Search

Lewbel and Pendakur (2021) propose a model of consumption inefficiency in collective households, based on "cooperation factors". We simplify that model to make it empirically tractable, and apply it to identify and estimate household member resource shares, and to measure the dollar cost of inefficient levels of cooperation. Using data from Bangladesh, we find that increased cooperation among household members yields the equivalent of a 13% gain in total expenditures, with most of the benefit of this gain going towards men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do institutions shape the possibility of sustaining cooperation when the same individuals must first divide resources and then attempt to cooperate? It could be that simply having received an inequitable division undermines cooperative behavior, reducing aggregate welfare. Alternatively, it might be that only when interacting with the same individual or group does this spillover occur, in which case separating tasks across institutions may prevent this negative spillover. To test these arguments, we designed a two-stage incentivized experiment in which participants interact in a division task and then in a task in which cooperation improves aggregate welfare. In two experiments, individuals were randomly assigned to interact either with the same individual for both tasks or with a different individual for each task. In the second experiment, individuals could also interact with a person who was in the same arbitrary group as their partner in the division task. Holding constant both past history and past partner behavior, the results of these experiments provide support for a Partner History effect in which the mechanism that produces spillover is interacting with the same individual in both decisions. We also find evidence for a weaker Group History effect in which negative spillover occurs when the partner in the cooperative task is a member of the same group as the partner from the division task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to create and validate a scale that measures peer collaboration among secondary school students. The study had three objectives: 1) to identify the constructs of collaboration, 2) to develop a collaboration scale, and 3) to validate the collaboration scale. The study included 363 9th-grade students, and after an extensive literature review, it identified four constructs of collaboration: social interdependence, conflict resolution, cooperation, and sharing of resources. The consistency between these constructs was found to be positive. The scale reliability was established with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.768 and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.71. The content validity of the scale was also established with a Cohen kappa coefficient of 0.66. The study found that differences between boys and girls can be determined by obtaining standard scores on the collaboration scale. This new collaboration scale will be a useful tool for practitioners who use constructivist pedagogy to measure collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orientamenti Pedagogici is the property of Pontificio Ateneo Salesiano (Facoltà di Scienze dell'Educazione dell'Università Pontificia Salesian) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Humans share with other mammals and primates many social motivations and emotions, but they are also much more cooperative than even their closest primate relatives. Here I review recent comparative experiments and analyses that illustrate humans' species-typical social motivations and emotions for cooperation in comparison with those of other great apes. These may be classified most generally as (i) 'you > me' (e.g., prosocial sympathy, informative and pedagogical motives in communication); (ii) 'you = me' (e.g., feelings of mutual respect, fairness, resentment); (iii) 'we > me' (e.g., feelings of obligation and guilt); and (iv) 'WE (in the group) > me' (e.g., in-group loyalty and conformity to norms, shame, and many in-group biases). The existence of these species-typical and species-universal motivations and emotions provides compelling evidence for the importance of cooperative activities in the human species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the US-Japan alliance becomes more global in nature, the two countries have jointly stepped up their investment in Southeast Asia, demonstrating their consistency in strategic goals, complementarity in strategic approaches, and synergy in strategic measures. Driven by the goal of outcompeting China, the US and Japan’s diplomacy in the region, instead of going separate ways in the past, has consciously paid more attention to policy communication and coordination, as well as linkage and cooperation in practice, featuring top-down strategic guidance, policy synergy, resource sharing, and coordinated action. The two countries have incorporated their cooperation in Southeast Asia into the framework of Indo-Pacific strategy, and are working to expand their strategic convergence with ASEAN by aligning with the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. Specifically, they have focused on non-traditional security areas to solicit support from regional countries, providing public goods through functional cooperation and in particular encouraging maritime ASEAN countries to restrain China on the South China Sea issue. Meanwhile, there are multiple constraints facing the US and Japan in their joint foray into Southeast Asia: the different interests and demands between the US, Japan, and ASEAN; the gap between the US and Japan’s view on regional order and that of ASEAN; and the risk of triggering regional security dilemma and division because of exclusive and confrontational policies of the US and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hochschulwesen is the property of UVW UniversitaetsVerlagWebler and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The revenance by the property that it transfers to Africans on their works of art preserved in Europe proposes to rely mainly on their economicity as a framework for discussion for the management of the question of restitution. Inserted since their arrival in Europe in commercial circuits, the mobility of African art objects generates income which should also benefit African countries. However, the revenance by recognizing the right of ownership of Africans, preserves at the same time the possibility of Western museums to enjoy these objects according to demand and needs, like the 10-year loan granted by Nigeria to the Germany on twenty of its bronzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & Security Sciences Review / Biztonságtudományi Szemle is the property of Obuda University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Collaborative virtual environments allow people to work together while being distant. At the same time, empathic computing aims to create a deeper shared understanding between people. In this paper, we investigate how to improve the perception of distant collaborative activities in a virtual environment by sharing users' activity. We first propose several visualization techniques for sharing the activity of multiple users. We selected one of these techniques for a pilot study and evaluated its benefits in a controlled experiment using a virtual reality adaptation of the NASA MATB-II (Multi-Attribute Task Battery). Results show (1) that instantaneous indicators of users' activity are preferred to indicators that continuously display the progress of a task, and (2) that participants are more confident in their ability to detect users needing help when using activity indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global multidimensional shift requires the management of general national defense policies. Threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges are categorized according to their multidimensional patterns and categories. The potential of these challenges to destroy state sovereignty requires strong and synergistic civil-military collaboration. This study aims to examine civil-military cooperation in Indonesia in relation to the implementation of national defense policies in responding to changes in global threats. This study uses a qualitative method. This study uses an analytical descriptive methodology supplemented by secondary sources. The findings show that Indonesia has attempted to improve democracy, resulting in changes in the principles and practices of civilian authority over the defense sector, which have far-reaching implications for civil-military cooperation. Under democratic civilian leadership, it is critical that military and civilian institutions have the necessary resources to carry out their obligations effectively. Due to several several weaknesses and inhibiting factors, namely integration in sharing information between related agencies, then the division of tasks and coordination of command-and-control units and units that have not yet been formed, this is also due to the absence of a legal umbrella or regulatory mechanisms for implementing activities that involve various elements within them. depends on binding rules and becomes the legal basis for acting and there is no integration in planning joint tasks by creating joint task programs in training and joint working groups so that each agency knows their duties and responsibilities, and can deploy resources or assets owned for the smooth running of the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing increasing interregional and international competition, the need for innovating economic and socio-institutional structures is virulent. One possibility is establishing clusters to promote the idea that developing a network of companies with a mix of cooperative and competitive practices leads to competitive advantages for the respective area. Organizing clusters means developing a cluster culture, a communication strategy and a selection criterion for creating the desired mix of companies. We base our opinion paper on an extensive literature review of scientific sources about clusters, cluster policy and Place Leadership. We reveal that the prevailing cluster policy often does not lead to sustainably successful clusters. We conclude that we need a shared vision among cluster members to develop resilient clusters. Shared visions create a sense of belonging, social identity, and internalization of values and attitudes. This way, it is possible that a sustainable and trust-oriented network structure can develop, and knowledge spillovers within the cluster, necessary for resilient clusters, can occur. True Place Leadership is crucial to deal with the needed diversity of actors and stakeholders, some of whom are in competition, inspiring, motivating, and guiding shared, cooperative, and collaborative ways of working. Employing Place Leadership can outperform current policy measures in other regional, industrial and structural areas and might even make them redundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social and economic inequality are increasingly linked with greater vulnerability and compromised resilience for communities navigating ecological and institutional change. We focused on social resilience; i.e., the ability of foundational social institutions of sharing and cooperation in three Arctic Indigenous communities to maintain key social processes and structures in response to contemporary challenges. We explored two propositions: first, sharing and cooperation are distributional processes that increase the equality of access to wild foods at the community level. Second, sharing and cooperation embody cultural mechanisms that express trust and build social cohesion. Our analyses were based on household-level harvest and social network data that represented social ties and magnitudes of wild foods flowing from crews and between households. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated that material, emotional, and cultural outcomes of sharing and cooperation act across social levels--households to communities--to increase equality and equity. For all three communities, Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients indicated that distributions of wild food were more equal when sharing, cooperative-provisioning, and self-provisioning were considered than household self-provisioning alone. Network regressions emphasized close kinship and total harvest as social mechanisms strongly predictive of sharing outflows across communities (i.e., people share with family, and the more you have, the more you give). Income effects were mixed. There was evidence of different forms of need-based sharing in all communities, which suggests that social relationships also act as mechanisms to improve equity. Qualitative results linked decisions to share and cooperate with outcomes of well-being, and cultural integrity at household and community levels. While production of wild foods occurs at greater-than-household scales, the State manages wild food production at individual and household scales, which sets up conflicts between Indigenous communities and the State. Sharing and cooperative networks embedded in Arctic mixed economies are culturally derived and place-based institutions. Redistribution of resources through these networks, and the maintenance of social relationships to activate networks in times of need, increase the equality of outcomes--and therefore social resilience--at the community level in the face of rapid change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of salesperson customer orientation and salesperson value based selling on ride sharing cooperation in order to improve sales performance of motorcycle salespeople in Central Java. The research method was carried out quantitatively by collecting data by distributing questionnaires directly to respondents, where respondents were salespeople who worked for motorcycle manufacturers in Central Java. The sampling technique was purposively based on the criteria of a salesperson who had worked at least one year at a motorcycle manufacturer in Central Java. Based on these criteria, there are 255 salespeople who have met these criteria. The data were analyzed using AMOS 22 statistical software. The results showed that salesperson customer orientation had a significant effect on salesperson value based selling and had a positive effect on ride sharing cooperation. Likewise, salesperson value based selling has a significant effect on ride sharing cooperation and has a positive effect on sales performance. Furthermore, salesperson customer orientation has a significant effect on sales performance, and ride sharing cooperation has a positive effect on sales performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agents in global climate negotiations differ with respect to their vulnerability to the negative consequences of climate change, but also their ability to contribute to its prevention. Due to this multidimensional heterogeneity, agents disagree about how the costs of emission reduction ought to be shared and, as a consequence, efficiency is low. This experiment varies the two dimensions separately in a controlled setting. The results show that in groups that succeed in reaching a predefined threshold, the rich and the more vulnerable, ceteris paribus, tend to carry a larger share of the burden. Surprisingly, groups are most likely to master the challenge when poverty coincides with high vulnerability. In this case the rich and less vulnerable abstain from interpreting fair burden sharing in a self-serving manner. Instead, they seem to acknowledge the double-disadvantaged position of the poor and more vulnerable and voluntarily carry a larger share of the burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Port operations in an uncertain environment and compete with nearby ports in a same region to incentive carriers. In this paper, we consider a game-theoretical model to analyze the co-opetition between two ports with capacity sharing. Three competitive game interactions are discussed, namely, benchmark model, passive sharing, and proactive sharing to maximize the payoff by determining optimal berth quantity and service price. The observations show that when faced with a strengthened rival with sufficient capacity, the optimal ports' decision for the capacity sharing mode is determined by the tradeoff between the benefit that is gained from the sharing capacity and the losses that are caused by port competition. Moreover, our research comprehensively examines how the port operation cost and the difference between the potential capacity demand of two terminals affect ports' optimal strategy selection and presents a broad set of decision outcomes, which provides new insights for port coopetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosocial behaviours appear very early in a child's development, suggesting that they are the basis for building social relationships. Previous studies have shown that two main factors influence decisions about pro-social behaviour: in-group membership and reciprocity. The main aim of this study was to investigate which of these motives children consider more important in making decisions about who to ask for help, resources, cooperation, or comfort. Children were given a choice to ask for those favours from either a friend or an out-group child who was recently a recipient of the child's prosocial behaviour. In a study on children aged 4 to 6 years old with two research samples (sample 1: n = 60, sample 2: n = 71), we showed that reciprocity of recent prosocial behaviour is a stronger predictor than friendship when choosing a character in a helping need, resource sharing or cooperation related need, but not for a comforting need. Furthermore, this effect seems to be limited to reciprocating only the same type of pro-social behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last half century, anthropologists have vigorously debated the adaptive motivations underlying food acquisition choices and food-sharing among hunter-gatherer groups. Numerous explanations have been proposed to account for high-levels of generosity in food-sharing, including self- and family-provisioning, reciprocity, tolerated theft and pro-social- or skill-signaling. However, few studies have asked foragers directly and systematically about the motivations underlying their foraging and sharing decisions. We recruited 110 Hadza participants and employed a combination of free-response, yes/no, ranking and forced-choice questions to do just this. In free-response answers, respondents typically gave outcome-oriented accounts of foraging motive (e.g., to get food) and moralistic accounts of sharing motive (e.g., I have a good heart). In ranking tasks, participants gave precedence to reciprocity as a motive for sharing food beyond the household. We found small but clear gender differences in foraging motive, in line with previous predictions: women were more likely than men to rank family-provisioning highly whereas men were more likely than women to rank skill-signaling highly. However, despite these gender differences, the relative importance of different motivations was similar across genders and skill-signaling, sharing and family-provisioning were the most important motivators of foraging activity for both men and women. Contrary to the expectations of tolerated theft, peer complaints and requests for food ranked very low. There are several compelling reasons that evolutionary thinkers, typically interested in ultimate-level adaptive processes, have traditionally eschewed direct and explicit investigations of motive. However, these data may yet provide important insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications provide opportunities for information sharing among vehicles, edge servers, and cloud services. By the collection and extraction of sensing information from vehicles, such as communication quality or free space size, the edge server in V2X communications can improve its sensing and perception coverage. However, the collection of sensing data from vehicles consumes a large amount of wireless resources and computing resources at the edge server. The objective of this study is to extract object sensing information from vehicles, including the minimum or maximum of the sensing values, with low resource consumption and with high scalability. We propose a method that transforms the extraction of sensing information into a two-level procedure that includes (1) the local sharing and extraction of sensing information among vehicles and (2) the efficient extraction of sensing information at the edge server. Moreover, hybrid communication methods are employed at vehicles, with a short range of communication between vehicles to reduce the consumption of wireless resources for the local sharing of sensing data. The evaluation results show that the proposed method highly reduces the number of reports from the vehicles to the edge server, with a small amount of network resource consumption and scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of cooperative traits can change over time. For example, helping behaviors that originally evolved by kin selection can later yield direct fitness benefits and be stabilized by partner choice. In such cases, there may be multiple interacting factors that drive cooperation. Here, I review evidence that food sharing in vampire bats evolved as form of extended maternal care that was co‐opted to yield reciprocal benefits, and that such reciprocal relationships may have led to investment strategies that balance the trade‐offs between greater quality and quantity of cooperative relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current experimental study investigated human sharing within a laboratory task that modeled environmental variability. In particular, it sought to assess the efficacy of a risk-reduction model of sharing, which originated from a risk-sensitive optimization model known as the energy-budget rule. Participants were given the choice between working alone or cooperating and sharing accumulated hypothetical earnings with a fictious partner. Failure to acquire sufficient money resulted in a loss of accumulated earnings. To investigate the effects of economic context on sharing, the difficulty of meeting an earnings requirement was manipulated across conditions by changing the monetary requirement that needed to be met in order to bank earnings, which could later be exchanged for real money. In some conditions sharing was the optimal strategy (positive budget conditions), sometimes working alone was optimal (negative budget conditions), and other times neither option was optimal (neutral budget conditions). Gender differences were examined within this context to determine if males and females differed in their sharing behavior. The results suggested that males chose the sharing option more often in the positive budget condition and showed a stronger preference for the work-alone option in the negative budget condition than females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of consociationalism has been extensively discussed in literature; however, its feasibility in managing conflicts in deeply divided societies is heavily contested. The few studies that have examined how the theory applies in real-world situations remain inconclusive. The present work, therefore, explored the prospect of consociational power-sharing model in addressing the problem of under-representation, political exclusion, and marginalization in Nigeria. This is against the backdrop of the incessant separatist agitations in Nigeria, which has undermined the peace, stability, and unity of the country. Using qualitatively analyzed data from secondary sources, this study argues that even though Nigeria does not meet any of the favorable conditions of consociationalism set out by Lijphart (1985), it would still benefit from consociational power-sharing. The study proposes the adoption of semi-presidentialism based on the principle of grand coalition and proportionality and gives an assessment of how it could work for Nigeria. It contends that the rotation of power among the six geo-political zones in the country and the adoption of proportional sequential mechanism would facilitate elite cooperation and inclusion of all segments of the society in the political process, thereby easing the fear of sectional domination in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social and economic inequality are increasingly linked with greater vulnerability and compromised resilience for communities navigating ecological and institutional change. We focused on social resilience; i.e., the ability of foundational social institutions of sharing and cooperation in three Arctic Indigenous communities to maintain key social processes and structures in response to contemporary challenges. We explored two propositions: first, sharing and cooperation are distributional processes that increase the equality of access to wild foods at the community level. Second, sharing and cooperation embody cultural mechanisms that express trust and build social cohesion. Our analyses were based on household-level harvest and social network data that represented social ties and magnitudes of wild foods flowing from crews and between households. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated that material, emotional, and cultural outcomes of sharing and cooperation act across social levels—households to communities—to increase equality and equity. For all three communities, Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients indicated that distributions of wild food were more equal when sharing, cooperative-provisioning, and self-provisioning were considered than household self-provisioning alone. Network regressions emphasized close kinship and total harvest as social mechanisms strongly predictive of sharing outflows across communities (i.e., people share with family, and the more you have, the more you give). Income effects were mixed. There was evidence of different forms of need-based sharing in all communities, which suggests that social relationships also act as mechanisms to improve equity. Qualitative results linked decisions to share and cooperate with outcomes of well-being, and cultural integrity at household and community levels. While production of wild foods occurs at greater-than-household scales, the State manages wild food production at individual and household scales, which sets up conflicts between Indigenous communities and the State. Sharing and cooperative networks embedded in Arctic mixed economies are culturally derived and place-based institutions. Redistribution of resources through these networks, and the maintenance of social relationships to activate networks in times of need, increase the equality of outcomes—and therefore social resilience—at the community level in the face of rapid change.

Copyright of Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung: DIW-Wochenbericht is the property of DIW Berlin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to Turnbull's 1972 ethnography The Mountain People, the Ik of Uganda had a culture of selfishness that made them uncooperative. His claims contrast with two widely accepted principles in evolutionary biology, that humans cooperate on larger scales than other species and that culture is an important facilitator of such cooperation. We use recently collected data to examine Ik culture and its influence on Ik behaviour. Turnbull's observations of selfishness were not necessarily inaccurate but they occurred during a severe famine. Cooperation re-emerged when people once again had enough resources to share. Accordingly, Ik donations in unframed Dictator Games are on par with average donations in Dictator Games played by people around the world. Furthermore, Ik culture includes traits that encourage sharing with those in need and a belief in supernatural punishment of selfishness. When these traits are used to frame Dictator Games, the average amounts given by Ik players increase. Turnbull's claim that the Ik have a culture of selfishness can be rejected. Cooperative norms are resilient, and the consensus among scholars that humans are remarkably cooperative and that human cooperation is supported by culture can remain intact.

We examine and test alternative models for explaining the relationships between resource stress, beliefs that gods and spirits influence weather (to help or harm food supply or punish for norm violations), and customary beyond-household sharing behavior. Our model, the resource stress model, suggests that resource stress affects both sharing as well as conceptions of gods' involvement with weather, but these supernatural beliefs play no role in explaining sharing. An alternative model, the moralizing high god model, suggests that the relationship between resource stress and sharing is at least partially mediated by religious beliefs in moralizing high gods. We compared the models using a worldwide sample of 96 cultures from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS), newly coded data on supernatural involvement with weather, and previously coded data on food and labor sharing. We conducted three types of analysis: multilevel and society-level regressions, and mediational path modeling using Monte Carlo simulations. Resource stress shows a robust effect on beliefs that high gods are associated with weather (and the more specific beliefs that high gods help or hurt the food supply with weather), that superior gods help the food supply through weather, and that minor spirits hurt the food supply through weather. Resource stress also predicts greater belief in moralizing high gods. However, no form of high god belief that we test significantly predicts more sharing. Mediational models suggest the religious beliefs do not significantly explain why resource stress is associated with food and labor sharing. Our findings generally accord with the view that resource stress changes religious belief and has a direct effect on sharing behavior, unmediated by high god beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bastian, Jetten, and Ferris (2014) reported that shared pain enhances people's bonding and cooperative behavior, but that shared no-pain has no such effect. They concluded that shared pain is a type of social glue that can improve people's cooperation. However, in real life, both painful and painless experiences are often nonshared. Logically, the most direct way to determine whether sharing is the important element or not is to compare shared conditions with nonshared conditions. We conducted two experiments to investigate the relative effects of pain and sharing on enhancing people's bonding and cooperative behavior by adding conditions of unshared pain and unshared no-pain. In experiment 1, we replicated Bastian, Jetten, and Ferris's (2014) findings, and found that the effect of pain on bonding was mediated by empathy. In experiment 2, we used a 2 (pain/no-pain) × 2 (shared/unshared) design and found that while shared pain still induced more cooperative behavior than shared no-pain, unshared pain did not induce more cooperative behavior than unshared no-pain. Moreover, we found that empathy significantly mediated the relationship between pain and bonding when participants shared the experience. These results suggest that sharing is a necessary component for pain to act as social glue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharing is a fundamental consumer behavior that we have either tended to overlook or to confuse with commodity exchange and gift giving. Sharing is a distinct, ancient, and increasingly vital consumer research topic that bears on a broad array of consumption issues ranging from sharing household resources versus atomized family possessions to file sharing versus intellectual property rights. This theoretical review distinguishes between sharing in and sharing out, and suggests that sharing in dissolves interpersonal boundaries posed by materialism and possession attachment through expanding the aggregate extended self. However, such sharing is challenged by growing market commoditization. Implications for consumer theory and research are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children increase sharing to collaborators after achieving a joint concrete goal. • Increased sharing to collaborators is not restricted to collaboratively earned resources. • Children show an increase in equal sharing with collaboratively earned resources. • Social play did not effect sharing, highlighting the importance of a concrete goal. Research has shown that preschoolers increase equal sharing after collaborating to earn resources, suggesting that collaboration may be an important context for the development of fairness. The current study explored the influence of specific components of collaborative interactions to better understand the social cognitive foundations of this precocious increase in equal sharing. The effects of three forms of collaborative interaction on children's sharing were compared: collaborating toward a joint concrete goal of earning resources that could subsequently be shared, collaborating toward a joint concrete goal without earning resources, and playing a social game without earning resources. Replicating previous work, a significant increase in the proportion of equal sharing was observed when children shared collaboratively earned resources. Extending these findings, collaboration toward a concrete goal resulted in increased sharing regardless of whether resources were earned collaboratively or given outside of the collaborative context. Social play alone was not found to influence children's sharing, highlighting the importance of the context of collaboration toward a concrete goal to increase children's sharing. Overall, these findings suggest that collaborating toward a shared concrete goal fosters a general increase in prosociality that extends beyond the context of sharing collaboratively earned resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virtual experiment platform can promote interdisciplinary resource sharing, experiment cooperation, experiment experience sharing and collaborative innovation in the construction of " double first-class". The specific researches include determining the connotation and objectives of the platforms, formulating relevant policies, and optimizing the business processes. The new management mode focuses on the exemption of approval procedure interdisciplinary equipment resource sharing and research cooperation. These can encourage of joint experimental innovation. Business process optimization mainly expounds the self-service processes of the virtual experimental platforms, and provides a more convenient combination method and more opportunities for the joint innovation of the experimental teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the determinants of reproductive success in small-scale societies is critical for understanding how natural selection has shaped human evolution and behavior. The available evidence suggests that status-accruing behaviors such as hunting and prosociality are pathways to reproductive success, but social egalitarianism may diminish this pathway. Here we introduce a mixed longitudinal/cross-sectional dataset based on 45 years of research with the Batek, a population of egalitarian rain forest hunter-gatherers in Peninsular Malaysia, and use it to test the effects of four predictors of lifetime reproductive success: (i) foraging return rate, (ii) sharing proclivity, (iii) cooperative foraging tendency, and (iv) kin presence. We found that none of these factors can explain variation in lifetime reproduction among males or females. We suggest that social egalitarianism, combined with strikingly low infant and juvenile mortality rates, can mediate the pathway between foraging, status-accruing behavior, and reproductive success. Our approach advocates for greater theoretical and empirical attention to quantitative social network measures, female foraging, and fitness outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groups competing for a prize need to determine how to distribute it among their members in case of victory. Considering competition between two groups of different size, we show that the small group's sharing rule is a strategic complement to the large group's sharing rule in the sense that if the small group chooses a more meritocratic sharing rule, the large group wishes to choose a more meritocratic rule as well. On the contrary, the large group's sharing rule is a strategic substitute to the small group's sharing rule, hence the timing of choice is crucial. For sufficiently private prizes, a switch from a simultaneous choice to the small group being the leader consists in a Pareto improvement and reduces aggregate effort. On the contrary, when the large group is the leader, aggregate effort increases. As a result, the equilibrium timing is such that the small group chooses its sharing rule first. If the prize is not private enough, the small group retires from the competition and switching from a simultaneous to a sequential timing may reverse the results in terms of aggregate effort. The sequential timing also guarantees that the small group never outperforms the large one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key feature of human prosociality is direct transfers, the most active form of sharing in which donors voluntarily hand over resources in their possession. Direct transfers buffer hunter-gatherers against foraging shortfalls. The emergence and elaboration of this behaviour thus likely played a key role in human evolution by promoting cooperative interdependence and ensuring that humans' growing energetic needs (e.g. for increasing brain size) were more reliably met. According to the strong prosociality hypothesis, among great apes only humans exhibit sufficiently strong prosocial motivations to directly transfer food. The versatile prosociality hypothesis suggests instead that while other apes may make transfers in constrained settings, only humans share flexibly across food and non-food contexts. In controlled experiments, chimpanzees typically transfer objects but not food, supporting both hypotheses. In this paper, we show in two experiments that bonobos directly transfer food but not non-food items. These findings showthat, in some contexts, bonobos exhibit a human-like motivation for direct food transfer. However, humans share across a far wider range of contexts, lending support to the versatile prosociality hypothesis. Our species' unusual prosocial flexibility is likely built on a prosocial foundation we share through common descent with the other apes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to prove that information sharing is a key element in order to achieve the victory within the numerous international operations. Even the importance of the information exchange to the success in such operations is vital, the continuous argument within the leadership of these organizations, for exchanging and for not exchanging data and information, is much more often an obstacle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children engage in direct reciprocity, but the mechanisms underlying such reciprocity remain unclear. In particular, prior work leaves unclear whether children’s reciprocity is simply a response to receiving benefits (regardless of whether the benefits were intended) or driven by a mechanism of rewarding or preferring all benefactors (regardless of whom they benefited). Alternatively, perhaps children engage in genuine reciprocity such that they are particularly prosocial toward benefactors who intentionally provided them with benefits. Our findings support this third, richer possibility; the 3-year-olds who received benefits through the good intentions of a benefactor were subsequently more generous toward the benefactor than children who either (a) received the same benefits from the benefactor unintentionally or (b) observed the benefactor bestow the same benefits on another individual. Thus, young children are especially motivated to benefit those who have demonstrated goodwill toward them, suggesting, as one possible mechanism, an early sense of gratitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the sharing economy has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. These online platforms bring together individuals willing to share and those who are in need. While sharing in some of these platforms is reciprocated by money or reputation, some platforms rely heavily on individuals' good will to give their things away with no personal benefit. Why do individuals cooperate in environments where there is every incentive to free-ride instead? In this article, we examine several explanations for such peculiar behavior - namely, the hypothesis that prosocial or sharing behavior spreads from person to person, and social learning hypothesis, which tells that such behavior could be based on mimicking others. We test these hypotheses using longitudinal data from a freecycling group on Facebook with 4818 members. The group is made for people to give things away for free, thus making the group vulnerable to free-riding behavior. We find that individuals who are more active receivers are also more likely to share something with group members in the future. We also find some evidence of a positive effect of social learning on sharing behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microbes have the potential to be highly cooperative organisms. The archetype of microbial cooperation is often considered to be the secretion of siderophores, molecules scavenging iron, where cooperation is threatened by 'cheater' genotypes that use siderophores without making them. Here, we show that this view neglects a key piece of biology: siderophores are imported by specific receptors that constrain their use by competing strains. We study the effect of this specificity in an ecoevolutionary model, in which we vary siderophore sharing among strains, and compare fully shared siderophores with private siderophores. We show that privatizing siderophores fundamentally alters their evolution. Rather than a canonical cooperative good, siderophores become a competitive trait used to pillage iron from other strains. We also study the physiological regulation of siderophores using in silico long-term evolution. Although shared siderophores evolve to be downregulated in the presence of a competitor, as expected for a cooperative trait, privatized siderophores evolve to be upregulated. We evaluate these predictions using published experimental work, which suggests that some siderophores are upregulated in response to competition akin to competitive traits like antibiotics. Although siderophores can act as a cooperative good for single genotypes, we argue that their role in competition is fundamental to understanding their biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]