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Oligomerization of copper-containing ferroxidase of ceruloplasmin in the presence of protein-unbound copper in a solution has been investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Ceruloplasmin is a monomer with a molecular weight of ~132 kDa. Copper chloride added in a concentration of 10 μM leads to dimerization of 60% of protein. According to the analysis of intersubunit contacts, dimerization can prevent the formation of protein‒protein complexes of ceruloplasmin with leukocyte proteins like myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase. The formation of these complexes is a part of organism’s protective response to inflammatory processes. In addition, dimeric ceruloplasmin probably loses its ability to bind and oxidize one of substrates p-phenylenediamine.

Copper (Cu) incorporation is a key process for fabricating efficient CdTe-based thin-film solar cells and has been used in CdTe-based solar cell module manufacturing. Here, we investigate the effects of different Cu precursors on the performance of CdTe-based thin-film solar cells by incorporating Cu using a metallic Cu source (evaporated Cu) and ionic Cu sources (solution-processed cuprous chloride (CuCl) and copper chloride (CuCl2)). We find that ionic Cu precursors offer much better control in Cu diffusion than the metallic Cu precursor, producing better front junction quality, lower back-barrier heights, and better bulk defect property. Finally, outperforming power conversion efficiencies of 17.2 and 17.5% are obtained for devices with cadmium sulfide and zinc magnesium oxide as the front window layers, respectively, which are among the highest reported CdTe solar cells efficiencies. Our results suggest that an ionic Cu precursor is preferred as the dopant to fabricate efficient CdTe thin-film solar cells and modules.

Simple and low-cost hydrogen sulfide gas sensors based on polyaniline-copper chloride and polyaniline- tungsten trioxide- copper chloride composites were developed. The sensing film was produced by drop cast of the dispersed composite on top of screen-printed carbon electrodes on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. A fast onset time of detection of 10 s and 20 s towards 0.1 ppm of hydrogen sulfide were obtained for polyaniline-tungsten trioxide-copper chloride and polyaniline-copper chloride sensors, respectively. The calibration curve displays a good working range between 0.1 and 1 ppm with a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 155 and 512 ppb, respectively. The polyaniline-CuCl2 sensor presented a high response to humidity change. In contrast, the incorporation of tungsten oxide into the polyaniline-CuCl2 composite exhibited significantly improved the response time to target gas from 15 min to 4 min and make it nearly insensitive to humidity changes up to 40 %. Gas-sensing tests show that polyaniline- tungsten trioxide-copper chloride composites exhibit a high and fast response as well as an excellent selectivity to hydrogen sulfide at ppm level in room temperature. The proposed sensors could be used for different industrial applications.

Copper (Cu) is an extensively used heavy metal and an indispensible micronutrient for living beings. However, Cu is also toxic and exerts multiple adverse health effects when humans are exposed to high levels of this metal. We have examined the effect of single acute oral dose of copper chloride (CuCl2) on parameters of oxidative stress, cellular metabolism, membrane and DNA damage in rat intestine. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and separately administered a single oral dose of 5, 15, 30 and 40 mg CuCl2/kg body weight. Rats not administered CuCl2 served as the control. Oral administration of CuCl2 led to significant alterations in the activities of metabolic and membrane-bound enzymes; brush border enzymes were inhibited by 45-75% relative to the control set. Inhibition of antioxidant enzymes diminished the metal-reducing and free radical quenching ability of the cells. Oxidative damage caused cellular oxidation of thiols, proteins and lipids. Diphenylamine and comet assays showed that CuCl2 treatment enhanced DNA damage while DNA-protein crosslinking was also increased in the intestinal cells. Examination of stained sections showed that CuCl2 treatment led to marked histological changes in the intestine. All the changes seen were in a CuCl2 dose-dependent manner with more prominent alterations at higher doses of CuCl2. These results clearly show that oral administration of CuCl2 results in oxidative damage to the intestine which can impair its digestive and absorptive functions.

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is the most refractory copper mineral when treated in conventional sulfate media leaching systems. This is the first study to examine the use of a dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3SOCH3, DMSO) solution containing copper chloride (CuCl2) for the leaching of chalcopyrite. Leaching experiments for a copper concentrate composed mainly of chalcopyrite were conducted at ambient pressure at 313–413 K. The leaching fractions of Cu, Fe, S, Au, and As were investigated. It was found that 90% of the Cu was extracted in 2 h, and 94% was extracted in 4 h at 373 K, which is competitive with other conventional processes. A DMSO solution containing CuCl2 could selectively dissolve the valuable metals Cu and Au from chalcopyrite, but leave minerals with little economic value such as pyrite (FeS2) and As in the residue. Chalcopyrite is oxidized by cupric ion in proportion to the stoichiometric ratio of Cu in the concentrate to the initial cupric ion in the DMSO solution, which is enhanced by the presence of oxygen below 373 K.

The electrochemical behavior of the complexation between copper chloride salt and succinic hydrazide can be explained using cyclic voltammetric measurements. The complex is formed through the interaction with nitrogen and hydroxyl group or carbonyl group of succinic hydrazides. This interaction can be observed by decreasing in the height peak of current and measuring the (anodic/cathodic) shift of the potentials. All the solvation and thermodynamic parameters for the interaction of copper ions with succinic hydrazide as stability constant, Gibbs free energies, enthalpies and entropies of interaction were calculated. Finally, the activity of the formed complex was compared with the succinic hydrazide by comparing their effects on different types of gram-negative bacteria and fungi indicating high activity of the formed complex and its ability to be used in different medical applications.

Cadmium sulphide doped with copper have been successfully prepared from cadmium chloride and Thiuria and Copper chloride as a source of copper ions with 5%. It deposited by drop casting on glass and Si substrates at 80°C temperature. The films annealed in air at 120 min at different temperatures. Properties were studied of XRD, electrical properties, optical properties and sensor properties. From X-ray pattern analysis, it was confirmed that all samples displayed a polycrystalline; it has a hexagonal structure with (002) as the preferred orientation. With the increase-annealing thermal, the band gap of the annealed films increased. Hall mobility, and carrier density and conductivity were estimated by Hall effect measurement. As for the properties of the sensor, it was shown that the CdS:Cu 5%/Si heterostructures which annealed at 150°C exhibits a noticeable gas response 26% towards 1 ml from ethanol diffuse at cylinder room rapid response-recovery times of around 160 s and 183sec.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to provide mechanistic insight into the Rh/Cu co-catalyzed multicomponent annulation of indoles, diazo compounds, and α,β-unsaturated esters. Indole can undergo electrophilic attack by a dirhodium–carbene complex to form a cyclopropane intermediate, which is transferred to an enolate by deprotonation. A dimetallic Michael-type addition reaction is proposed by DFT calculation, where the diastereoselectivity is controlled by the interaction energy between the incoming α,β-unsaturated ester and enolate nucleophile. In copper catalysis, an intramolecular oxidation by copper enolate/copper ketonate resonance is revealed, by which copper enolate is partially oxidized to an α-carbonyl radical. Therefore, intramolecular radical addition with the indole moiety achieves annulation with the formation of a C3 radical in dearomatic indole. Oxidative hydrogen atom transfer then gives the aromatic annulation product by using excess copper chloride.

A copper chloride (CuCl) electrolyzer that constitutes of composite proton exchange membrane (PEM) that functions at medium-temperature (>100 °C) is beneficial for rapid electrochemical kinetics, and better in handling fuel pollutants. A synthesized polybenzimidazole (PBI) composite membrane from the addition of ZrO2 followed with phosphoric acid (PA) is suggested to overcome the main issues in CuCl electrolysis, including the copper diffusion and proton conductivity. PBI/ZrP properties improved significantly with enhanced proton conductivity (3 fold of pristine PBI, 50% of Nafion 117), superior thermal stability (>600 °C), good mechanical strength (85.17 MPa), reasonable Cu permeability (7.9 × 10−7) and high ionic exchange capacity (3.2 × 10−3 mol g−1). Hydrogen produced at 0.5 A cm−2 (115 °C) for PBI/ZrP and Nafion 117 was 3.27 cm3 min−1 and 1.85 cm3 min−1, respectively. The CuCl electrolyzer efficiency was ranging from 91 to 97%, thus proven that the hybrid PBI/ZrP membrane can be a promising and cheaper alternative to Nafion membrane.

The effect of temperature conditions on the formation of copper active sites obtained by solid state ion exchange between copper chloride and H-mordenite zeolite using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in near-threshold (XANES) and extended (EXAFS) spectral regions behind the copper K-edge measured in in-situ conditions of the reaction at temperatures varying from room temperature to 400°C. The analysis of the spectra performed using direct calculations of CuK-XANES and taking into account anharmonic corrections for CuK-EXAFS fitting enables us to establish that there is no ion exchange up to 200°C and copper remains in the CuCl state. An increase in the temperature higher 200°C leads to the incorporation of copper atoms to the zeolite framework.

This paper is devoted to studying the effect of copper ions on the number and ratio of various subpopulations and functional properties of cells in the coelomic fluid of the starfish Asterias rubens. The experiments were carried out at the White Sea Biological Station named after N.A. Pertsov of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University. Starfish were exposed for 96 h to copper chloride (II) in concentrations of Cu2 + ions 0.78, 1.95, and 3.91 μM in aquariums. The number of coelomocytes was significantly increased in starfish kept in aquariums with a maximum concentration of copper ions. The distribution of cell subpopulations was also changed. The proportion of small cells increased from 9 to 15.5%, that of agranulocytes increased from 61 to 75%, and that of granulocytes decreased from 30 to 8.5%. Expression of stress-induced proteins 70 (HSC70/HSP70 ) that was determined by Western blot analysis increased in starfish in all experimental aquariums. The viability of the isolated coelomocytes estimated by the absorption of neutral red (NR) dye increased in starfish in experimental aquariums with copper ion concentrations of 0.78 and 1.95 μM as compared with the control. However, at the concentration of 3.91 μM, NR absorption drastically decreased. Taken together, it was shown that A. rubens responded to the exposure to copper (II) ions by increasing the number of circulating coelomocytes and enhancing the proportion of phagocytes subpopulation. It presumably may serve as a compensatory mechanism in response to the toxic effect of copper (II).

—The sorption of copper and lead ions by polymeric sorbents based on crosslinked polyacrylamide containing chemically bound or immobilized 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 was studied, as was the effect of various parameters on the efficiency of metal sorption from aqueous solutions. It is shown that the sorption capacity of these sorbents increases dramatically with an increase in the content of crown ethers in them from 3 to 6 wt %. When aging sorbents containing 6 wt % 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6, in an aqueous solution of copper chloride or lead acetate, respectively, the salt concentration in the solution decreases by 3–4 orders of magnitude. When aging sorbents based on 18-crown-6 in a solution containing equivalent amounts of lead acetate or copper sulfate, the amount of absorbed copper did not exceed 5% of the amount of extracted lead, which indicates the high selectivity of such sorbents.

The effect of chloride exposure on copper cooling element corrosion was investigated in a simulated flash smelting furnace atmosphere. Field samples exposed to low and high chloride loads were firs...

MCM-41-supported ZnO-Cu(OH)Cl nanoparticles were synthesized via an incipient wetness impregnation technique using zinc chloride and copper chloride salts as well as water at room temperature. The catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and TGA, whereas surface and morphological studies were performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The above studies revealed the incorporation of metal species into the pores of MCM-41, leading to a decrease in surface area of the nanoparticles that was found to be 239.079 m2 /g. The substituents attached to the ketone determine the rate of the reaction, and the utilization of the green solvent 'water' astonishingly completes the hydrogenation reaction in 45 minutes at 40 °C with 100% conversion and 100% selectivity as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hence, ZnO-Cu(OH)Cl/MCM-41 nanoparticles with 2.46 wt% zinc and 6.39 wt% copper were demonstrated as an active catalyst for the reduction of ketones without using any gaseous hydrogen source making it highly efficient as well as environmentally and economically benign.

Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins can generally show attractive structural motifs and interesting properties. A new copper porphyrin, namely poly[[μ-chlorido-[μ5-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pyridin-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphine]tricopper(I)] [aquadichloridocopper(II)]], {[Cu3(C40H24N8)Cl][CuCl2(H2O)]} n (1), was synthesized by the self-assembly of copper chloride with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pyridin-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphine under solvothermal conditions. The structure of this copper porphyrin was characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and elemental analysis. The porphyrin macrocycle shows a distorted saddle geometry, with the four pyrrole rings slightly distorted in an alternating mode either upwards or downwards. The copper ions show three-coordinated triangular and four-coordinated square-planar geometries. Every copper–porphyrin unit connects to 12 others via four μ4-bridging Cu2Cl moieties to complete the three-dimensional framework of compound 1, with isolated CuCl2(H2O) units located in the voids. This copper porphyrin displays a red photoluminescence. Electrochemical measurements showed that compound 1 has two redox waves (E 1/2 = −160 and 91 mV).

Due to their versatility e wide range of physical and chemical properties, transition metal oxides are very promising as nanostructured materials. Copper oxides are indicated for applications in increasingly wider areas as gas sensing, catalysts, solar cells, electrochromic devices, and antimicrobial materials. In this study, copper (II) oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the coprecipitation method from two precursors: copper sulfate and copper chloride. The evaluated precursor concentrations were 0.1 M and 0.2 M and temperatures were 50 °C and 75 °C. Different results were found, according to synthesis parameters and precursor used. Using copper sulfate as a precursor, a single phase of polycrystalline CuO could be obtained, and only a mixture of crystalline phases of CuO and cllinoatacamite (Cu2(OH)3Cl) were found using copper chloride as the precursor. A known polymorphism phenomenon was observed in clinoatacamite according to synthesis reaction parameters, and all three polymorphs were found mixed with CuO nanoparticles. Crystallite sizes of about 10 nm were found in this study, with leaf and rod-like nanostructured particles with dimensions range from 190 to 700 nm, and very good thermal stability. Under the synthesis conditions selected in this study, nanostructured materials made with copper sulfate precursor exhibited smaller crystallite sizes and better thermal stability. The coprecipitation method used was considered adequate to obtain nanostructured materials, with the advantages of being simple, fast and inexpensive. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Copper (II) oxide, Coprecipitation

Activation of the surface of cotton fabrics before obtaining a chemical copper film is recommended to be carried out by precipitation of dispersed copper particles. For this purpose, physical and chemical processes occurring in thin layers of copper chloride solutions under the influence of the visible spectrum of electromagnetic solar radiation are used. In this case, copper chlorides interact with cellulose, which is the main component of the fabric, forming copper monochloride. It is shown that this interaction occurs from exposure to sunlight. After that, the fabric is moistened with a solution of ascorbic acid and again exposed to solar radiation. Electrons located in a semiconductor under the influence of solar photons receive additional energy and oxidize the copper element, and the free spaces that appear in this case are filled with electrons depending on the oxidation of ascorbic acid. As a result of these processes, a shell containing copper particles that can catalyze the chemical copper is formed on the surface of the tissue.

Worldwide, prostate cancer is considered to be one of the three most commonly occurring cancers amongst the male population. Clinically, early detection of diverse forms of cancer before they spread and become incurable plays an important role in treatment strategy. Therefore, the development of fast, accurate, sensitive, and low-cost analytical methodologies and techniques for the detection of cancer biomarkers is an attractive research area for scientists globally. Herein, a Schiff base ligand (A1) was prepared via the refluxing of 3-aminobenzoic acid with 1,2-phenylenediamine. After that, a nano Cu complex (N1) was synthesized by reacting A1 with copper chloride. The produced A1 and N1 were characterized using several techniques to determine their physicochemical properties. A density functional theory study was carried out to rationalize the experimental work and support the obtained results. Moreover, the nano Cu complex (N1) was used for the fabrication of a potentiometric membrane biosensor for the early detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The results reveal that the electrode displays a stable Nernstian response of 29.26 ± 0.87 mV per decade for PSA in a linear dynamic range of 5.0 pg mL-1-10.0 ng mL-1, in a pH range of 6.5-9.2, with a short response time of 25 ± 5 s. The lifetime was between 5-7 weeks under different storage conditions. The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits were 0.098 and 0.297 pg mL-1, respectively. The presence of different interfering species on the potentiometric biosensor response against PSA was investigated. The sensing mechanism of N1 toward PSA and the applicability of the developed electrode for the screening and quantification of PSA in real serum samples were also studied.

Three new homobinuclear nanosized supramolecular copper coordination polymers are hydrothermally synthesized by self-assembly reaction of L-tyrosine (Tyr), terephthalic acid (H2bdc), pyromellitic acid (H4btec) and benzimidazole (Hbzim) with copper chloride salt to generate with formula [[Cu 2 (tyr) 2 (bzim) 2 (Cl)2(H 2 O) 2 ]]n 1, [[Cu 2 (bdc) 2 (bzim) 2 (H 2 O) 6 ].3H 2 O]n 2 and [Cu 2 (H 2 btec)(bzim)(H 2 O) 6 ].2H 2 O]n 3, which have been investigated by elemental analysis, molar conductivity and magnetic measurements, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, (TGA/DTA) thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD) analysis as well as MM2 theoretical calculations. The magnetic moment and electronic spectra of the complexes are certainly indicating the octahedral geometries. Thermal analysis of the complexes confirms the suggested structures and thermal stability. The results of the XRPD analysis and the average nanosized values of the complexes have nanosized supramolecular polymers in the triclinic system. The MM2 theoretical calculations are supported by the proposed structures.

Five new copper(II) coordination compounds were prepared by template synthesis, using curcumin, 2-hydrazinobenzothiazole and metal salt (copper chloride, bromide, acetate and nitrate) in 1:2:1 and 1:2:2 molar ratio. The complexes were characterized by elemental and thermogravimetric analysis, IR, UV–Vis and mass spectroscopic methods and cyclic voltammetric studies. On the basis of physico-chemical measurements the following formulae have been assigned to the complexes: [Cu(H2L)(H2O)2]Cl2·H2O, [CuL]·H2O, [Cu(H2L)(H2O)Br]Br·5H2O, [Cu2L(H2O)4](NO3)2·2H2O and [Cu2(H2L)(NO3)4]·H2O, where H2L is the hydrazone ligand formed in the reaction conditions. Metal complexes were tested for antioxidant activity by photochemiluminescence and this activity was quantified by comparison with TROLOX®, as standard. The results show that all complexes are more potent antioxidant agents than curcumin. Keywords: Curcumin, Cu(II)-curcumin derivative complexes, Antioxidant, Free radicals

Twenty-four hour median lethal concentration (LC50) toxicity tests were performed with five species of nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis briggsae, Pristionchus pacificus, Oscheius tipulae, and Oscheius myriophila) in response to copper chloride and zinc chloride. In addition, lethality tests were also performed with seven strains of C. elegans (N2 > 1 year in culture, N2 newly acquired, N2 ancestral, ED3053, JU258, JU1171, and MY1) exposed to copper chloride. Nominal chemical concentrations were validated and analyzed according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 6010 using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). This paper combines the datasets previously published separately by Heaton et al. (2020, 2022). The goal is to catalog all raw and analyzed toxicity data collected from both studies in a single consistent information source for use by the scientific community.

The necessity of providing clean water sources increases the demand to develop catalytic systems for water treatment. Good pollutants adsorbers are a key ingredient, and CuO is one of the candidate materials for this task. Among the different approaches for CuO synthesis, precipitation out of aqueous solutions is a leading candidate due to the facile synthesis, high yield, sustainability, and the reported shape control by adjustment of the counter anions. We harness this effect to investigate the formation of copper oxide-based 3D structures. Specifically, the counter anion (chloride, nitrate, and acetate) affects the formation of copper-based hydroxides and the final structure following their conversion into copper oxide nanostructures over porous templates. The formation of a 3D structure is obtained when copper chloride or nitrate reacts with a Sorites scaffold (marine-based calcium carbonate template) without external hydroxide addition. The transformation into copper oxides occurs after calcination or reduction of the obtained Cu2(OH)3X (X = Cl− or NO3−) while preserving the porous morphology. Finally, the formed Sorites@CuO structure is examined for water treatment to remove heavy metal cations and degrade organic contaminant molecules.

The development of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains is a major global public health concern. To address this, drug-free antibacterial approaches are needed. High-touch surfaces in particular can serve as a means for the spread of bacteria and other pathogens from one infected person to another. Copper surfaces have long been known for their antibacterial properties. To further enhance the surface’s antibacterial properties, we used a one-step surface modification technique to assemble 2D copper chloride nanoplatelets directly onto copper surfaces such as copper tape, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids, electrodes, and granules. The nanoplatelets were formed using copper ions from the copper surfaces, enabling their direct assembly onto these surfaces in a one-step process that does not require separate nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesis of the nanoplatelets was confirmed with TEM, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Antibacterial properties of the surfaces with copper chloride nanoplatelets were demonstrated in multi-drug-resistant (MDR) E. coli. The presence of copper chloride nanoplatelets on the surface led to a marked improvement in antibacterial properties compared to the untreated copper surfaces. Surfaces with copper chloride nanoplatelets affected bacterial cell morphology, prevented bacterial cell division, reduced their viability, damaged bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and altered protein expression. In particular, proteins corresponding to cell division, DNA division, and mediation of copper toxicity were down-regulated. This work presents a robust method to directly assemble copper chloride nanoplatelets onto any copper surface to imbue it with improved antibacterial properties. To demonstrate that our method of particle generation can be used with other metal surfaces, we also demonstrate the synthesis of other metal-derived nanoarchitectures on a variety of metal surfaces.

We thank STFC for the provision of data collected at Diamond (Experiment CY23579). We acknowledge support from the University of St Andrews, the China Scholarship Council (studentship to C.H.), and the University of St Andrews (studentship to A.J.B. and E.F.). We present three new hybrid copper(II) chloride layered perovskites of generic composition ACuCl4 or A2CuCl4, which exhibit three distinct structure types. (m-PdH2)CuCl4 (m-PdH22+ = protonated m-phenylenediamine) adopts a Dion–Jacobson (DJ)-like layered perovskite structure type and exhibits a very large axial thermal contraction effect upon heating, as revealed via variable-temperature synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXRD). This can be attributed to the contraction of an interlayer block, via a slight repositioning of the m-PdH22+ moiety. (3-AbaH)2CuCl4 (3-AbaH+ = protonated 3-aminobenzoic acid) and (4-AbaH)2CuCl4 (4-AbaH+ = protonated 4-aminobenzoic acid) possess the same generic formula as Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) layered perovskites, A2BX4, but adopt different structures. (4-AbaH)2CuCl4 adopts a near-staggered structure type, whereas (3-AbaH)2CuCl4 adopts a near-eclipsed structure type, which resembles the DJ rather than the RP family. (3-AbaH)2CuCl4 also displays static disorder of the [CuCl4]∞ layers. The crystal structures of each are discussed in terms of the differing nature of the templating molecular species, and these are compared to related layered perovskites. Preliminary magnetic measurements are reported, suggesting dominant ferromagnetic interactions. Postprint

Copper (Cu) is being widely used in CdTe solar cells to improve the p-type conductivity and reduce the back-barrier height. However, due to the defect compensate effect and the high spatial migration rate of Cu, the physical mechanism of Cu in CdTe is still a challenge. Here, three different Cu dopant source, metallic copper (Cu), and cuprous chloride (CuCl) and copper chloride (CuCl 2 ), are applied in ZMO/CdTe solar cells. Our results indicate that solution processed Cu treatment supplies lower Cu diffusion temperature and possibilities to reduce the Cu dosage and distribution profile in CdTe.

In the present days the development of efficient green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. It was aimed in order to find a safe, economic and eco-friendly technique for the production of well characterized nanoparticles. The present study reports the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extract (pepper leaf extract) and a copper salt (copper chloride, CuCl2). Copper nanoparticles are produced by the reduction of CuCl2, while the aqueous leaf extract act as reducing agent. The formation of copper nanoparticles was recognized by the change of colour from blue to black. The synthesized nanoparticles were then characterized through EDAX, XRD, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. EDAX confirmed the formation of copper nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis confirmed the absorption peak of copper nanoparticles at wavelength of 500-700 nm. XRD analysis revealed three sharp peaks specifically referred to face centered cubic structure of metallic copper. This work was also carried out the optical studies of copper nanoparticles which were exposed to direct sunlight. This study reflected the effect of sunlight intensity on the absorption peak of copper nanoparticles.

Mineral ascorbates are the salts of ascorbic acid, and they are formed by bonding of mineral cation to ascorbate anion. Ascorbate salts may better tolerated by the human body than the corresponding weak acidic ascorbic acid. In this work, we depicted the methodology employed to synthesize single crystals of a new salt of ascorbic acid using copper chloride. The crystal structure was initially studied by X-ray diffraction, and further characterizations, such as spectroscopic studies (Fourier Transform Infra-Red and Micro Raman and thermal analysis (Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetry) were also carried out. The optical band gap of the material is determined by UV–visible spectroscopy. The polarization mechanism of the compound is explored using the dielectric measurements. Dielectric constant, a.c. conductivity and loss tangent were measured over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 5 MHz. The magnetic moment variation of magnetic field at room temperature shows a narrow magnetic hysteresis loop which indicates the weak ferromagnetic behaviour of the copper ascorbate crystal matrix.

Complexes 1-3, C34H36X4CuN2O2 (X = Cl, Br, I), were synthesized with copper chloride dihydrate and three new Schiff base ligands derived from amantadine and 3,5-dihalosalicylaldehydes. They were characterized by IR, UV–VIS, elemental analysis, molar conductance, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that 1 and 2 crystallize in the triclinic system, Pī space group. Each asymmetric unit consists of one copper(II) ion, two corresponding deprotonated Schiff base ligands and one lattice dichloromethane molecule. 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, P21/n space group. Each asymmetric unit consists of one copper(II) ion and two deprotonated iodo- Schiff base ligands. The tetra-coordination of the central copper(II) ion in 1-3 is constructed by two nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms from the corresponding Schiff base ligands, forming a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Electrochemical properties of the complexes were determined by cyclic voltammetry.

A new Schiff base containing 1,2,4-triazole ring system (L) was synthesized and confirmed by 1HNMR, FTIR spectroscopy. The chemical modification of PVC with a new Schiff base (L) was synthesized to produce a homogenous blend (PVC-L). A homogenous blend (PVC-L) was added to copper chloride to produce PVC-L-Cu (II). The PVC films had been irradiated with ultraviolet light for a long period and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and weight loss; the surface morphology was inspected by scanning electron microscopy.

Thin conductive nanostructured polyaniline coatings were formed by the solvent-free plasma-chemical method. Non-conductive form of an emeraldine base and crystalline hydrate of dichloride or copper dibromide were used as a target. The structure and electrophysical properties of the formed coatings were studied by spectroscopic and microscopic methods. It was demonstrated that the layers represent a polymer matrix with various degree of oxidation doped by chloride or copper bromide compounds. When mixtures of an emeraldine base and copper bromide are jointly dispersed, the formation of layers with relative concentration of its oxidized chains by more than three times bigger than the layers formed by dispersion of the emeraldine base and copper chloride is observed. The proposed method allows the deposition of thin composite PANI-based coatings which have conductivity up to 10 S/cm, adjustable degree of oxidation and a molecular structure of polyaniline chains.

The reaction between 2-[2-(aminoethyl)amino]ethanol and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde in a 1:2 molar ratio affords a mixture containing 2-({2-[(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)amino]ethyl}amino)ethanol (PMAE) and 2-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)oxazolidin-3-yl]-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)ethanamine (POPME). Treatment of this mixture with copper(II) chloride or cadmium(II) chloride gave trichlorido[(2-hydroxyethyl)({2-[(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)amino]ethyl})azanium]copper(II) monohydrate, [Cu(C10H16N3O)Cl3]·H2O or [Cu(HPMAE)Cl3]·H2O, 1, and dichlorido{2-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)oxazolidin-3-yl]-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)ethanamine}cadmium(II), [CdCl2(C16H18N4O)] or [CdCl2(POPME)], 2, which were characterized by elemental analysis, FT–IR, Raman and 1H NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. PMAE is potentially a tetradentate N3O-donor ligand but coordinates to copper here as an N2 donor. In the structure of 1, the geometry around the Cu atom is distorted square pyramidal. In 2, the Cd atom has a distorted octahedral geometry. In addition to the hydrogen bonds, there are π–π stacking interactions between the pyridine rings in the crystal packing of 1 and 2. The ability of PMAE, POPME and 1 to interact with ten selected biomolecules (BRAF kinase, CatB, DNA gyrase, HDAC7, rHA, RNR, TrxR, TS, Top II and B-DNA) was investigated by docking studies and compared with doxorubicin.

A systematic investigation of medieval copper green pigments was carried out based on written sources: 21 manuscripts, dating from 50–70 to 1755 AD, were sourced and 77 recipes were selected, translating into 44 experiments. Reconstructions from medieval recipes were prepared and characterized through a multianalytical approach to disclose the original pigment formulation that is often described as verdigris. Based on the results obtained, we propose three main groups of copper green pigments, group 1, in which only Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O is formed, group 2, where this acetate is found together with copper oxalates, group 3, in which atacamite is present as the major green component or as a signature compound. The products formed are in perfect agreement with that predicted by the state-of-the-art research on the mechanisms of atmospheric corrosion of copper. This knowledge, together with our experience on craft recipes to prepare medieval paint materials, allowed us to recover a lost medieval recipe to produce a copper green pigment based mainly on atacamite, a basic copper chloride, which has been recently detected, by Raman and infrared spectroscopy, in artworks ranging from Catalonia and the Crown of Aragon panel painting to Islamic manuscripts.

Sodium metal chloride batteries possessing many merits, such as high energy density and long cycle life, are usually operated above 300 °C. Such high operating temperature may accelerate corrosion and aging, increase operating complexity, require an extra thermal management system, and limit their widespread applications. Lowering the working temperature may alleviate these issues and broaden their usage. Herein, a sodium copper chloride battery running at 175 °C is designed with the room temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide dissolved with sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate, to replace sodium chloride saturated sodium tetrachloroaluminate as the catholyte. The cathode delivers the high specific capacity of 141.4 mAh g−1 and the high energy density of 374.7 Wh kg−1. In addition, the capacity retention reaches 92.1% after 50 cycles with an average coulombic efficiency as high as 99.6%. The examination of the cathode and solid electrolyte collected after 50 cycles shows that the degradation mechanism of the battery is attributed to (1) the accumulation of a large amount of non-conductive copper chloride in the three dimensional network structure of the copper foam and (2) the loss of β″-alumina in the solid electrolyte during the charge/discharge process.

Pure, Copper and Zinc doped Cadmium oxide was incorporated by the co-precipitation method. In this preparation method cadmium chloride, copper chloride, zinc chloride has been utilized as a precursor material. X-Ray Diffraction pattern, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum and, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrum have affirmed the presence of the copper and zinc doped cadmium oxide nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscope uncovered the surface morphology, Ultra Violet-Vis Near Infra analysis and the optical band gap of the materials were observed to be 2.48 eV for Pure CdO, 2.35 eV for Cu CdO and 2.28 eV for Zn CdO which were assessed from Tauc's plot. The predominant electrochemical capacitive execution using Cyclic Voltammetry which indicates that the material has the ability to form a capable electrode material for stable and high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors.

Copper is an essential dietary micronutrient in humans for proper cell function; however, in excess, it is toxic. The human cell line Caco-2 is popular as an in vitro model for intestinal absorption and toxicology. This study investigated the response of exponentially growing Caco-2 cells to prolonged copper exposure (120 h). An unexpected non-monotonic dose-response profile was observed in Caco-2 cells. Exposure to media supplemented with 3.125 μM CuSO4 resulted in decreased cell yield vs. untreated. However, toxicity was progressively reduced from 90% at 3.125 μM to 60% at 25 μM. This effect was documented between 48 and 120 h continuous exposure (p