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Cet article analyse le processus de mobilisation d’un groupe de jeunes adhérents et de salariés au sein d’une coopérative du Sud-Ouest français. Notre analyse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une réflexion stratégique lancée par la coopérative, préoccupée par la problématique de sa gouvernance et la place que peuvent tenir les jeunes dans la construction de sa stratégie future. La réflexion est engagée dans un contexte de complexification des structures coopératives en France fragilisant leurs liens avec les adhérents. L’article présente ainsi la mise en œuvre concrète d’une démarche visant à développer la mobilisation des adhérents et des salariés au sein de cette coopérative. En cela, il a pour objectif d’opérationnaliser les résultats de la littérature scientifique existante en proposant la construction progressive d’une méthodologie de mise en œuvre. En tant que première étape dans cette démarche, notre article s’appuie sur une analyse qualitative basée sur la réalisation de plusieurs ateliers participatifs consacrés à un seul groupe restreint de jeunes adhérents et de salariés suivis toute une année. Le travail présenté met en évidence un faible environnement de mobilisation au sein de la coopérative, une situation répandue que l’on retrouve dans nombre d’entreprises exposées à des problématiques de gouvernance. Il montre également qu’il est possible de reconstruire un sentiment de mobilisation au fil des ateliers participatifs. Le sentiment de pouvoir agir, ou d’empowerment psychologique, impulsé dans le cadre de cette démarche participative, constitue une première phase vers la création d’un environnement plus favorable à la mobilisation collective, touchant un groupe élargi. Cet article pose ainsi un premier jalon en matière de démarche d’accompagnement qui offre aux coopératives des pistes et des leviers d’actions concrètes permettant d’améliorer leur gouvernance This article analyzes the process of mobilizing a group of young members and employees within an agricultural cooperative located in the southwest of France. This analysis is part of a strategic reflection launched by the cooperative, concerned by the governance issues and questioned by the place that youth can play in the construction of its future strategy. This reflection is initiated in a context where cooperative structures are becoming more complex leading to distancing links with their members especially. This article presents a concrete implementation of an approach aimed to develop the mobilization of members and employees in this cooperative. Such doing, it aims to operationalize the results of the existing scientific literature by proposing the gradual construction of an implementation methodology. As a first step, our approach is based on a qualitative analysis through the realization of several participatory workshops dedicated to a small group of young members and employees followed for a whole year. This work highlights the failure in the environment of mobilization within the cooperative, a widespread situation that is found in many companies faced to governance issues. This article also shows that it is possible to rebuild a sense of mobilization through participatory workshops. This feeling of being able to act, or psychological empowerment, driven by this participatory approach, is a first step towards creating an environment more favorable to collective mobilization. Thus, this article marks a first milestone in terms of a support approach that offers cooperatives avenues and levers of concrete actions to improve their governance.

Aquest article es proposa demostrar com el cooperativisme agrari d’esquerres, que aquí anomenarem rabassaire, es va difondre durant el primer terç del segle XX amb intensitat per bona part del territori. Les cooperatives havien estat la principal forma d’organització del moviment rabassaire abans que es creés la Unió de Rabassaires el 1922. La majoria es van consolidar pel seu caràcter multifuncional —cooperativa de consum i agrària, mutualitat, sociabilitat i reivindicació—, però també per una gestió econòmica que en garantia la continuïtat i que va ser truncada de soca-rel pel resultat de la Guerra Civil., This article aims to show how the Left Agrarian Cooperatives, which we will call “rabassaires” here, spread throughout the first third of the 20th century with intensity throughout the territory. Cooperatives would have been the main form of organization of the Rabassaire movement before the Union of Rabassaires was created in 1922. Most of these were consolidated due to their multifunctional nature - cooperative consumer and agrarian, mutual society, sociability and unionism- but also for economic management that guaranteed the continuity, whose trajectory was truncated of relay by the result of the Civil War.

U radu je pobliže razmotreno pulsiranje razvoja hrvatskoga zadrugarstva tijekom više od 150 godina duge tradicije njegova djelovanja, recentni razvojni trendovi i prostorno diferencirana razvijenost u suvremenom razdoblju. Rezultati pokazuju da je, unatoč dugoj tradiciji, hrvatsko zadrugarstvo u recentnom razdoblju suočeno s nizom razvojnih problema. Temeljni je uzrok takva stanja neodgovarajuća pravna regulativa – neusklađenost zakona o zadrugama i suodnosnih zakona koji su relevantni za funkcioniranje zadružnoga poduzetništva, što se nepovoljno odražava na sve zadružne sektore, posebno na poljoprivredno zadrugarstvo kao njegov najrazvijeniji sektor. Rezultat je toga marginalan doprinos zadrugarstva gospodarsko-socijalnom razvoju demografski sve više destabiliziranih ruralnih područja države., This paper closely examines the fluctuations in development of agricultural cooperatives in Croatia during their 150-year-long tradition, as well as recent development trends, and spatially-differentiated development in the contemporary era. The results show that, despite the long tradition, contemporary Croatian cooperatives have been faced with a series of development problems. The main cause of that situation is inadequate legislation - a poorly adjusted law on cooperatives and correlative laws that are relevant for the functioning of cooperative entrepreneurship. This reflects unfavourably in all cooperative sectors, specifically agricultural cooperatives as its most developed sector. This has resulted in a marginal contribution of cooperatives to the socioeconomic development of the nation's demographically ever more destabilised rural areas.

Smallholder farmers’ participation in agricultural cooperatives is often promoted as a promising strategy for overcoming market imperfections and to increase farmers’ productivity and income. In recognition of this potential, in recent years, Ethiopia has shown renewed interest in promoting cooperatives. However, there is lack of empirical evidence of the impact that cooperatives have on farmers’ performance in Ethiopia. Using a matching technique, we evaluate the impact of coffee cooperatives on the performance of their member households in terms of income and coffee production. We use data from coffee farmers in south-west Ethiopia. The overall results suggest that members of cooperatives are not faring much better than non-members. The treatment effects we measured were not statistically significant from zero. Yet, the aggregate figures mask differences between cooperatives and amongst individual cooperative members. Average treatment effects on members differ between cooperatives, in general older members, those who have benefitted from more education and those with larger coffee plantations seem to benefit more from membership. Our analysis sheds light on the heterogeneity in the impact that membership of a cooperative can have: this differs by cooperative and by members within cooperatives, a finding that has important policy implications.

U radu se razmatra razvoj poljoprivrednog zadrugarstva na temelju usporedbe poljoprivrednih zadruga Krapinsko-zagorske županije (Hrvatska) i Obsotlja i Kozjanskog (Slovenija) nakon 1990-ih godina. Na temelju istraživanja historijsko-geografskog razvoja, zakonodavstva Hrvatske i Slovenije u tranzicijskom razdoblju te intervjua s voditeljima zadruga i zadrugarima i anketnim istraživanjem mišljenja stanovništva dviju regija, pokazalo se da je poljoprivredno zadrugarstvo u Obsotlju i Kozjanskom na višem stupnju razvoja nego u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji. Poljoprivredno zadrugarstvo Obostlja i Kozjanskog pridonosi cjelokupnom razvoja tog ruralnog prostora, dok je utjecaj zadrugarstva u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji ograničen tek na uski dio lokalne zajednice u općinama u kojima se nalazi nekoliko aktivnih zadruga. Glavni čimbenici koji utječu na slabiju razvijenost zadružnog sektora Krapinsko-zagorske županije su slabija društveno-gospodarska razvijenost županije uz česte izmjene zadružne legislative. Potencijali za razvoj poljoprivrednog zadrugarstva mogu se aktivirati tek izgradnjom kapaciteta stanovništva kroz jačanje svijesti o važnosti i potrebi za zadružnim djelovanjem te načinom upravljanja zadrugama uz odgovarajuće stimulativne politike i zadružno zakonodavstvo. The thesis discusses the development of agricultural cooperatives based on a comparison of agricultural cooperatives in Krapina-Zagorje County (Croatia) and Obsotlje and Kozjansko (Slovenia) after the 1990s. Based on a study of historical-geographical development, the legislation of Croatia and Slovenia in the transition period, as well as interviews with the heads of cooperatives and cooperative members, and a survey of the opinions of the population of the two regions, agricultural cooperatives in Obsotlje and Kozjansko were found to be at a higher level of development than their counterparts in Krapina-Zagorje County. The agricultural cooperatives of Obostlje and Kozjansko contribute to the overall development of the rural area, while the influence of cooperatives in the Krapina-Zagorje County is limited to a narrow section of the local community in those municipalities with several active cooperatives. The main factors responsible for the underdeveloped state of the cooperative sector in Krapina-Zagorje County are the poor level of socio-economic development of the county, and frequent changes in cooperative legislation. Potentials for the development of agricultural cooperatives can only be activated by population capacity building, raising awareness of the importance and need for cooperative activities, learning about cooperative management, and appropriate incentive policies within relevant cooperative legislation.

We develop a classification of traditional versus restructured cooperative organizational attributes based on an inductive approach. Using this classification and integrating concepts from the business literature (i.e., market and brand orientation), we hypothesize three types of relationships: (a) the influence of organizational attributes, i.e., ownership, control and cost/benefit allocation, on organizational performance; (b) the influence of strategic, i.e., market and brand orientation, attributes on organizational performance, and (c) the influence of organizational attributes on market orientation. We examine these relationships empirically in two studies. In study 1, using data from 114 agribusiness cooperatives, we demonstrate that strategic attributes have a greater influence on organizational performance than organizational attributes. In study 2, we replicate the design from study 1, i.e., tracking attribute scores over time, with a subsample of 25 cooperatives 4 years later. This second study generally confirms the findings of study 1. Taken together, the results suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on strategic attributes both in the literature and in practice.

2008 yılında yaşanan küresel finansal kriz, faiz hadleri seviyesinin düşük olduğu bir zamanda gerçekleşmiştir. Varsayım gayrimenkul fiyatlarının hiç düşmeyeceği şeklindedir. Bankalar ya da aracı kuruluşlar geri ödeme riski yüksek olan kişilere peşin teminatlarla gerekli risk analizi yapmadan verdiği konut kredileriyle başlamıştır.Bu krizin etkisinin reel sektöre de yansıması sonucunda kooperatifler de etkilenmiştir. Dünyadaki kooperatifler incelendiğinde krizden etkilenmediği ancak Türkiye’deki kooperatiflerin krizin etkisiyle kapanmalar yaşadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2008 krizinin kooperatiflere etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Araştırma sonucunda dünya kooperatifleri incelenmiş olup, kooperatif cirolarında bir azalma meydana gelmemiştir. Finansal kaynaklı kriz olmasına rağmen kooperatif bankaları bu krizden etkilenmemiştir. Bu krizler sonrasında ülkemizdeki tarımsal kooperatifler olumsuz yönde etkilenmişlerdir. The finansal crisis which happened in 2008 was in a time when the interest rate levels were low. The supposion is that the price of reale states will never fall down. The banks have started by giving housing loans with advance security to the people who has risk of paying back. With the reflection of crisis to real sector, cooperatives has was effected too. When were search cooperatives globally, we can see that the cooperatives in other parts of world wasn’t affected as our country did. For example, in Turkey some cooperatives were even closed due to crisis. The aim of this study is to discover the effects of crisis to cooperatives. With results of our research, it is clear that there hasn’t been a decrease in endersoments of cooperative banks. Althought it was a crisis which is financially based on the cooperative banks wasn’t effected by this crisis. After that crisis farm cooperatives was badly effected because of that crisis.

Kooperatifler, belirli bir alanda ortak fayda elde edebilmek için ekonomik birimlerin bilinçli ve gönüllü şekilde bir araya gelerek, iş birliği yapmak amacıyla oluşturduğu ortaklı kuruluşlardır. Piyasa mekanizması içinde kooperatifler mal ve hizmetlerin alınmasında ve pazarlanmasında/satılmasında ortaklarının pazarlık ve rekabet gücünü arttırma, sermaye birikimini sağlama ve sürdürülebilir kılma, piyasaların yapısını ve işleyişini düzenleme görevlerini üstlenir ve ekonomik büyümeye katkıda bulunurlar. Bu amaçla tezin ilk bölümünde kooperatifleşme ve tarım-sanayi entegrasyonunda kooperatiflerin rolü üzerinde durulmuş. İkinci bölümde ise üst birlik örgütlenmesini tam olarak sağlamış ve şeker piyasasını düzenleme konusunda etkin rol oynayan Pankobirlik (Pancar Ekicileri Kooperatifleri Birliği) ele alınmıştır. Pankobirlik faaliyet gösterdiği şeker sektöründeki yasal düzenlemeler çerçevesinde şeker fabrikalarını bünyesine katarak tarım sanayi bütünleşmesinde başarılı bir dikey entegrasyon gerçekleştirmektedir. Ayrıca kooperatif üyelerine tarımsal girdi temin eden ve üretilen ürünlerin daha etkin şekilde değerlendirilmesini sağlayan ve nihayetinde sürdürülebilir büyümeyi hedefleyen yatırımları hayata geçirmektedirler. Bu nedenle, ekonomik model olarak koopeartif yapılanmasının Pankobirlik örneği ve Türkiye şeker piyasası üzerinden değerlendirilmesi, diğer iyi uygulama örnekleri ile karşılaştırılması bu başarılı örgütlenmenin yaygınlaştırılması adına önemlidir. Ayrıca şeker, dünyada devlet müdahalesine en çok maruz kalan ürünlerden biridir. Üretim ve tarife kotaları, yüksek korumalar ve ticaret antlaşmaları, ülkelerin uyguladığı politikalar dünya şeker ticaretine kısıtlamalar getirmektedir. Türkiye şeker sektöründe de dünya şeker piyasalarında olduğu gibi yasal düzenlemeler ile kontrol altında tutulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu yasal düzenlemelere ek olarak Türkiye şeker sektörü piyasaya kamu, özel sektör ve kooperatif yapılanmalarının ürün arz etmesi sebebiyle de farklılaşmaktadır. Bu nedenle de Pancar Ekicileri Kooperatiflerinin ekonomik etkinliklerinin şeker piyasasındaki diğer iki oyuncunun yani kamu ve özel sektör işletmelerinin işleyişi ve ekonomiye katkıları anlamında değerlendirmek tarımda sürdürülebilir ekonomik kalkınma için önem taşımaktadır. Cooperative organizations, which will be referred shortly as cooperations, are defined as economic units in which individuals knowingly and voluntarily create an organization to collaborate particularly to improve their economic benefits. Within the market mechanism, cooperations aim to improve their competitive advantages in the provision and sales of goods, as well as to regulate the market structure and market mechanism.The first part of this thesis analyzes the economic role of cooperations and in general cooperative organizational structure. The second part of the thesis focuses on a successful Turkish cooperation which has a predominant high level organization structure and is capable of regulating the overall market mechanism. For the latter part, this thesis specifically focuses on a Beetroot Cooperation (referred as Pancar Kooperatifleri in Turkish), which, for the case of Turkey, has a vertical organizational structure incorporating sugar refineries in line with the legal regulations within the sugar sector. This thesis shows that, one of the key elements in the success of the Beetroot Cooperation is its organizational structure which enables agricultural input provision to the sector and an effective use of products within the sector and across other sectors. This organizational structure leads to improved investment opportunities where sustainability of production is ensured. One of the main contritions of this thesis is the analysis of the role of Beetroot Cooperation's organizational structure in their success in a nation-wide and worldwide comparative setting. Thus, the findings shed light to potential organizational improvements in the sugar market as well as other markets, particularly markets with large scale cooperative organizations.In addition to the above-mentioned motivation, a comparative study of the sugar market and cooperative organizations within this market is important since the sugar sector a predominantly high volume sector and it is one of the mostly regulated markets worldwide. Production levels, tariffs and trade agreements in the sugar sector are restricted with regulations in many countries. First, a detailed analysis of this sector is relevant for sugar market regulations worldwide. Second, due to the strong ties with other markets, adopted cooperation policies for sustainable production in this sector has potential benefits on other agricultural sectors. Third, for the case of Turkey, two other providers within the sugar sector, namely the private and public sector, will potentially benefit from the analysis of success in Beetroot Cooperation since these providers produce contemporaneous and similar products. 121

Günümüzde, küreselleşmenin getirdiği sosyo-ekonomik değişimlerle birlikte,kurumların misyon ve vizyonlarında da değişim yaşanmış, bu durum kurumların tekamaçlarının kendi karlılıklarını artırma ve devamlılıklarını sağlama olmalarınıdeğiştirerek, topluma dair bazı etik ve sosyal sorumluluk anlayışlarının da oluşmasınaneden olmuştur. Bugün kurumların etik ve sosyal sorumluluk anlayışlarının olmasıgerekliliği ile içinde bulunduğu toplum ve çevreye yönelik anlamlı katkılardabulunulması gerektiği artık yaygın olarak kabul edilmektedir.Bu durum artık, ticari amaçlara sahip olan ticari işletmeler için geçerli olduğu kadar,sosyo-ekonomik yapının düzenleyicisi durumda olan kooperatifler için de geçerlidir.Özellikle tarımın önem teşkil ettiği ülkemizde, kırsal bölgelerde olan tarımsalkooperatifleşmeler, bölgenin sosyo-ekonomik yapısını etkileyen önemli unsurlardan biriolarak görülmektedir. Bu açıdan kooperatifleşme ile birlikte, kırsal kesimin temel gelirunsurlarından olan tarımın, belirli kapsamlar çerçevesinde uygulanması, bölge içinolduğu kadar ülke için de önemlidir. Bu nedenle özellikle günümüzde önemi artan etikkavramının ve sosyal sorumluluk uygulamalarının, ulusal ve uluslararası kurumlardaolduğu kadar, bölgesel nitelikteki köy kooperatifleri için de önemi artan bir konuolmuştur. Bu araştırmanın amacı, kurumlar için günümüzde kurumlar ve kurumsallaşmaaçısından önemli iki kavram olan etik ve sosyal sorumluluk uygulamalarının geneldeKöy Kalkınma Kooperatiflerinde araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmadaKastamonu Köy Kalkınma ve Diğer Tarımsal Amaçlı Kooperatifler Birliğindeuygulanan etik ve sosyal sorumluluk uygulamaları araştırılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Etik, Sosyal Sorumluluk, Kooperatif. Today, with the socio-economic changes brought about by globalization, there has alsobeen a change in the mission and vision of the institutions, which has led to the creationof some ethical and social responsibility concepts of collecting by changing the fact thatthe sole purpose of the institutions is not to increase their profitability and maintain theircontinuity. Today it is now widely accepted that institutions need to have ethical andsocial responsibility understandings and that significant contributions should be made tothe society and the environment they are in.This is now also true for co-operatives that are regulating socio-economic structures aswell as for commercial enterprises with commercial purposes. Especially in our countrywhere agriculture is important, agricultural co-operatives in rural areas are considered tobe one of the important factors affecting the socio-economic structure of the region. Inthis regard, it is important for the country as much as for the region that the agriculture,which is one of the basic income components of the rural sector, is implemented withinthe scope of certain scope. For this reason, the importance of increasing ethics andsocial responsibility practices, especially today, has become an increasingly importantissue for regional cooperative organizations in the region as well as national andinternational institutions. The aim of this research is to investigate ethical and socialresponsibility applications, which are two important concepts in terms of institutionsand institutionalization, today in Village Development Cooperatives. In this study,ethical and social responsibility applications applied in Kastamonu VillageDevelopment and Other Agricultural Cooperatives Association were investigated.Keywords: Ethics, Social Responsibility, Co-Operative. 133

2008 yılında yaşanan küresel finansal kriz, faiz hadleri seviyesinin düşük olduğu bir zamanda gerçekleşmiştir. Varsayım gayrimenkul fiyatlarının hiç düşmeyeceği şeklindedir. Bankalar ya da aracı kuruluşlar geri ödeme riski yüksek olan kişilere peşin teminatlarla gerekli risk analizi yapmadan verdiği konut kredileriyle başlamıştır.Bu krizin etkisinin reel sektöre de yansıması sonucunda kooperatifler de etkilenmiştir. Dünyadaki kooperatifler incelendiğinde krizden etkilenmediği ancak Türkiye'deki kooperatiflerin krizin etkisiyle kapanmalar yaşadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2008 krizinin kooperatiflere etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Araştırma sonucunda dünya kooperatifleri incelenmiş olup, kooperatif cirolarında bir azalma meydana gelmemiştir. Finansal kaynaklı kriz olmasına rağmen kooperatif bankaları bu krizden etkilenmemiştir. Bu krizler sonrasında ülkemizdeki tarımsal kooperatifler olumsuz yönde etkilenmişlerdir. The finansal crisis which happened in 2008 was in a time when the interest rate levels were low. The supposion is that the price of reale states will never fall down. The banks have started by giving housing loans with advance security to the people who has risk of paying back. With the reflection of crisis to real sector, cooperatives has was effected too. When were search cooperatives globally, we can see that the cooperatives in other parts of world wasn't affected as our country did. For example, in Turkey some cooperatives were even closed due to crisis. The aim of this study is to discover the effects of crisis to cooperatives. With results of our research, it is clear that there hasn't been a decrease in endersoments of cooperative banks. Althought it was a crisis which is financially based on the cooperative banks wasn't effected by this crisis. After that crisis farm cooperatives was badly effected because of that crisis. 132

Background: Most coffee in Ethiopia is produced by smallholder farmers who face a daily struggle to get sufficient income but also to feed their families. At the same time, many smallholder coffee producers are members of cooperatives. Yet, literature has paid little attention to the effect of cooperatives on combating food insecurity among cash crop producers including coffee farmers. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate how coffee cooperative membership may affect food security among coffee farm households in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: The study used cross-sectional household data on income, expenditure on food, staple food production (maize and teff), and utilization of improved inputs (fertilizer and improved seed) collected from 256 randomly selected farm households (132 cooperative members and 124 nonmembers) and applied an inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimation to assess the impact of cooperative membership on food security. Results: The result revealed that cooperative membership has a positive and significant effect on staple food production (maize and teff) and facilitated technological transformation via increased utilization of fertilizer and improved seeds. Nonetheless, the effect on food expenditure and income could not be confirmed. Conclusion: Findings suggest a trade-off between coffee marketing and input supply functions of the cooperatives, impairing their true food security impact from the pooled income and production effect.

Tesis presentada para la obtención del título de Maestría en Sociología de Agricultura Latinoamericana, presentada en la Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales en Mayo 2017 En la última década en el Alto Valle se conforman las cooperativas Campo Grande y Fernández Oro. Los sujetos sociales que las integran, constituyen un grupo heterogéneo dentro del campo social frutícola que puede caracterizarse por su posición de subordinación a otros agentes dentro de la cadena de producción comercialización de fruta. Así las cooperativas como estrategias asociativas, surgen en un contexto de crisis en el seno de las organizaciones gremiales de los chacareros y son parte del repertorio de estrategias colectivas del sector. A su vez, son promovidas por el Estado nacional para ser destinatarias de obras de infraestructuras financiadas desde allí en una época de viraje de las políticas públicas “coyunturales” hacia otras “dinamizadoras” del sector. El trabajo de extensión con estas cooperativas interpela a la tesista desde diferentes ángulos, generando interrogantes que se abordan en este trabajo de investigación. EEA Alto Valle Fil: Urraza, María Soledad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle. Agencia de Extensión Rural Cipolletti; Argentina

Gönüllü olarak girmiş ortaklarının belirli ekonomik menfaatlerini korumak amacıyla karşılıklı yardımlaşma üzerine kurulmuş bir organizasyonun adıdır. Nüfusun çoğunluğunun tarımla uğraştığı Türkiye'de bu kooperatifler büyük bir önem taşımaktadır.Çiftçinin refah içerisinde yaşaması için tarım alanında yapılacak çalışmaların desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Güçlü bir çiftçi toplumsal kalkınmada itici bir güç olacaktır. Tarımda modernleşme tarımsal ürün miktarının artırılmasında büyük bir etken olduğu için tarımda kullanılacak araçların finansmanında kredi ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmaktadır. İhtiyaç sonucu ortaya çıkan Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri buna cevap verebilecek şekilde bir hizmet sunduğu takdirde çiftçi rahatlayacaktır. Aksi takdirde yeterli desteği göremeyen çiftçi kendi geçiminde de zorluk yaşayacaktır. Tek başına yapılamayacak işlerin el birliği ile yapılması işi hızlandıracağı ve sonuca da olumlu katkı yapacağı için üzerinde titizlikle durulması gerekli olan kooperatifler çalışmamızın genel konusunu oluşturmuştur. Özelde ise Tarım Kredi Kooperatiflerinin 1935-1950 yılları arasındaki durumu kronolojik olarak ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Dönemdeki gelişmeleri daha iyi anlayabilmek için Osmanlı Devleti zamanında başlayan kooperatif çalışmalarına giriş bölümünde değinilmiştir. Tarımsal kooperatifçilik ve türleri birinci bölümde, Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri Kanunu ve Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri Ana Mukavelenamesi'nden yararlanılarak Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri'nin kuruluşu ve işleyişi ikinci bölümde incelenirken, üçüncü bölümde ise Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri'nin idari yapısı üzerinde durulmuştur. Doğa koşullarının tarım üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini aza indirmede ve çiftçiyi bunun etkisinden en az zararla kurtarmada etkili olan bu kooperatifler desteklendiği takdirde amaçlarını gerçekleştirebilecektir. Bu nedenle devletin korumacı bir yaklaşım içerisinde bunlara yaklaşması ama bunu yaparken de tüm kontrolü üstüne almaması gerekir. Kooperatif hareketin başarıya ulaşmasında banka desteği önemlidir. Tarım Kredi Kooperatiflerinin ana bankası görevini üstlenmiş olan Ziraat Bankası istenilen seviyede ihtiyacı karşılayamadığı için bir kooperatif bankası kurulduğu takdirde kooperatifler ekonomik yönden daha güçlü olacaklardır. It is the name of an organization based on mutual assistance to partners that voluntery entered with the aim of protecting certain interests. These cooperatives are of great importance for Turkey that most of the population is engaged in agriculture.It is necessary to support the work to be carried out in the field of agriculture for prosperity of the farmer.A strong farmer will be the driving force for social development. The need for credit is emerging for the vehicles to be used because of major factor in increasing the quantity of modernization products in agriculture. if Cooperatives that emerging as a result of these needs can respond to their needs, the farmer will relieve.Otherwise the farmer who does not see enough support will have difficulty to earn a living. Doing collective tasks together makes it possible to finish things faster and And positive results are achieved.The careful focus on this constitutes the main theme of our cooperative work. Chronological situation of agricultural credit cooperatives is very important from 1935 to 1950 for the private sector.Agricultural credit cooperative studies that started in the Ottoman state period were mentioned in the first chapter To understand the developments in the period better.In the second chapter, agricultural cooperatives and their types were included.In the third part, the agricultural credit law and the establishment, structure and mode of operation of the agricultural credit cooperative has been mentioned with the help of the agriculture credit cooperative main contract.It also includes ways of solving problems. When cooperatives that drops the amount the negative effect of the natural conditions on agriculturalare and saves Farmer it from the effect of least damage supported they can fulfill their goals.For this reason the state should be protective of cooperatives but It shouldn't take full control. Bank support for the success of cooperatives is important.Today, the Ziraat Bank provides support for the agricultural credit cooperative and it does not meet the requirement adequately. Therefore if a cooperative bank is established, cooperatives will be more economical. 136

U ovom radu je obrađena definicija zadrugarstva, kako su se zadružna načela mijenjala tokom godina, kakav ekonomski utjecaj ima zadruga i što je potrebno da bi se uspješno organizirala. Nadalje, analizirana je Poljoprivredna zadruga Ćelije, iz čijih se podataka može iščitati da ima veliki prostor za napredak, ali da bi do toga došlo, trebala bi više prisvojiti zadružna načela: dragovoljno i otvoreno članstvo, nadzor poslovanja od strane članova, gospodarsko sudjelovanje članova zadruge i raspodjela, samostalnost i neovisnost, obrazovanje, stručno usavršavanje i informiranje članova zadruge, suradnja među zadrugama i briga za zajednicu, In this work are processed definition of cooperatives, how are the cooperative principles changed over the years, how has the economic impact of cooperatives and what it takes to successfully organized. Furthermore, by analyzing the data of Agricultural Cooperative Ćelije can be inferred that there is considerable space for improvement, but for this to happen it would have to more appropriate cooperative principles: voluntary and open membership, supervision of operations by members, economic participation of cooperative members and distribution, autonomy and independence, education, training and information to members of the cooperative, cooperation among cooperatives and concern for community.

We develop a classification of traditional versus restructured cooperative organizational attributes based on an inductive approach. Using this classification and integrating concepts from the business literature (i.e., market and brand orientation), we hypothesize three types of relationships: (a) the influence of organizational attributes, i.e., ownership, control and cost/benefit allocation, on organizational performance; (b) the influence of strategic, i.e., market and brand orientation, attributes on organizational performance, and (c) the influence of organizational attributes on market orientation. We examine these relationships empirically in two studies. In study 1, using data from 114 agribusiness cooperatives, we demonstrate that strategic attributes have a greater influence on organizational performance than organizational attributes. In study 2, we replicate the design from study 1, i.e., tracking attribute scores over time, with a subsample of 25 cooperatives 4 years later. This second study generally confirms the findings of study 1. Taken together, the results suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on strategic attributes both in the literature and in practice.

A new generation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is finding a small foothold among poor, small-scale farmers in developing countries. Even so, many barriers still prevent poor rural people from accessing, using, and benefiting from new ICT tools and platforms, and those barriers are arguably higher for rural women. The relationship between gender and agriculture has been studied intensively over the years, and many agricultural interventions now include gender as a crosscutting issue or mainstream gender throughout their operations. Studies of the relationship between gender and the use of ICTs in agriculture have started to appear only quite recently, however. The Africa Region of the World Bank views ICTs as potentially transformative technology for rural development and seeks to incorporate the use of ICTs throughout its portfolio of projects. The present study was designed to examine the feasibility of integrating ICTs into two large investment programs: the Irrigation Development and Support Project (IDSP) in Zambia and the Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agribusiness Project (KAPAP). The specifi c goal was to examine how ICT-based interventions might be designed to strengthen women s participation in commodity value chains under the two projects.

The cooperatives constitute an important part of the European economy ; however, their potential is not fully tapped. The European post-socialist societies have been faced with difficulties in shifting the entrepreneurs’ mindset towards cooperatives and shifting the mindset in public administration structures. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the options to boost the development and the sustainability of the Croatian economy by joining in cooperatives. For the purpose of empirical research, a survey was conducted on a sample of 30 agricultural cooperatives on the territory of the Republic of Croatia. Cooperatives in Croatia are essentially small companies engaged in several business activities, among which procurement and sales prevail, while production and processing are less represented. Although aid measures for cooperatives are available, the funds for this purpose are dislocated and scattered in terms of competences and finances. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a national strategy for the development of cooperatives, to network and connect the organizations which encourage the development of cooperatives, and to promote cooperatives as the main driving force behind SMEs.

Agricultural cooperatives hold much potential to enable economically weak farmers, in developing countries, to increase their collective bargaining power and so enhance their incomes. They provide input services and create market opportunities to their members’ products. In most developing countries, female farmers are marginalized from participating and benefiting from such groups. This paper uses a rich dataset from a survey undertaken by the Ethiopian Economic Association and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in eight woredas in seven regions of Ethiopia with a sample of 1,117 households and 73 agricultural cooperatives. Using descriptive statistics and econometric analysis under a critical gender lens, the paper identifies which cooperative, household, and individual level characteristics influence women’s participation in agricultural cooperatives. The findings suggest that a major barrier to women’s access are gender biases within households, communities, and cooperatives themselves that favor educated male household heads and land owners over resource-poor women.

Kooperatiflerin etkin yönetimi, ortakların yönetime katılımına bağlıdır. Çalışmamız; tarımsal kalkınma kooperatiflerindeki ortakların, yönetime katılma algısını etkileyen öncülleri açıklayabilmeyi amaçlamıştır. Araştırmada; yönetime katılma algısının öncülleri olarak, örgütsel davranış literatüründen iki kavram kullanılmıştır: Güven ve Örgütsel Bağlılık. Bu kavramlar genel olarak çalışan ve örgüt arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlayan örgütsel davranış kavramlarıdır. Kooperatifin ortakları ise genellikle kendi kendilerinin patronu olan çalışanlar olsa da örgütsel bağlılık ve güven, onların kooperatifiyle ilişkisinde sosyal bir bağlantı olarak görülebilir. Çalışmanın araştırma sorusu; kooperatif ortaklarının yönetime duyduğu güven ve örgütsel bağlılığı onların yönetime katılma davranışı üzerinde etkili midir? Bu soruya cevap bulmak için araştırmanın bağımlı değişkeni `yönetime katılım algısı`; bağımsız değişkenleri ise `örgütsel bağlılık` ve `yönetime güven` olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma evreni Aydın ilinde tarımsal kalkınma kooperatifi alanında faaliyet gösteren 1741 ortaklı Ör-Koop kooperatifidir. Ör-Koop'tan 192 kooperatif ortağıyla anket çalışması yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler SPSS 21.0 paket programında analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; duygusal bağlılık, normatif bağlılık ve güven, üyelerin kooperatif yönetimine katılım algısında pozitif yönlü güçlü bir etkiye sahiptir. Ancak devam bağlılığı ile yönetime katılım algısı arasında negatif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Effective management of cooperatives is depend on participation of their members. Our study aims to explain the factors affecting members' perception of participation to the governance in the Agricultural Development Cooperatives. In this study, two terms were used from organizational behavior literature as precursors for perception of participation to the governance. These are trust and organizational commitment. These terms generally identify the relationship between organization and employee. Even if cooperative members are their own boss, trust and organizational behavior can be seen as a social link in their relationship with their cooperative. The question of study is that whether organizational behavior and trust toward their cooperative are effective elements on members' participation to the governance or not. In order to find an answer to this question, we identified are dependent variable, perception of participation to the governance, and two independent variables, organizational commitment and trust to governance. The example of our research is Ör-Koop Cooperative consisting of 1.741 partners and located in the province of Aydın. We conducted a pool on 192 members of cooperative and analyzed the data obtained in this research by using SPSS 21.0 Software. According to the results, trust and normative commitment, affective commitment have a strong and positive effect on members' participation to the governance cooperatives. However, there is negative relation between perception of participation to the governance and continuance commitment. 140

Cambodia’s rice harvests have been rising significantly since 2005, powered by improved and expanded irrigation and attractive farm gate prices. In 2010, the Cambodian government announced an export target of 1.0 million tons of milled rice by 2015. This analysis, which updates reports prepared in 2009 and 2011, seeks to identify short-term policy measures that can assist Cambodian exporters in boosting exports in the near term. This report examines new and expected investments in the larger rice mills and polishing factories, export trends, recent changes in milling costs, and provides a look at logistical costs and some alternatives. Additionally, import trends are examined in two current markets - the European Union (EU) and Russia, and in three other key markets - Indonesia, the Philippines, and China. Finally, an analysis is provided of the current Thai rice policy which impacts on local prices and investment interests by Thai rice exporters.

This module provides guidance and a comprehensive menu of practical tools for integrating gender in the planning, design, implementation, and evaluation of projects and investments in climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The module emphasizes the importance and ultimate goal of integrating gender in CSA practices, which is to reduce gender inequalities and ensure that men and women can equally benefit from any intervention in the agricultural sector to reduce risks linked to climate change. Climate change has an impact on food and nutrition security and agriculture, and the agriculture sector is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. It is crucial to recognize that climate change affects men and women differently. The content is drawn from tested good practice and innovative approaches, with an emphasis on lessons learned, benefits and impacts, implementation issues, and replicability. These insights and lessons related to gender in CSA will assist practitioners to improve project planning, design, monitoring, and evaluation; to effectively scale up and enhance the sustainability of efforts that are already underway; or to pursue entirely different solutions. This module contains five thematic notes (TNs) that provide a concise and technically sound guide to gender integration in the selected themes. These notes summarize what has been done and highlight the success and lessons learned from projects and programs.

One of the basic conditions for sustainable enterprise development is economic efficiency. This study assesses the performance of two agricultural cooperatives in the Philippines – the Sorosoro Ibaba Development Cooperative (SIDC) and the Subasta Integrated Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative (SIFMPC) to shed light on the viability and efficiency of cooperatives as economic enterprises. Descriptive analysis based on the economic efficiency concept under the sustainable enterprise development framework of the International Labour Organization and quantitative analysis using financial indicators are used to assess the performance of the cooperatives under study. Key findings show that cooperatives can perform efficiently if they adopt market-complementing activities such as vertical integration, quality upgrading and productivity and low cost of information. SIDC and SIFMPC have both maintained a good market position and massive participation in the supply chain of hogs and cacao beans, respectively, enabling them to reap greater economic gains. Based on their financial ratios, the two case cooperatives indicated a desirable profitability, liquidity and solvency. The study concludes that cooperatives can indeed be a viable enterprise model providing enabling conditions for attaining economic efficiency. However, adequate resources and investment capacities to support their market-complementing activities must be ensured in order to perform productively, competitively and sustainably. The success of SIDC and SIFMPC is not replicated by many micro and small cooperatives which are often saddled with limited resources and are unable to undertake efficient business operations.

Trends worden geschetst, waarbij enerzijds problemen bij de bestaande land- en tuinbouwcoöperaties door andere verwachtingen bij de leden zijn waar te nemen, en waarbij anderzijds nieuwe producentenorganisaties ontstaan

Türkiye'de ve diğer ülkelerde kooperatifler ülke ekonomilerini yön veren birimlere dönüşmeye başlamışlardır. Kooperatifler içerisinde tarım kooperatifleri kırsal yerleşimlerde belirleyici bir öneme sahiptir. Çünkü ekonomik gelirlerin büyük bir bölümü tarım ve tarıma dayalı sanayiden oluşmaktadır. Ekonomik hayatta görülen rekabet, bürokratik engeller yasal düzenlemeler ve nihai olarak küreselleşme olguları kooperatifleri derinden etkilemiştir. Bu nedenlerle tez çalışmasında kooperatifler teorisi neo-klasik ve yeni kurumsal ekonomi (YKE) yaklaşımları çerçevesinde sunulmaktadır.Kooperatiflerin dünyadaki gelişimi hem düşünsel hem de pratik boyutlarıyla ele alınarak dünyadan farklı iki tarımsal kooperatif örgütlenmesine yer verilmiştir.Bu çalışmasının uygulama kısmında ise Diyarbakır'daki Tarımsal Kalkınma Kooperatifleri (TKK) ve diğer çiftçi örgütlerinin mevcut durumu, yapısı, faaliyetleri ve üyelere yönelik etkinliği incelenmiş olup Diyarbakır ilindeki TKK'lerinin başarı riskleri analizi yapılmıştır. Bölgede kapanan ve halen aktif olan kooperatiflerin karşılaştığı engeller, sorunlar kooperatif üyeleri ile geçekleştirilen birebir görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilerek sunulmuştur. Alan incelemesi sonucunda tespit edilen başarı düzlemleri ve kriterleri doğrultusunda alternatif bir topluluk ekonomisi modeli için nasıl bir yol haritası çizilerek bu modelin oluşturulması gerektiği vurgusu yapılmış ve sonuç bölümüyle çalışma sonlandırılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarım, Tarımsal Kooperatifler, Tarımsal Kalkınma,Kooperatifleri, Diyarbakır In Turkey and in the other countries the cooperatives have begun to become units that steer the national economies. Amongst the cooperatives, the agricultural cooperatives have a determinant significance in rural settlements, as a large part of the revenues consists of the agriculture and agriculture based industry. The economic competition, the bureaucratic impediments, the legislative regulations and finally, the globalization have deep impacts on cooperatives. Therefore, in this thesis, the cooperatives are discussed in the framework of neo-classical and new institutional economics approaches. Taking into account the development of cooperatives on a global scale both in terms of theoretical and practical dimensions, two forms of agricultural cooperatives -different from the global examples - have been included.In the section of the case study, the current situation, the structure, the activities and the membership of the Agricultural Development Cooperatives in Diyarbakir and the other farmer organizations have been examined and the success/failure risks of the Agricultural Development Cooperatives in Diyarbakır have been analysed.In the view of success planes and criteria specified at the end of the case study, it has been emphasized the necessity to build a model of alternative community economy and discussed how to draw a road map for this model. The study has been finalized by a conclusion chapter.Key words: Agriculture, Agricultural Cooperatives, Agricultural Development Cooperatives, Diyarbakir. 157

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:53:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lidiany dos Santos Soares-dissertacao.pdf: 1260742 bytes, checksum: b6e9e8742ce7ee1e4384cb9557167afd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-25 In any agricultural activity, there is the existence of practices such as planting, creation, production and even industrialization, for the purpose of disposal of products and obtaining profits. The cooperative model presents itself as an organization that promotes social, economic development based on the union of people aimed at meeting the needs of the group, seeking growth set and not individually. The agricultural cooperatives are characterised by services provided to members, with receipt or marketing of joint production, storage and industrialization, as well as technical assistance, educational and social. The study examined the perceptions of members in relation to the benefits obtained through cooperatives and the vision of cooperatives in relation to their performance along to its cooperative members, having as main objective to evaluate the importance of cooperatives in agricultural market to its members through promotion of benefits that justify its existence. The method of investigation used guided by qualitative approach to analysis and interpretation of data collected and as methodological procedure was employed multiple case studies that allowed the survey data that contributed to the research problem raised elucidation. The data were collected through structured questionnaire with closed questions to cooperative members and interviews conducted by the three agricultural cooperatives of southern Minas Gerais. It was found that the satisfaction of cooperative members is strongly related to the fulfillment of demands financial and technical assistance, being considered as significant advantages of cooperative ties. Although cooperatives studied do not always offer the best prices, both in the sale of supplies as in the negotiations of the products deposited, there was the satisfaction of the majority of members, however, with little involvement or interest in decisions of cooperatives. The results revealed that although cooperatives are ease of access, unaware of the perception of their members in relation to the benefits and little participation are encouraged through cooperative courses and on the decisions taken in meetings. Em qualquer atividade agropecuária, verifica-se a existência de práticas como o plantio, criação, produção e até mesmo industrialização, com a finalidade de escoamento dos produtos e obtenção de lucros. O modelo cooperativista apresenta-se como uma organização que promove desenvolvimento econômico social, fundamentado na união de pessoas que visam à satisfação das necessidades do grupo, buscando crescimento conjunto e não individual. As cooperativas agropecuárias caracterizam-se pelos serviços prestados aos associados, com recebimento ou comercialização da produção conjunta, armazenamento e industrialização, além da assistência técnica, educacional e social. O estudo analisou a percepção dos cooperados em relação aos benefícios obtidos através das cooperativas e, ainda, a visão das cooperativas em relação à sua atuação junto aos seus cooperados, tendo como objetivo principal avaliar a importância das cooperativas no mercado agrícola para seus associados, através da promoção de benefícios que justifiquem sua existência. O método de investigação utilizado orientou-se pela abordagem qualitativa para análise e interpretação dos dados coletados, e como procedimento metodológico foi empregado o estudo de casos múltiplos que permitiu o levantamento de dados que contribuíram para elucidação do problema de pesquisa levantado. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de questionário estruturado com questões fechadas aos cooperados e entrevista realizada junto a três cooperativas agropecuárias do Sul de Minas. Verificou-se que a satisfação dos cooperados está fortemente relacionada com o atendimento das demandas financeiras e de assistência técnica, sendo considerados como vantagens significativas do vínculo cooperativista. Apesar de as cooperativas estudadas nem sempre oferecerem os melhores preços, tanto na venda de insumos como nas negociações dos produtos depositados, constatou-se a satisfação da maioria dos cooperados, porém, com pouca participação ou interesse nas decisões das cooperativas. Os resultados revelaram ainda que as cooperativas, embora manifestem facilidade de acesso, desconhecem a percepção de seus cooperados em relação aos benefícios oferecidos, pouco incentivam a participação através de cursos cooperativistas e ainda nas decisões tomadas em assembleias.

The lord’s resistance army (LRA) has inflicted enormous suffering on millions of civilians in several countries of the Great Lakes and Central African regions since it began operating in the 1990s in Northern Uganda. In March 2008, after months of intensive efforts by regional and international stakeholders to bring the conflict to an end, representatives of the Government of Uganda and the LRA finalized the final peace agreement. The military operations have significantly reduced the strength and operational capacity of the LRA over the past three years. Despite the relative success of the joint military operations, the group continues to pose a serious security threat to civilians due to the limited capacity of the national security forces in the affected countries. The LRA’s indiscriminate attacks on civilians constitute serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights laws and have caused a serious humanitarian crisis in the affected countries. The main purpose of this paper is to outline the context and rationale for interventions in LRA affected areas, to briefly describe the pilot with its regional dimension, and to present lessons learned as well as recommendations for strengthening design and implementation of support to socio-economic associations in LRA affected areas.

A cooperative is an institution that combines the benefits of family farming, which does not largely depend on contracted labour, with the benefits of size in areas such as supplying inputs or processing and marketing crops. Therefore, it can be assumed that cooperation would have a harder time prospering when one of these two types of advantages does not exist and when the transaction costs that the cooperative members have to bear are particularly high. Based on this premise, this article gives a small summary of the historical conditioning factors of implementing cooperativism in the developed world. La cooperativa es una institución que permite conjugar las ventajas de la explotación familiar que no depende principalmente de mano de obra contratada con las ventajas que proporciona el tamaño en aspectos como el abastecimiento de inputs o el procesamiento y la comercialización de las cosechas. Cabe deducir, en consecuencia, que la cooperación tendrá más dificultades para prosperar cuando alguno de esos dos tipos de ventajas no exista y cuando los costes de transacción que han de asumir los socios sean especialmente elevados. Partiendo de esas premisas, en este artículo se hace un breve repaso a los condicionantes históricos de la implantación del cooperativismo en el mundo desarrollado.

Kooperatifler, iktisadi kalkınmanın sağlanabilmesi için önemli düzeyde ekonomik ve toplumsal işleve sahip kuruluşlardır. Nitekim kooperatiflerin, gelişmiş ülkelerde birer ekonomik işletme gibi ?üçüncü sektör? olarak faaliyet gösterdikleri, toplumsal rol oynadıkları ve birer istihdam sağlayıcı kuruluş oldukları görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Türkiye?de kooperatiflerin, mevcut potansiyellerini tam olarak kullanamadıkları ve gelişmiş ülkelerdekine benzer bir role sahip olmadıklarını söylemek mümkündür. Kooperatifçiliğimizin istenilen seviyede olmamasına neden olarak da gerekli yasal-kurumsal çerçevenin oluşturulmamasının yanı sıra konunun yeterince anlaşılamamış, anlatılamamış ve halkın bu konuda yeterli seviyede bilgilendirilmemiş olması gösterilebilir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada bireylerin ortak ekonomik ve sosyal problemlerine çözüm bulmak amacıyla karşılıklı yardımlaşma ile bireysel hak ve sorumluluk eşitliğine dayalı bir örgütlenme birimi olarak tanımlanan kooperatiflerin ele alınmasıyla; Türkiye ekonomisinin makroekonomik açıdan en önemli bölgesi olan Marmara Bölgesi?nde faaliyet gösteren kooperatiflerin yapısı ve türleri, ülke ekonomisindeki yerleri ve sağladıkları katkılar incelenerek, karşılaştıkları sorunlar belirlenmiş ve bunlara yönelik çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Kooperatifçilik, Tarım kooperatifleri, Tarımsal örgütlenme, Marmarabirlik, Trakyabirlik In order to achieve eceonomic development, cooperatives are the foundations which have an important economic and social function. Thus, in developed countries, cooperatives are seen as a ?third sector? running like a business enterprise, having a social role and an institution that contributes to employment. However, it is possible to say that cooperatives in Turkey can?t use their potential properly and doesn?t have a role as in developed countries. Because of lack of legal-institutional framework, well-informed people and knowlege, cooperatives are not at the desired level in Turkey. In this context, in this study, by tackling cooperatives as an organisation unit based on reciprocal help and equality of individuals? rights and responsibility, we clarify the nature and the types of cooperatives which are in business in the Marmara Region, analyze contributions of the cooperatives to the country economy, specify the problems which cooperatives meet and we also offer solutions about these problems for the purpose of finding solutions for individuals? common economic and social problems.Keywords: Cooperative, Agricultural cooperatives, Agricultural organization, Marmarabirlik, Trakyabirlik 187

Shea butter extracted from kernels can be found in cosmetic and food products. Organising women to make butter for international markets has been central to development strategies in the Malian shea sector. However, only a limited number of women are actually member of and benefit from such groups. Detailed study of cooperatives revealed that non-members played an important role, and a case study cooperative showed how their interests were accommodated by becoming less dependent on a single, international market and by re-arranging its linkages with traders. Hence, rather than pushing women into a pre-defined practice, the making of butter, this thesis shows the relevance of understanding how women with different social positions engage in the performance of collective tasks in fields and markets. I conclude that co-operation emerges in evolving practices rather than from formal organisational models.

De Nederlandse landbouw maakte na 1850 ingrijpende veranderingen door. De snelle ontwikkelingen maakten de boeren kwetsbaar. Ze reageerden daarop door zich aaneen te sluiten in landbouworganisaties, zoals coöperaties. Deze organisaties verrichtten voor boeren en tuinders aan- en verkopen, verwerkten producten en verleenden (financiële) diensten. Veel coöperaties namen al vrij snel een belangrijke positie in op de markten waarop ze optraden. Het bestaan van grote bedrijven als de Rabobank en Friesland Campina wijst nog heden op het succes van de coöperaties. Op basis van nieuw bronnenonderzoek brengt Ronald Rommes de feitelijke ontwikkeling van de oprichting van coöperaties in de landbouw in kaart en geeft daarmee antwoord op vragen als wanneer, waar, waarvoor en door wie de coöperaties werden opgericht. Tevens reconstrueert Rommes de algemene eigentijdse discussie over het nut van coöperaties in de Nederlandse landbouw.

Shea butter extracted from kernels can be found in cosmetic and food products. Organising women to make butter for international markets has been central to development strategies in the Malian shea sector. However, only a limited number of women are actually member of and benefit from such groups. Detailed study of cooperatives revealed that non-members played an important role, and a case study cooperative showed how their interests were accommodated by becoming less dependent on a single, international market and by re-arranging its linkages with traders. Hence, rather than pushing women into a pre-defined practice, the making of butter, this thesis shows the relevance of understanding how women with different social positions engage in the performance of collective tasks in fields and markets. I conclude that co-operation emerges in evolving practices rather than from formal organisational models.

De Nederlandse landbouw maakte na 1850 ingrijpende veranderingen door. De snelle ontwikkelingen maakten de boeren kwetsbaar. Ze reageerden daarop door zich aaneen te sluiten in landbouworganisaties, zoals coöperaties. Deze organisaties verrichtten voor boeren en tuinders aan- en verkopen, verwerkten producten en verleenden (financiële) diensten. Veel coöperaties namen al vrij snel een belangrijke positie in op de markten waarop ze optraden. Het bestaan van grote bedrijven als de Rabobank en Friesland Campina wijst nog heden op het succes van de coöperaties. Op basis van nieuw bronnenonderzoek brengt Ronald Rommes de feitelijke ontwikkeling van de oprichting van coöperaties in de landbouw in kaart en geeft daarmee antwoord op vragen als wanneer, waar, waarvoor en door wie de coöperaties werden opgericht. Tevens reconstrueert Rommes de algemene eigentijdse discussie over het nut van coöperaties in de Nederlandse landbouw.

Kooperatifler, ortak bir amacı başarmak için beraber çalışma, sosyal sermayeyi artırma, işbirliği normlarını geliştirme, kolektif hareket oluşturarak, yeniliklerin ve değişimin ortaklar arasında yayılmasında, benimsetilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır.Bu tezin amacı, tarımsal kalkınma kooperatiflerinde yönetim üye ilişkileri ve yaşanan sorunları belirleyerek çözüm önerileri üretmektir. Bu amaçla, yapılan tez çalışmasında öncelikle literatür taranarak anket oluşturulmuştur. Hazırlanan anket Eğirdir'de faaliyet gösteren Tarımsal Kalkınma Kooperatiflerine üye üreticilere uygulanarak, kooperatifle ilgili sorunlar tespit edilmiş ve bazı çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur.Araştırma sonucunda, üreticilerde kooperatifçilik konusunda bilgi eksikliği, kooperatiflerde finansal ve pazarlama sorunları olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ürün paketleme ve işleme tesislerinin yetersizliği ile yöneticilerin ve denetim kurulu üyelerinin yeterince eğitimli ve profesyonel olmamaları da kooperatiflerin temel sorunları olarak belirtilmiştir. Bununla birlikte üyeler kooperatif içinde ?uyum ve tatmin?, ?yöneticilerle ilişkiler?, ?kooperatif ortamı?, ?yönetim şekli, karar verme ve katılım?, ?motivasyon? ve ?genel memnuniyet? düzeyleriyle ilgili herhangi bir sorun belirtmemişlerdir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kooperatif, Yönetim, Ortak, Eğitim, Motivasyon, Genel Memnuniyet Cooperatives play an important role in dissemination and recognition of innovative ideas and changes among partners through collaborating, raising social capital, developing cooperative norms and creating collective movement to achieve a common aim.The aim of this thesis is to offer a solution to the problems among administration and members of agricultural development cooperatives by determining the relation between them. With this objective, first books and articles were scanned and a questionnaire was designed. This questionnaire was given to farmers that are the members of Agricultural Development Cooperatives and the problems about the cooperative were determined and solutions were offered.At the end of the research, it has been found out that the farmers do not have sufficient knowledge about cooperating and there are financial and marketing problems about cooperatives. Furthermore, packing and crop processing inadequacy and lack of education and professionalism of administrators and board of supervisors are regarded as the main problems of cooperatives. On the other hand, members did not mention any problems regarding ?harmony and satisfaction?, ?relations with administrators?, cooperative environment?, ?administration methods, decision taking and participation?, ?motivation? and ?general satisfaction?Key Words: Cooperative, Administration, Partner, Education, Motivation, General Satisfaction 149

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en identificar los factores determinantes de la crisis de la agricultura mediterránea en España y las posibles medidas que se pueden tomar desde las cooperativas agrarias. La metodología ha consistido en la aplicación del Método Delphi mediante un cuestionario a expertos durante el año 20ii. Del estudio realizado se concluye que las cooperativas agrarias representan una fórmula apropiada para hacer frente a las amenazas y debilidades de este sector. Implementar una estrategia competitiva de diferenciación basada en la calidad es compatible con estrategias de reducción de los costes de producción mediante la concentración de la oferta agraria. Las alianzas estratégicas son apropiadas para poner en marcha estrategias dirigidas a la mejora de la profesionalización de la gestión. The objective of this paper is to identify the determining factors of the agrarian crisis in Mediterranean Spain and the solutions agricultural cooperatives could provide. The methodology consists of the application of the Delphi Method through a questionnaire presented to experts in 2011. The conclusion of this study is that agricultural cooperatives represent an appropriate formula for facing threats and weaknesses in this sector. Implementing a competitive differentiation strategy based on quality is compatible with strategies to reduce production prices through the concentration of agricultural supply. Strategic alliances have the power to set up strategies aimed at improving professionalisation in management. Le but de cet article est celui d'identifier les facteurs déterminants de la crise de l'agriculture méditerranée en Espagne et les possibles mesures qui peuvent être prises depuis les coopératives agraires. La méthodologie a consisté à l'application de la Méthode Delphi a travers d'un questionnaire fait à des experts pendant l'année 2011. De cette étude, il est conclut que les coopératives agraires représentent une formule appropriée pour faire face aux menaces et aux faiblesses de ce secteur. Implémenter une stratégie compétitive de différenciation basée sur la qualité est compatible avec des stratégies de réduction des coûts de production à travers de la concentration de l'offre agricole. Les alliances stratégiques sont appropriées pour mettre en marche des stratégies dirigées à l'amélioration de la professionnalisation de la gestion.

Een vergelijkend onderzoek naar de ontwikkeling van land- en tuinbouwcoöperaties in alle lidstaten van de Europese Unie toont aan dat coöperaties in alle landen en bijna alle sectoren van groot belang zijn voor de afzet van agrarische producten, én dat dit belang nog steeds toeneemt.

Tomato is one of the most popular vegetables all over the world and the production was 145 million tonnes in 2011. In Taiwan and The Netherlands, tomato also became an important vegetable nowadays. In both countries, the farmer cooperatives are the way to help farmers accessing markets. However, Taiwanese farmers consider the cooperatives can only provide limited services compare to better functioning cooperatives in other countries for example The Netherlands. The purpose of this thesis is to examine Taiwanese and Dutch tomato cooperatives in every aspect and to conclude recommendations for Taiwanese cooperatives.