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Silicone oils are effective intraocular tamponade agents in the treatment of severe retinal detachments, because they maintain the adhesion between neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium, thanks to their ability to remove aqueous humor from the surface of the retina. To understand their effectiveness, it is important to know the characteristics of silicone oils. Patients should be closely monitored due to many complications associated with intraocular silicon oil, such as inflammatory reaction, raised intraocular pressure, refraction disorders, cataract, and emulsification. This study presents corneal endothelial changes and some intraocular complications caused by silicone oil used as an intraocular tamponade agent in the case of vitrectomy for complex retinal detachments. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the damage of corneal endothelial cells after the use of silicone oil in patients with retinal detachment surgery. Endothelial specular microscopy measurements were performed and the changes of the following parameters demonstrated the corneal damage: Mean cell density, coefficient of variation, average cell area, percentage of hexagonal cells, and corneal thickness. Three months postoperatively, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the following analyzed parameters: Mean cell density (P=0.04), and percentage of hexagonal cells (P=0.002); the remaining parameters also had a linear decrease (coefficient of variation, average cell area), but were statistically insignificant. Three months postoperatively, the corneal thickness presented a slight increase. Silicone oils are powerful tools when used wisely and within the limits of their use. These are often recommended in cases of severe detachment of the retina in patients at high risk of experiencing intraoperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]