency department with 6 h of atypical chest pain after suffering blunt chest trauma. His electrocardiogram revealed 1-1.5mm ST segment elevation in leads V1-V3 with reciprocal depressions in II, III, and aVF. Mid-anterior wall akinesis was observed on echocardiography associated with an estimated left ventricular ejection fraction of 40%. A left main coronary artery dissection was diagnosed and treated surgically with a bypass graft. Although rare, coronary dissections can be a catastrophic complication of chest trauma., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This report describes a case of surgical treatment for a coronary artery saccular aneurysm of the left main bifurcation. A coronary artery saccular aneurysm (7 mm × 10 mm) and three vessel disease, including the left main trunk, were diagnosed by coronary angiography. A surgical resection and saphenous vein patch repair of the left main coronary artery aneurysm was performed concomitantly with coronary artery bypass grafting. The pathological findings of the aneurysm clarified that the aneurysm wall was atrophic and extremely thin because of a collapsed trilaminar arterial structure due to atherosclerosis. A coronary computed tomographic scan revealed no aneurysmal formation in the patent left main trunk and patent grafts 3 years after surgery.

Coronary artery aneurysms are a rare finding and even more any coronary dilation having a diameter 1.5 times greater than the adjacent artery qualified as giant. No established treatment protocol exists. We report the case of a 75-year old man with a clinical symptom of chest pain on exertion, worsening in the last 6 months, who was diagnosed with a giant left main aneurysm. Surgical ligation of the proximal left anterior descending artery and first diagonal and triple bypass, using saphenous vein graft to vascularize the proximal circumflex artery, left anterior descending artery and first diagonal, was performed., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery maintains an important role in the treatment of coronary artery disease. The huge saphenous vein graft aneurysm (HSVGA) is rare and occurs as a late complication after CABG. Here, we reported a case of HSVGA presenting as non-ST elevation myocardial infarction., (Copyright © 2015 Cardiological Society of India. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Progressive narrowing at the entrance and exit of coronary artery aneurysm can develop at late phase of Kawasaki disease (KD). Evaluation and prediction of progressive coronary lesions remain a challenge in the treatment of post-KD coronary artery disease. We aimed to elucidate long-standing issues imposed on the patients who underwent coronary artry bypass grafting (CABG) for coronary artery lesions associated with KD. Between January, 2000 and December, 2013, CABG for coronary artery lesions associated with KD were performed in 6 patients (male/female: 5/1, mean age 14.5±10.0). There was no operative mortality. Follow-up for the 6 patients has been performed with the average period of 5 years (1~9 years). Cardiac events occurred in 2 patients during follow-up. In 1 patient, left internal thoracic artery (LITA) occluded due to flow competition between the native artery and LITA graft after LITA to LAD bypass grafting. The other patient required a re-do CABG using the free right internal thoracic artery to the circumflex branch because of occlusion at the coronary artery aneurysms after 4 years postoperatively. Meticulous preoperative diagnostic evaluations of coronary artery aneurysm may further improve the long-term outcome after surgical intervention for coronary lesions in conjunction with an aneurysm.

Fatal arrhythmias in asymptomatic Kawasaki disease patients with normal left ventricular function have rarely been reported. In this study, we report the cases of two adult patients with largely unpredictable sudden cardiac arrest, despite almost-normal left ventricular function even after the diagnosis of presumed Kawasaki disease, as well as consider the mechanisms involved with reference to the literature.

A 57-year-old hypertensive and dyslipidaemic man with a history of coronary artery bypass graft 19 years previously, presented with severe exertional angina and dyspnoea despite optimal anti-ischaemic pharmacological therapy and previous percutaneous coronary intervention to the left circumflex artery. CT revealed an aneurysm of the saphenous vein graft to the posterior left ventricular branch of the right coronary artery. The aneurysm had formed a fistulous connection with the right atrium. Initially, luminal reconstruction with serial stents was deemed the most appropriate treatment strategy. However, the procedure was abandoned due to the inability to visualise the graft distal to the aneurysm and the significant shunt to the right atrium. Surgical correction of the right atrial wall defect and replacement of the diseased grafts led to complete resolution of the patient's symptoms., (2016 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Dissection of the left main coronary artery during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a rare, potentially lethal complication, usually diagnosed at post-mortem. During the cross-clamp period of a 4-vessel coronary artery bypass graft procedure in a 74-year old hypertensive woman, retrograde dissection occurred in a diffusely diseased marginal artery when perfused with cardioplegic solution at a pressure of 140-150 mmHg through a vein graft. The dissection extended back to the left main artery, included the posterior proximal ascending aorta and then down the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) confirmed the left main dissection and showed anterior-septal-lateral akinesis in a previously normally functioning left ventricle (LV). The circumferentially calcified proximal LAD was grafted with a saphenous vein by carving an oval area of calcium creating an elliptical opening in the artery wall. Normal LV function returned and, in the area of the left main dissection, there was only thickening with no colour flow. Eight months postoperatively cardiac catheterization showed normal LV function, patent vein grafts to the right coronary artery and proximal LAD, left internal mammary artery to distal LAD and an occluded sequential marginal vein graft. Twelve years postoperatively, the patient is well with Class I angina, on medication. There is no previous documentation of a diagnosed and successfully treated left main dissection during CABG surgery. Since this case using the technique of creating an oval opening in a circumferentially calcified coronary artery (with an otherwise satisfactory lumen), the author has been using this technique to bypass otherwise non-bypassable arteries; this technique may be useful to help patients with severe calcific coronary artery disease., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Coronary aneurysms are quite uncommon, and those qualifying as giant aneurysms are even more so. Currently, no standardized treatment protocol exists. We report the case of a 46-year-old man presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction who was found to have a giant coronary aneurysm. The patient was initially evaluated with a computed tomography angiogram, which revealed a 9-cm aneurysm of the left circumflex coronary artery. Surgical resection of the aneurysm, ligation of the proximal circumflex artery, and bypass using the left internal mammary artery to vascularize the proximal circumflex artery was performed., (Copyright © 2015 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is rare and usually affects younger women in the peripartum period. Here, we report an interesting case of a 34-year-old woman with spontaneous coronary artery dissection that occurred 1 month after childbirth. Emergency coronary angiography showed stenosis of the left anterior descending artery, but immediately afterwards, a new occlusion of the right coronary artery occurred. Intravascular ultrasound was used to image both right and left coronary arteries. The new occlusion of the right coronary artery was probably iatrogenic, but the left coronary artery occlusion was spontaneous. The patient underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in the right coronary artery because of her unstable hemodynamic condition. Revascularization of the left coronary artery was performed by bypass grafting. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 30. As the optimal treatment for spontaneous coronary artery dissection has not yet been established, treatments should be based on the patient's clinical presentation.

Background: Myocardial ischemia due to concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary dissection in patients with acute aortic dissection type Stanford A (AADA) is associated with myocardial failure and poor outcomes. Preoperative coronary angiography in this group of patients is still debated. The use of CT scan to diagnose coronary affection along with the establishment of high-pitched dual-spiral CT protocols are essential for improving outcomes., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed six AADA patients with heart failure who were treated using extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Options for diagnosing coronary affection and different therapeutic strategies for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock in this patient cohort are discussed., Results: Retrospective review of CT images showed coronary abnormalities in 83% (n=5). Four patients (67%) underwent unplanned coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). ECLS was instituted in 67% (n=4) due to left heart failure and in 33% (n=2) due to right heart failure. Thirty day mortality was 67% (n=4). The two patients that received ECLS for right ventricular support survived and both had undergone CABG., Conclusion: Besides preoperative evaluation of the extent of the dissection, focus on coronary affection in CT-scans helps to triage the operative procedure. Hybrid operating rooms allow for immediate interventional and/or surgical treatment and enable for immediate control of revascularization results. The use of ECLS over other types of ventricular support systems may allow for myocardial recovery in selected cases.

We present the rare case of a 66-year-old Caucasian male patient presenting with intermittent left-side abdominal pain. He underwent a kidneys, ureters, and bladder computed tomography scan on which an incidental 45-mm giant aneurysm of the left anterior descending coronary artery was discovered along with 55-mm right-sided and 62-mm left-sided common iliac artery aneurysms and a 100-mm benign renal oncocytoma. He underwent on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting of the left anterior descending, left circumflex and right coronary arteries using internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts. He subsequently underwent simultaneous open left nephrectomy and bilateral common iliac aneurysm repair using a bifurcated tube graft. He made a full recovery postoperatively. Giant coronary artery aneurysms are rare. In the pediatric population, they are predominantly secondary to Kawasaki disease. In adults, atheromatous disease is the leading cause. The coexistence of giant coronary artery aneurysms with extracoronary artery aneurysms is extremely unusual. We propose that the identification of giant coronary artery aneurysms necessitates further imaging investigations to identify the presence of extracoronary aneurysms. To our knowledge, this is the first description of such a case in the literature., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A 52-year-old man developed pyrexia after primary angioplasty following anterior myocardial infarction Noninvasive evaluation revealed staphylococcal septicemia with suspicion of an aneurysm or abscess at the stented segment. Coronary angiography confirmed the presence of a large aneurysm. The infected left anterior descending artery aneurysm was de-roofed and ligated, and a saphenous vein bypass graft was placed, with an excellent outcome.

This case represents the first report of multiple arterial aneurysms including aortic, iliac, visceral, and coronary aneurysms associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome. It presents an interesting case of epinephrine abuse and the unfortunate sequelae. This case illustrates novel approaches in emergency repair of internal iliac artery aneurysm rupture and the management of visceral artery aneurysms and exemplifies how multiple endovascular technologies can be utilized even in the high-risk polymorbid patient.

Surgical treatment for an atherosclerotic huge coronary aneurysm is very rare. We have reported 58 years old male who had a huge growing aneurysm in left circumflex coronary artery and underwent aneurysmectomy and coronary-coronary bypass grafting with saphenous vein.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a necrotizing form of vasculitis that affects small- and medium- sized vessels. Cases of ischemic heart disease involving coronary aneurysms in patients with PAN have been reported previously, but there have only been a few reports of coronary artery surgery for PAN-related coronary disease. A 46-year-old female with a history of PAN arrived at our emergency room due to cardiopulmonary arrest. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emergent coronary angiography was performed, because an electrocardiogram demonstrated ST segment elevation in leads V1 to V5. Coronary angiography revealed occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery and left anterior descending coronary artery as well as multiple coronary aneurysms. We performed emergent two-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (the left anterior descending coronary artery and posterolateral branch of the circumflex system were treated with grafts from the left internal mammary artery and saphenous vein graft, respectively) under percutaneous cardiopulmonary support without cardiac arrest. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and postoperative coronary angiography revealed that the bypass grafts were patent. A review of the literature and a discussion of this case are also presented.