48 results on '"refrigerator"'
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2. Solar-Powered Cooling for the Remote Tropics
- Author
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Luerssen, Christoph, Sekhar, Chandra, Cheong, David, Reindl, Thomas, Gandhi, Oktoviano, editor, and Srinivasan, Dipti, editor
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. 3E Analysis of the Effect of Different Type of Fans on Cooling Performance Applied to an Industrial Deep Freezer
- Author
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Meltem Koşan, Cemil Ocak, Furkan İşgen, Erhan Arslan, Mustafa Aktaş, Süleyman Erten, and Esra Demirci
- Subjects
refrigerator ,cooling ,axial fan ,energy ,energy efficiency ,buzdolabı ,soğutma ,aksiyal fan ,enerji ,enerji verimliliği ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Science ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
In this study, two different industrial refrigerators were designed, manufactured and tested to analyze the impact of different types of fans (Type 1 and Type 2) used in industrial cooling systems on the performance of the cooling system. In order to test the fan performance and airflow effects, two axial fan configurations with different structures and different motor technology (EC and shaded-pole induction) were tested in two separate industrial refrigerator test rooms in accordance with TS EN ISO 23953-2 standards. R290 (Propane) was used as a refrigerant in the systems. The average temperature and relative humidity values of the environment where the experiment was conducted were measured as 25 °C and 60 % (Class 3), respectively. During the experiments, the total of 51.71 kWh energy was consumed in system 1, while the total of 54.22 kWh energy was consumed in system 2 and the difference between the energy consumption of the two systems was calculated as 4.85%. The average temperatures of the inlet and outlet of the evaporator of the system 1 and 2 were -21.57 °C, -18.97 °C and -23.43 °C, -20.94 °C, respectively. The average refrigerant temperatures for the system 1 and 2 were calculated as -24.65 °C, -26.44 °C, respectively. While the average coefficient of performance value of the type 1 system was 1.74, it was calculated as 1.54 for the type 2 cooling system. The average second-law efficiencies for the two cooling systems were calculated as 30.85 % and 29.81 %, respectively. In addition, the environmental economy analysis was carried out using the amount of CO2 that was prevented from emitting and the CO2 emission price calculated accordingly.
- Published
- 2021
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4. Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Refrigerator Based on Natural and Forced Mode of Cooling Processes
- Author
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Batra, Jatin, Dabra, Vishal, Sharma, Pardeep, Saini, Vijay, Saha, Pankaj, editor, Subbarao, P.M.V., editor, and Sikarwar, Basant Singh, editor
- Published
- 2019
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5. 3E Analysis of the Effect of Different Type of Fans on Cooling Performance Applied to an Industrial Deep Freezer.
- Author
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OCAK, Cemil, ERTEN, Süleyman, İŞGEN, Furkan, ARSLAN, Erhan, KOŞAN, Meltem, DEMİRCİ, Esra, and AKTAŞ, Mustafa
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL cooling ,REFRIGERATORS ,HUMIDITY ,ENERGY consumption ,EVAPORATORS - Abstract
Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
6. Numerical (CFD) and experimental analysis of hybrid household refrigerator including thermoelectric and vapour compression cooling systems.
- Author
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Söylemez, Engin, Alpman, Emre, Onat, Ayhan, Yükselentürk, Yalçin, and Hartomacıoğlu, Selim
- Subjects
- *
COOLING systems , *HOUSEHOLDS - Abstract
Highlights • Improvement of a hybrid household refrigerator (HHR) of which fresh food compartment cooled by thermoelectric cooler (TEC). • Numerical analysis for reference HHR through CFD tool to find optimum location for the TEC. • Two samples were manufactured after CFD analysis. • Verification of the numerical analysis's results by tests. • Comparison between reference HHR and samples. Abstract Numerical and experimental analysis of a previously investigated hybrid household refrigerator (HHR), HHR I, were conducted in this study. To determine the optimum location for the thermoelectric cooler installed in HHR I, CFD analysis was performed. As a result of the CFD predictions, two new HHRs, namely HHR II and III, were created and experimentally investigated. CFD predictions showed a more uniform air velocity and temperature distributions inside the fresh food compartments of HHR II and III compared to HHR I. Additionally, experimental measurements indicated a considerable increase in the energy efficiency of HHR II and III. Their energy consumption was nearly identical and improvements of up to 10% and 27% at the ambient temperatures of 16°C and 32°C, respectively, were observed when compared to HHR I. Regarding the cooling time, no effect of the relocation of the TEC was observed at the TEC's nominal voltage of 24 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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7. Experimental analysis of hybrid household refrigerators including thermoelectric and vapour compression cooling systems.
- Author
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Söylemez, Engin, Alpman, Emre, and Onat, Ayhan
- Subjects
- *
THERMOELECTRIC cooling , *REFRIGERATORS , *VAPOR compression cycle , *COOLING systems , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Highlights • Building two hybrid refrigerators including vapour compression and thermoelectric cooling technologies. • Focusing on thermal analysis of the thermoelectric coolers' influence on the refrigerator performance. • Testing serial and hybrid refrigerators according to different standards. • Hybrid refrigerators have three to four times higher energy consumptions at different ambient temperatures compared to serial ones. • 40% less cooling time and more accurate temperature control can be achieved with thermoelectric coolers. Abstract Two different hybrid refrigerators which include vapour compression and thermoelectric (TE) cooling technologies were built and tested. Serial refrigerators, which use vapour compression only were first tested to collect reference data for comparisons. Then, the hybrid prototypes were constructed by attaching thermoelectric coolers (TECs) to different compartments of these serial units. Among the chill, fresh food and freezer compartments of the refrigerators, the TECs were only used at chill and fresh food compartments, which have different cooling power requirements. Energy consumption, cooling and freezing capacity, and noise tests were conducted in compliance with three different standards. All hybrid refrigerators operated successfully in various ambient temperatures and loading conditions. The test results showed that the hybrid refrigerators had at least three times higher energy consumption levels over those of serial ones, because of the lower operating efficiencies of the TECs and higher transmission losses. Moreover, their noise levels are extremely high, at least 25 dB(A) higher than those of serial ones. However, the TECs provided a more sensitive temperature control in the compartment in which they were used. Additionally, the hybrid refrigerators' performance in terms of cooling capacity was very promising. They were able to cool 17.5 kg of loads from an ambient temperature of 25 °C to the desired temperatures faster than the original serial refrigerators. Since the freezer compartments of both the serial and hybrid units are cooled by compressor-based cooling systems, the freezing capacity results were identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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8. A review of regenerative heat exchange methods for various cooling technologies.
- Author
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Qian, Suxin, Yu, Jianlin, and Yan, Gang
- Subjects
- *
HEAT exchangers , *COOLING , *HEATING , *VAPOR compression cycle , *REGENERATORS , *CRYOGENICS - Abstract
Regenerative heat exchange method internally recovers useful cooling and heating energy inside a closed-loop cooling system. However, depending on the specific cooling mechanisms for various cooling technologies, the configurations and characteristics of regeneration methods diverge significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to review the fundamental principles and clarify the common features and major differences of the regeneration methods for various typical cooling technologies. This study classified regeneration methods into three categories: recuperative type for steady state operated systems, regenerative type for systems under cyclic operation, and heat recovery type for systems with solid-state functional materials. The first group of regeneration methods are recuperative heat exchangers, transferring heat continuously between two streams of fluid with different inlet temperatures to pre-cool one stream and enhance the cooling power, such as the suction-line heat exchanger for vapor compression systems. The second group of regeneration methods are regenerative heat exchangers, which fundamentally are energy storage devices to cyclically transfer heat from gaseous refrigerant flowing through them. The third group of regeneration methods are internal heat recovery processes, wherein fluid is applied as a regenerator to store/release thermal energy cyclically to pre-cool and pre-heat the solid-state functional materials. For each of the three regeneration methods, their physical principles, a summary of their state-of-the-art development status, and assessments of their advantages, limitations and unique features are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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9. A LiBr-H2O Absorption Refrigerator Incorporating a Thermally Activated Solution Pumping Mechanism.
- Author
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Eames, Ian W.
- Subjects
- *
LITHIUM compounds , *ABSORPTIVE refrigeration , *VAPOR pressure , *ELECTRIC power , *ELECTRIC pumps - Abstract
This paper provides an illustrated description of a proposed LiBr-H2O vapour absorption refrigerator which uses a thermally activated solution pumping mechanism that combines controlled variations in generator vapour pressure with changes it produces in static-head pressure difference to circulate the absorbent solution between the generator and absorber vessels. The proposed system is different and potentially more efficient than a bubble pump system previously proposed and avoids the need for an electrically powered circulation pump found in most conventional LiBr absorption refrigerators. The paper goes on to provide a sample set of calculations that show that the coefficient of performance values of the proposed cycle are similar to those found for conventional cycles. The theoretical results compare favourably with some preliminary experimental results, which are also presented for the first time in this paper. The paper ends by proposing an outline design for an innovative steam valve, which is a key component needed to control the solution pumping mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The Use and Performance of Household Refrigerators: A Review.
- Author
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James, Christian, Onarinde, Bukola A., and James, Stephen J.
- Subjects
REFRIGERATORS ,FOOD preservation ,FOOD safety ,REFRIGERATED foods ,COOLING - Abstract
The domestic refrigerator is now a common household device with very few households in the developed world not possessing 1, or more, for the storage of chilled foods. Domestic storage is the last, and in many respects the most important, link in the food chill chain. Inadequate domestic refrigeration or cooling is frequently cited as a factor in incidents of food poisoning. The authors reviewed the temperature performance of refrigerators in 2008. This new review builds on that review, covering studies that have been published since (and those that were unfortunately missed in the first review), and also seeks to put this important stage of the food cold chain in its context. It is clear from the published data that many refrigerators throughout the world are running at higher than recommended temperatures. It is also clear that, despite improvements in energy use, the temperature performance and use of refrigerators have not changed significantly in the last 40 or so years. Many householders still remain unaware of the recommended refrigeration temperature range, how to ensure that the correct refrigeration temperature range is achieved, the importance of monitoring that it is being maintained, and the potential hazards of temperature abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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11. Performance analysis for Feynman's ratchet as a refrigerator with heat leak under different figure of merits.
- Author
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Long, Rui, Li, Baode, and Liu, Wei
- Subjects
- *
REFRIGERATORS , *RATCHETS , *COOLING , *HEAT sinks , *PARAMETERS (Statistics) - Abstract
The performance of Feynman's ratchet refrigerator with heat leak has been studied under the maximum COP, maximum cooling rate and maximum χ figure of merits. The χ criterion considers both the COP and cooling rate, which can been seen as a trade-off between COP and cooling rate. Therefore the traditional performance region between maximum cooling rate and maximum COP can be divided into two more specific ones (the region between maximum cooling rate and maximum χ , and the region between maximum χ and maximum COP), which represent two different operating demands. The results shows that the operating parameters such as heat leak, external moment, intrinsic energy potential and the Carnot COP have significant impacts on the performance of the Feynman's ratchet refrigerator. If the parameters are properly chosen, the refrigerator can be controlled to operate within the optimal regimes to fulfill the actual specified demands. Furthermore, for given Carnot COP and heat leak, there exist upper bounds for the maximum value of the maximum COP, maximum cooling rate and maximum χ , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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12. Modeling of a Refrigerator in Disaster Vehicle, Using Solar Energy and Engine Exhaust Gases Heat.
- Author
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Derakhshan, Shahram and Yazdani, Alireza
- Subjects
- *
REFRIGERANTS , *ELECTRICAL energy , *SOLAR energy , *SOLAR radiation , *COOLING - Abstract
In critical situations such as floods and earthquakes, the relief forces require a refrigeration for pharmaceuticals and vaccines, which could operate without an electrical energy and the alternative energies, such as solar energy, engine exhaust gases heat, and wind energy. In this paper, a refrigeration cycle has been modeled as an adsorption refrigeration cycle with an activated carbon!methanol as adsorbent!adsorbate pair and two sources of energy--solar energy and engine exhaust gases heat. The solar cycle had a collector with area of 1 m² and the exhaust gas cycle included a heat exchanger with 100°C temperature difference between inlet and outlet gases. The temperature profile in adsorbent bed, evaporator, and condenser was obtained from modeling. Moreover, the pressure profile, overall heat transfer coefficient of collector and adsorbent bed, concentration, and the solar radiation were reported. Results represented the coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.55, 0.2, and 0.56 for complete system, solar adsorption refrigeration, and exhaust heat adsorption refrigeration, respectively. In addition, exhaust heat adsorption refrigeration has a value of 2.48 of specific cooling power (SCP). These results bring out a good performance of the proposed model in the climate of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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13. Numerical Simulation of the Second Stage Regenerator in a 4K GM Cryocooler.
- Author
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Mingyao Xu and Takaaki Morie
- Subjects
- *
COMPUTER simulation , *REGENERATORS , *CRYOGENICS , *COOLING , *HEAT capacity , *ENTHALPY , *HEAT flux - Abstract
In a 4K Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler, the performance of the second stage is strongly dependent on the efficiency of the second stage regenerator. In order to improve the efficiency of the second stage regenerator, the internal dynamic parameters are analyzed by numerical simulation. It is found that the performance of a 4K GM cryocooler can be improved by shifting the temperature profile in the second stage regenerator to a higher level. The temperature profile in the second stage regenerator with an artificially reduced heat capacity of the regenerator material at the warm end is analyzed. Based on the simulation results, a novel and simple way, which is to replace the regenerator material at the warm end with a material having a lower heat capacity, is proposed. By reducing the heat capacity to 20 % of lead, the PV power is increased by 7.9 W at the first stage and 1.8 W at the second stage. Correspondingly, the cooling capacity is increased by 9.0 W at the first stage and 0.13 W at the second stage. However, if the heat capacity is further reduced to 10 % of lead, the effect is reduced. The P-V power is increased by only 1.9 W at the first stage and 0.1 W at the second stage. The enthalpy flux from the regenerator is increased by 0.7 W at the first stage and 0.1 W at the second stage. Accordingly, the cooling capacity is increased by only 2.2 W at the first stage and 0.01 W at the second stage. The simulation results will be reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Commissioning of Helium Compression System for the 12 GeV Refrigerator.
- Author
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Knudsen, P., Ganni, V., Dixon, K., Norton, R., Creel, J., and Arenius, D.
- Subjects
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HELIUM , *SCREW compressors , *COOLING , *AUTOMATIC control systems , *TEMPERATURE effect , *REFRIGERATORS - Abstract
The compressor system used for the Jefferson Lab (JLab) 12 GeV upgrade, also known as the CHL-2 compressor system, incorporates many design changes to the typical compressor skid design to improve the efficiency, reliability and maintainability from previous systems. These include a considerably smaller bulk oil separator design that does not use coalescing elements/media, automated control of cooling oil injection based on the helium discharge temperature, a helium after-cooler design that is designed for and promotes coalescing of residual oil and a variable speed bearing oil pump to reduce oil bypass. The CHL-2 helium compression system has five compressors configured with four pressure levels that supports the three pressure levels in the cold box. This paper will briefly review several of these improvements and discuss some of the recent commissioning results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Transient Phenomena in a Low Cooling Thermoacoustic Refrigerator.
- Author
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Dhuley, R. C. and Atrey, M. D.
- Subjects
- *
TRANSIENTS (Dynamics) , *COOLING , *THERMOACOUSTICS , *REFRIGERATORS , *FINITE difference method , *MATHEMATICAL models , *TEMPERATURE distribution - Abstract
A one-dimensional theoretical model is developed to describe the transient state phenomena in a low cooling standing wave Thermoacoustic Refrigerator. The model is based on the Linear Theory of Thermoacoustics. It uses Implicit Finite Difference method to calculate the temporal evolution of temperature and steady state temperature distribution in the refrigerator stack and the resonator. The cold temperatures predicted by the model are compared with those obtained by techniques given in literature, and show a very good match. Due to simplistic assumptions in the model and its one-dimensional nature, the cooldown rates are shown to be very fast compared to other experimental findings in literature. It is also seen that the resonator takes a long time to cool down compared to the stack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. A LiBr-H2O Absorption Refrigerator Incorporating a Thermally Activated Solution Pumping Mechanism
- Author
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Ian W. Eames
- Subjects
thermally activated pump ,absorption refrigeration cycle ,cooling ,refrigerator ,thermodynamics ,Science ,Astrophysics ,QB460-466 ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
This paper provides an illustrated description of a proposed LiBr-H2O vapour absorption refrigerator which uses a thermally activated solution pumping mechanism that combines controlled variations in generator vapour pressure with changes it produces in static-head pressure difference to circulate the absorbent solution between the generator and absorber vessels. The proposed system is different and potentially more efficient than a bubble pump system previously proposed and avoids the need for an electrically powered circulation pump found in most conventional LiBr absorption refrigerators. The paper goes on to provide a sample set of calculations that show that the coefficient of performance values of the proposed cycle are similar to those found for conventional cycles. The theoretical results compare favourably with some preliminary experimental results, which are also presented for the first time in this paper. The paper ends by proposing an outline design for an innovative steam valve, which is a key component needed to control the solution pumping mechanism.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Development of SHI 1.0 W 4 K Two-stage Pulse Tube Cryocoolers.
- Author
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Xu, M. Y., Gao, J. L., Seitz, E., Longsworth, R. C., Saito, M., and Ikeya, Y.
- Subjects
- *
TUBES , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering , *FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems , *COMPRESSORS - Abstract
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. (SHI) has been developing 4 K pulse tube cryocoolers for cooling MRI Magnet Systems, Small Superconducting Magnets, SQUIDs, X-ray detectors, etc. Since 2002, a joint team at SHI-Tanashi and SHI-APD Cryogenics has been developing high efficiency, high cooling capacity and high reliability 4 K pulse tube cryocoolers. Much effort has been expended to improve cooling capacity, reliability, and temperature stability. A typical cooling capacity of 1.2 W @ 4.19 K at the second stage and 50 W @ 44.8 K at the first stage has been achieved with 7.2 kW compressor input power. The pulse tube reliability and temperature stability have been improved by improvements in the valve design, and the system reliability has been improved by developing a new fail safe compressor. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Refrigerator System at Brookhaven National Laboratory: Phase III of the System Performance and Operations Upgrades for 2006.
- Author
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Sidi-Yekhlef, A., Than, R., Tuozzolo, J., Ganni, V., Knudsen, P., and Arenius, D.
- Subjects
- *
REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *COLLIDERS (Nuclear physics) , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *HEAT exchangers - Abstract
An ongoing program at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) consists of improving the efficiency of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) cryogenic system and reducing its power consumption. Phase I and II of the program addressed plant operational improvements and modifications that resulted in substantial operational cost reduction and improved system reliability and stability, and a compressor input power reduction of 2 MW has been demonstrated. Phase III, now under way, consists of plans for further increasing the efficiency of the plant by adding a load “wet” turbo-expander and its associated heat exchangers at the low temperature end of the plant. This additional stage of cooling at the coldest level will further reduce the required compressor flow and therefore compressor power input. This paper presents the results of the plant characterization, as it is operating presently, as well as the results of the plant simulations of the various planned upgrades for the plant. The immediate upgrade includes the changes associated with the load expander. The subsequent upgrade will involve the resizing of expander 5 and 6 to increase their efficiencies. The paper summarizes the expected improvement in the plant efficiency and the overall reduction in the compressor power. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Simplified Helium Refrigerator Cycle Analysis Using the ‘Carnot Step’.
- Author
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Knudsen, P. and Ganni, V.
- Subjects
- *
REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *LOW temperatures , *THERMODYNAMIC cycles - Abstract
An analysis of the Claude form of an idealized helium liquefier for the minimum input work reveals the ‘Carnot Step’ for helium refrigerator cycles. As the ‘Carnot Step’ for a multi-stage polytropic compression process consists of equal pressure ratio stages; similarly for an idealized helium liquefier the ‘Carnot Step’ consists of equal temperature ratio stages for a given number of expansion stages. This paper presents the analytical basis and some useful equations for the preliminary examination of existing and new Claude helium refrigeration cycles. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Commissioning of the Helium Refrigeration System for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Detector of LHC.
- Author
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Perinić, G. and Dupont, T.
- Subjects
- *
REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *HELIUM at low temperatures , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *SOLENOIDS - Abstract
At CERN a new helium refrigeration plant specified for a cooling capacity of 800 W at 4.45 K, 4500 W between 60 K and 80 K and 4 g/s liquefaction simultaneously has been installed and commissioned. In a first operation phase, the plant will provide the refrigeration capacity for the cool down and the operation of the superconducting solenoid of the CMS experiment during the magnet tests at the surface of the LHC interaction point 5. On completion of the tests a part of the refrigeration plant will be dismantled and moved to its final underground position next to the CMS experimental cavern. This paper compiles the commissioning activities starting from the compressor station up to the intermediate cryostat interfacing the refrigerator cold box with the magnet thermosiphon cooling system. It reports the problems encountered and the lessons learned during the commissioning phase and summarizes the results of the refrigeration power measurements in the transient cool-down and the steady-state operation modes. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Step piston pulse tube refrigerator.
- Author
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Zhu, Shaowei
- Subjects
- *
PULSE tube refrigerators , *RECIPROCATING pumps , *PISTONS , *COMPUTER simulation , *COOLING , *HIGH temperatures - Abstract
In this paper, a numerical simulation is done for a step piston pulse tube refrigerator. The step piston pulse tube refrigerator is a modification of an inertance tube pulse tube refrigerator, which has a step piston compressor. The step piston in a step cylinder forms a compression space which is connected to the after cooler and an expansion space which is connected to the buffer. Numerical simulation shows that it is more effective at higher refrigeration temperature. It also shows there is an optimum swept volume ratio of the expansion space over the compression space, and an optimum diameter and length of the inertance tube for a given refrigerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Холодильна установка для зберігання овочів у м. Черкаси
- Author
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Назарова, Ірина Олександрівна
- Subjects
теплове навантаження ,cooling ,розсіл ,аміак ,water ,холодоснабжения ,охлаждения ,рассол ,temperature ,evaporator ,cold suply ,ammonia ,brine ,тепловая нагрузка ,холодопостачання ,аммиак ,температура ,випарник ,испаритель ,холодильная камера ,холодильна камера ,охолодження ,heat load ,refrigerator ,вода - Abstract
Дипломний проект першого (бакалаврського) рівня вищої освіти на тему: «Холодильна установка для зберігання овочів у м. Черкаси»: пояснювальна записка на 86 с., 22 рис., 14 табл., 35 бібліографічних найменувань; 2 дод.; креслень – 2 арк. ф. А1. і 2 арк. ф. А2. Мета проекту – створення оптимальних умов зберігання овочів усередині холодильної камери в теплий та холодний період року за рахунок встановлення теплотехнологічного та санітарно-технічного обладнання. Використані методики теплових, конструктивних та гідравлічних розрахунків теплотехнологічного та санітарно-технічного обладнання. Наведені результати розрахунків сумарних теплопритоків у режимах охолодження та зберігання, що включають надходжень теплоти через зовнішні огородженнями холодильної камери у теплий період року, від продукції та контейнерів, експлуатаційний тепловий потік, і т. ін. За результатами розрахунків теплового навантаження вибране основне та допоміжне обладнання системи холодопостачання, що включає випарник, компресори, конденсатор, бризкальний басейн, і т. ін. , на основі теплових розрахунків вибрані охолоджуючі батареї. За допомогою гідравлічного розрахунку підібрані трубопроводи холодоагенту. Визначено, що в охолоджуючих батареях оребрені труби мають в 2 - 3 рази меншу довжину, на відміну від гладких, оскільки необхідна площа теплопередачі компенсується оребренням, тоді зменшується металоємність та об’ємна ємність за холодоагентом. Наведені заходи з охорони праці. На кресленнях наведені технологічна схема холодильної установки, розташування обладнання цієї системи та будова аміачного випарника затопленого типу. Diploma project of the first (Bachelor) level of higher education on the theme: "Refrigeration system for vegetable storage in Cherkasy": explanatory note for 86 pages, 22 figures, 14 tables, 35 bibliographic names; 2 app.; drawings - 2 arches f. A1. and 2 arches f. A2. The purpose of the project is to create optimal conditions for storing vegetables inside the refrigerator in the warm and cold season by installing heat engineering and sanitary equipment. Used methods of thermal, structural and hydraulic calculations of heat engineering and sanitary equipment. The results of calculations of total heat inflows in cooling and storage modes, including heat inflows through external enclosures of the refrigerator during the warm period of the year, from products and containers, operational heat flow, etc. As a results of the calculations of heat load, the main and auxiliary equipment of the refrigeration system are selected, which includes an evaporator, compressors, condenser, spray pool, etc., cooling batteries are selected on the basics of thermal calculations. With the help of hydraulic calculation the refrigerant pipelines are selected. It is determined that in cooling batteries finned pipes have 2 - 3 times less length, in contrast to smooth ones, because the required heat transfer area is compensated by finning, then the metal capacity and volume capacity of the refrigerant is reduced. The following are measures of labor protection. The diagrams show the tecnological schemes of the refrigeration system, placement of equipment of this system and structure of the flooded ammonia evaporator. Дипломный проект первого (бакалаврской) уровня высшего образования на тему: «Холодильная установка для хранения овощей в г. Черкассы»: объяснительная записка на 86 с., 22 рис., 14 табл., 35 библиографических наименований; 2 прилож.; чертежей - 2 л. ф. А1. и 2 л. ф. А2. Цель проекта - создание оптимальных условий хранения овощей внутри холодильной камеры в теплый и холодный период года за счет установки теплотехнического и санитарнотехнического оборудования. Использованные методики тепловых, конструктивных и гидравлических расчетов теплотехнического и санитарно-технического оборудования. Приведенные результаты расчетов суммарных теплопритоков в режимах охлаждения и хранения, включающие поступление теплоты через наружные ограждения холодильной камеры в теплый период года, от продукции и контейнеров, эксплуатационный тепловой поток, и т. д. По результатам расчетов тепловой нагрузки подобрано основное и вспомогательное оборудование системы холодоснабжения, включающее испаритель, компрессор, конденсатор, брызгальный бассейн, и т.д. На основе тепловых расчетов выбраны охлаждающие батареи. С помощью гидравлического расчета подобраны трубопроводы хладагента. Определено, что в охлаждающих батареях оребренные трубы имеют в 2 - 3 раза меньшую длину, в отличие от гладких, так как необходимая площадь теплопередачи компенсируется оребрением, тогда уменьшается металлоемкость и объемная емкость по хладагенту. Приведенные мероприятия по охране труда. На чертежах приведены технологическая схема холодильной установки, расположение оборудования этой системы и строение аммиачного испарителя затопленного типа.
- Published
- 2020
23. Demand Side Management by controlling refrigerators and its effects on consumers
- Author
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Zehir, M. Alparslan and Bagriyanik, Mustafa
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY demand management , *REFRIGERATORS , *CONSUMERS , *ENERGY consumption , *DISTRIBUTED power generation , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *COOLING - Abstract
Abstract: Demand Side Management in power grids has become more and more important in recent years. Continuously growing energy demand both increases the need for distributed generation from renewable energy sources and brings out the topic of Demand Side Management. One of the major application areas of Demand Side Management in smart grids is cooling systems. In this paper, Demand Side Management with control of a refrigerator and its economic effects on consumers are analyzed. With a refrigerator model based on real measurements, several cooling schedules are simulated and annual energy fees for different pricing methods in use in Turkey are calculated and discussed. The results revealed that, 37.9% of refrigerator’s demand in peak period can be shifted to other periods and annual electricity bills for customers can be reduced by 11.4%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Realization of the He Vapor-Pressure Temperature Scale and Development of a Liquid-He-Free Calibration Apparatus.
- Author
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Shimazaki, T., Toyoda, K., and Tamura, O.
- Subjects
- *
VAPOR pressure , *TEMPERATURE measurements , *CRYOSTATS , *INTERNATIONAL temperature scale , *CALIBRATION , *COOLING - Abstract
The He vapor-pressure temperature scale was realized using an apparatus based on a continuously operating He cryostat at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). The cryostat has two operational modes: a He circulation mode and a 1 K pot mode. The He circulation mode can be used for He vapor-pressure measurements below 1.6 K, and the 1 K pot mode can be used for measurements above 1.3 K. Either mode can be selected for measurements from 1.3 K to 1.6 K. The realization of the He vapor-pressure temperature scale in this study fully covers its defined temperature range from 0.65 K to 3.2 K in the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The latest realization results are presented in this article. In addition, a liquid-He-free calibration apparatus was developed. It does not require liquid helium as a cryogen, which usually entails cumbersome handling and periodic refilling. The apparatus was designed for the calibration of capsule-type resistance thermometers from 0.65 K to 24.5561 K (the triple point of neon). The cooling system of the apparatus consists of a commercially available pulse-tube refrigerator and a He Joule-Thomson (JT) cooling circuit developed at NMIJ/AIST. The pulse-tube refrigerator is used in a pre-cooling stage and cools the apparatus to approximately 5 K. The He JT cooling circuit is used to cool the apparatus from 5 K to below 0.65 K. Since the He JT cooling circuit is a closed circuit, the apparatus can run continuously with only simple maintenance required. The basic characteristics of the apparatus are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. A resorption refrigerator driven by low grade thermal energy
- Author
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Bao, H.S., Wang, R.Z., and Wang, L.W.
- Subjects
- *
HEAT radiation & absorption , *THERMODYNAMICS , *HEAT storage , *REFRIGERATORS , *MANGANESE compounds , *SORBENTS , *COOLING , *AMMONIUM chloride - Abstract
Abstract: A small refrigerator based on resorption technique, employed MnCl2 and NH4Cl as sorbent salts and ammonia as refrigerant, was presented for simultaneously cooling at 0–6°C and freezing at −16 to −14.5°C in this work. The cooling capacity of this device was investigated by measuring the mass amount of the ice generated during a certain period of 3h operation, and the experiments were conducted at different ambient temperature ranging from 20°C to 35°C. The total cooling capacity was calculated 475kJ per kg of NH4Cl salt, and the mean specific cooling power (SCP) was 43W per kg of NH4Cl salt, the effective cooling production responsible for making ice accounted for 25–42% of the total cooling capacity depending on the different operating conditions studied in this work. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Optimization of solar adsorption refrigeration system using experimental and statistical techniques
- Author
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Abu Hamdeh, Nidal H. and Al-Muhtaseb, Mu’taz A.
- Subjects
- *
MATHEMATICAL optimization , *REFRIGERATORS , *ADSORPTION (Chemistry) , *CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS , *GLOBAL warming , *METHANOL , *THERMODYNAMICS , *COOLING , *SOLAR energy - Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents the design of new prototype of a solar adsorption refrigeration unit with certain specifications and requirements to be used as an air conditioning and refrigeration unit suitable to be used in remote areas. The new device uses activated carbon (used as adsorbents) with methanol (as adsorbate) forming an adsorbent–adsorbate pairs. Experimental data with statistical technique are used in this paper to get the optimum design parameters of the solar adsorption refrigeration system with an acceptable result of COP (coefficient of performance) and cooling production. The minimum temperature obtained for the refrigerator was 9°C while the ambient temperature was 26°C. The effective refrigeration started at 21:10 and the temperature decreased gradually until it reached 9°C at 01:30 next day then it increased above the minimum temperature. The gross cycle coefficient of performance, COPa =0.688 from the thermodynamic calculations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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27. A new solar powered adsorption refrigerator with high performance
- Author
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Hildbrand, Catherine, Dind, Philippe, Pons, Michel, and Buchter, Florian
- Subjects
- *
SOLAR energy , *REFRIGERATORS , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *ADSORPTION (Chemistry) , *SOLAR collectors - Abstract
An adsorptive solar refrigerator was built in September 2000 in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland. The adsorption pair is silicagel + water. The machine does not contain any moving parts, does not consume any mechanical energy except for experimental purposes and is relatively easy to manufacture. Cylindrical tubes function as both the adsorber system and the solar collector (flat-plate, 2 m2 double glazed); the condenser is air-cooled (natural convection) and the evaporator contains 40 l of water that can freeze. This ice functions as a cold storage for the cabinet (320 l).The first tests (September 2000) showed a very promising performance, with a gross solar cooling
COPSR of 0.19. After minor modifications, a second test series was carried out during summer 2001. This test series shows how the external parameters influence the machine with respect to theCOPSR (irradiation and external temperature). The latter varies between 0.10 and 0.25 with a mean value of 0.16. These values are higher than those obtained by earlier solar powered refrigerators (0.10–0.12).This paper describes the principle of the cycle, the different components of the machine, and the test procedure. The test procedure includes a constant daily cooling requirement. The experimental results presented were taken over a period of two months. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Cryotechnology for Wendelstein 7-X
- Author
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Schauer, Felix, Bau, H., Bozhko, Y., Brockmann, R., Nagel, M., Pietsch, M., and Raatz, S.
- Subjects
- *
PUMPING machinery , *COOLING , *HYDRAULIC machinery , *THERMAL shielding - Abstract
For the underlying task to cool the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) superconducting coil conductors and the divertor cryo-pumps, an extended cryo-system is required. Besides the magnet coils and cryo-pumps proper, the coil housings and supports, the thermal shields of the cryostat and cryo-pumps, and the current leads (CL) have to be cooled. This is achieved by a refrigeration plant including coolant transfer lines and distribution boxes, and a widespread pipework within the cryostat. All these components are finally defined, and purchase actions are under way. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Semiconductor-based optical refrigerator
- Author
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Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor [Albuquerque, NM]
- Published
- 2002
30. Ankastre buzdolaplarında kullanılan çift çevrimli kompakt kondanserin modellenmesi ve optimizasyonu
- Author
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Tezcan, Alper and Kahveci, Kamil
- Subjects
Buzdolabı ,Isı transferi ,Refrigerator ,Condenser ,Soğutma ,Cooling ,Heat Transfer ,Kondanser - Abstract
Soğutma çevriminin bir uygulaması olan buzdolaplarında soğutma çok değişkenli etkenlere bağlıdır. Bu etkenler çevresel faktörlerle alakalı olduğu kadar soğutma çevrimi elemanları ve bunların tasarımı ile de doğrudan ilgilidir. Sistem tasarımı yapılırken çevrim elemanlarının sistem üzerindeki etkisi göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Her bir eleman için uygun olmayan tasarım ya soğutmanın yetersiz olmasına, ya da ihtiyaçtan daha fazla soğutma kapasitesi nedeniyle kaynak israfına ve maliyet artışına neden olur. Bu nedenle her bir soğutma elemanının sistemin soğutma performansına ve maliyete etkisi belirlenmeli ve optimum bir tasarım tespit edilmelidir. Bu doğrultuda bu doktora tez çalışmasında buzdolabı soğutma bileşenlerinin ana elemanlarından olan kondanserlerin sistem performansına etkileri incelenmiş, yeni kondanser tasarımları geliştirilmiş ve bu tasarımların performansları deneysel ve sayısal olarak incelenmiştir. Tezin ilk bölümü soğutmanın tarihçesi ve günümüze kadar olan gelişimi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde günümüz buzdolaplarının büyük bir kısmında kullanılan buhar sıkıştırmalı soğutma çevrimi ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiş ve ideal ve gerçek çevrimler arasındaki farklardan bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde soğutma çevrimi ve sistemi bileşenleri tanıtılmış ve farklı soğutma sistemlerinde kullanılan kompresör, genleşme valfi/kılcal boru, buharlaştırıcı ve bu tez çalışmasının konusu olması itibarıyla da bilhassa kondanser tipleri tanıtılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde ise buzdolaplarında yer alan bileşenler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde soğutma bölmelerine, her birimdeki bölme sayısına, bölmelerin dağılımına, soğutma hattı tasarımına, soğutma teknolojisine ve soğutma kontrolüne göre farklılıklar içeren soğutucu cihaz tipleri tanıtılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde tezde ele alınan BM36 tip ankastre buzdolabı, bu buzdolabında kullanılan kondanser tipleri ve kondanserin yer aldığı agregat bölmesi hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Bölüm yedi literatür araştırmasını ve literatürde konu ile ilgili yer alan patentleri içermektedir. Sekizinci bölümde bu tez çalışması kapsamında tasarlanan kondanserler ve üretim yöntemleri, kondanserin performans testlerinde kullanılan test yöntemleri ve süreçleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Bu bölümde ayrıca kondanser muhafazası içerisinde ve kondanser boruları etrafındaki akış ve ısı transferine ait yönetici denklemler verilmiştir. Tezin son bölümü olan dokuzuncu bölümde ise çalışmada ele alınan kondanser tipleri için performans test sonuçları ve simülasyon sonuçları verilmiş ve sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar bu tez çalışması kapsamında tasarlanan wot kondanserler ile coil kondansere ve mevcut wot kondansere göre daha iyi soğutma performansları elde edilebileceğini göstermiştir. Sonuçlar wot kondanser de kullanılan tel sayısı arttırılarak soğutma performansında önemli artışlar elde edilebileceğini göstermektedir. Coil kondansere göre üretim yönteminin kolaylığı, yaygınlığı ve soğutma performansının boru boyunda artırım yerine nispeten ucuz tel sayısında artış ile iyileştirilebilmesi neticesinde önerilen wot kondanser maliyet açısından da avantaja sahiptir. Tasarlanan wot kondanserlerin ayrıca hava fanının kondansere dik akış sağlayacak şekilde konumlandırılması ile mevcut yerleşime göre daha iyi soğutma performansı sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu konuda yapılacak çalışmalar bu tez aracılığı ile elde edilen bilgi düzeyini bir basamak daha ileri taşıyacaktır. Cooling process in refrigerators, which is an application of cooling cycle, is dependent on multi-variable factors. These factors are directly related to the components in the cooling cycle and design of these components as well as environmental factors. When designing a system, effects of the cycle components on the system should be considered. An unsuitable design of any component causes insufficient cooling, or a waste of resources and an increase in cost due to the redundant cooling capacities. Therefore, the effects of each component on cooling performance and cost must be specified, and an optimum design must be determined. In this PhD thesis, the effects of condensers on system performance are investigated, the novel condenser designs are developed, and the performances of these newly developed condensers are studied experimentally and numerically. In the first chapter of the thesis, history of cooling and developments in cooling are introduced. In the second chapter, vapor-compression cooling cycle used in today’s refrigerators and differences between ideal and real cycles are introduced. The third chapter is on components in cooling cycles and systems: compressors, expansion valves/capillary tubes, evaporators and condensers. The fourth chapter is devoted to the components in refrigerators. In fifth chapter, cooling device types classified according to the cooling compartments, the number of compartments in each unit, distribution of compartments, design of cooling line, cooling technology, and cooling control are introduced. In the sixth chapter, the BM36 type built-in refrigerators considered in this thesis study, condenser types used in these refrigerators, and agregat compartment where condenser is placed are introduced. The seventh chapter is devoted to the studies and patents in the literature. In the eight chapter, condensers designed in this study, production methods of them, and the test methods and processes used in the condenser performance tests are introduced. This chapter also contains governing equations of flow and heat transfer in the cavity between condenser housing and tubes. In the last chapter, the results of performance tests and computational simulations are given and discussed. The results obtained in this study show that the wot condensers designed in this study produce higher cooling performances when they are compared to coil and present wot condensers. The results also show that cooling performance can be increased significantly by increasing the number of wires on tubes of condenser. The proposed wot condensers also have cost advantage due to the production simplicity with respect to coil condensers, due to being a more common condenser type, and due to the possibility of cooling performance enhancement by relatively cheaper method of adding extra wires instead of increasing the tube length. Moreover, the wot condensers designed in this study are expected to produce higher cooling performance when it is placed perpendicular to the air flow. Therefore, the future studies on this subject are expected to promote the knowledge level to a higher level.
- Published
- 2018
31. Superfluid thermodynamic cycle refrigerator
- Author
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Kotsubo, Vincent [La Canada, CA]
- Published
- 1992
32. Acoustic cryocooler
- Author
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Radenbaugh, Ray [Louisville, CO]
- Published
- 1990
33. Transition edge sensor–energy-dispersive spectrometer (TES–EDS) using a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator for material analysis
- Author
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Tanaka, Keiichi, Odawara, Akikazu, Nagata, Atsushi, Ikeda, Masanori, Baba, Yukari, Nakayama, Satoshi, and Chinone, Kazuo
- Subjects
- *
COOLING , *X-ray spectroscopy , *LOW temperature engineering , *REFRIGERATORS - Abstract
Abstract: A cryogen-free energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) using a transition edge sensor (TES) was developed for material analysis. This system can maintain a temperature at 130mK within 30μK, and has good energy resolution (19eV for Mn-Kα) for long-time measurement with a drift in the DC level of less than 0.02eV/min. This system utilizes a dilution refrigerator (φ 272mm×height 572mm) and has a snout (370mm long and φ25mm) similar to that in a conventional EDS system. The dilution refrigerator is pre-cooled by a GM refrigerator. A flexible tube between the dilution refrigerator and GM refrigerator damps the mechanical vibration of the GM refrigerator. Two shields (4 and 80K) thermally protect the Cu rod (φ8mm) cooled to be 100mK. Windows composed of polyimide+Al film allow X-ray detection above the C-Kα line. A TES (6mm×6mm) and array SQUID amplifier (1.5mm×3mm) are mounted on top of the Cu rod. For Mn-Kα, the pulse height is 5.5μA and decay time (τ eff) is 90μs. The maximum count rate (1/20 τ eff) is estimated at about 500cps. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Ev tipi buzdolabı kondenserinin kabindibi performansının sayısal araştırılması
- Author
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Yilmaz, Haluk, Erbay, Latife Berrin, and Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Computational fluids dynamic ,Energy ,Refrigerator ,Mechanical Engineering ,Condenser ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Cooling ,Enerji - Abstract
Bu tez çalışmasında, ticari bir ev tipi buzdolabı kondenserinin, ısıl performansı incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, buzdolabı kondenserinin, kullanıcı şartlarındaki performansının, sayısal modelleme ile gerçeklenmesidir. Sayısal çalışmada, hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (HAD) bilgisayar programı olan ANSYS 14 kullanılmıştır. Paket program yardımıyla, temel akış ve enerji denklemleri sürekli rejimde, 3 boyutlu ve türbülanslı olarak çözülmüştür. Modelde dış akış incelenmiş ve türbülans modeli olarak seçilmiştir.HAD modellemesi iki kademede çalışılmıştır. Öncelikli olarak fan hareketi ile kondenser üzerine gönderilecek döner akış profili bulunmuştur. Bu bulgu, gerçekleme için kritik bir değer taşımaktadır. Her iki kademede de akışkan olarak hava kullanılırken, modellemede kullanılan sınır koşulu değerleri, üretici firmada yapılan deneysel veriler ile elde edilmiştir. Modellemenin her iki kademesinde de, fan koruması olarak görev yapan ve kondenser bölgesini kapatan, koruma kapağı hesaba katılmıştır. HAD modellemesinin ikinci kademesinde, kondenserden havaya olan ısı transferi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu kademede, yine kompresör de modele dahil edilip, kullanıcı şartlarının simüle edilmesine çalışılmıştır. Sayısal modelleme çalışmasında, toplam ısı transferi, sıcaklık dağılımları, hız ve basınç dağılımları ve akım çizgileri detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. İlave olarak kondenserdeki ısı transferi için teorik hesaplama yapılmış ve sayısal model sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, HAD çalışmasının, gerçek kullanıcı şartlarındaki kondenser performansını simüle etmesi sağlanabilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen sayısal modelleme ile tropikal iklim şartları için kondenser alanında, kondenser üzerinden 190,9388 (W) ısının havaya transfer edildiği görülmüştür. Teorik hesaplama sonucu olarak da soğutma çevriminin toplam ısı kazancı 198,318 (W) olarak hesaplanmıştır. In this study, the thermal performance of a condenser of commercial household refrigerator was investigated. One of the main objectives of the study is to analyze the performance of the condenser via numerical solution under the operating conditions in service. ANSYS14 a finite element package program of computational fluid mechanics (CFD) was used for the numerical analysis. The fundamental fluid and energy equations were solved at the steady state, three-dimensional and turbulence conditions with the help of finite element package program. External flow was taken into consideration for the system with the turbulence model. The CFD model was designed to comprise of in two stages. Rotational flow gradient directed to the condenser by the fan motion was determined at the beginning. This evaluation is a critical process in terms of the comparison with the experimental results. While air was used as the working fluid for both stages, boundary conditions in the numerical solution were obtained from the experiments conducted in the manufacturer factory. A protective lid covering the condenser surface and operating as a fan protector was taken into consideration for both stages of the numerical solution. Heat transfer from the condenser to air was examined in the second stage of the (CFD) solution. In this stage, the compressor was included in the model in order to get accurate simulation of the operation conditions in real life situation. In the numerical analysis, total amount of heat transfer, temperature, pressure and velocity gradients and streamlines were studied in detail. In addition the theoretical calculation was compared with the results obtained from the numerical solutions. As a result of the numerical studies, an operational simulation of the condenser performance in service conditions was made possible. Moreover, 190,9388 (W) heat transfer into the air from the condenser was seen in the condenser area via numerical model under tropical climate conditions. As a result of the theoretical calculation, it is found that the gain of refrigeration cycle is 198,318 (W). 108
- Published
- 2012
35. Ev tipi buzdolaplarında enerji tüketimine etki eden parametrelerin incelenmesi
- Author
-
Sakallı, Özgün, Kuddusi, Lütfullah, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Isı Akışkan, and Head and Fluids
- Subjects
Buzdolabı ,Energy consumption ,Refrigerator ,Refrigeration ,Mechanical Engineering ,Soğutma ,Energy Consumption ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Enerji Tüketimi ,Cooling - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2012, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2012, Bu çalışmada, ev tipi iki kapılı kar yapmayan tip buzdolaplarının enerji tüketimi parametrik bir çalışma aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. Buzdolabı enerji tüketimine etki eden parametreler olarak buharlaştırıcı üzerinden geçirilen hava debisi ve buharlaştırıcı sıcaklığı belirlenmiştir. Bu parametrelerin buzdolabı çalışma oranı (kompresör çalışma süresinin, bir döngü süresine oranı) üzerindeki etkisi deneysel bir çalışma ile incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, kurulan teorik modelde bu parametrelerin çalışma oranı üzerindeki etkileri ile beraber buzdolabı enerji tüketimine olan etkileri de belirlenmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlar ile model sonuçları karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiş ve buzdolabının daha verimli çalışmasının sağlanması için parametrelerin nasıl seçilmesi gerektiği belirlenmiştir., In this study, energy consumption of domestic 2-door no-frost refrigerators is investigated through a parametric study. The air flow rate blown through the evaporator and evaporator temperature are chosen as the parameters affecting on refrigerator energy consumption. The effect of these parameters on the refrigerator run-time ratio (ratio of compressor running time to total cycle time) is studied using an experimental set-up. Also, the effect of these parameters on the refrigerator energy consumption along with the refrigerator run time ratio is inspected utilizing a theoretical model. The experimental results and the results obtained from the model are evaluated comperatively, and the the optimal choice of parameters has been determined by means of energy efficiency., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2012
36. Soğutucu Sistemlerde Farklı Ortam Sıcaklığı Şartlarında Soğutucu Akışkan Kütle Dağılımının Deneysel İncelenmesi
- Author
-
Kalp, Mehmet, Kuddusi, Lütfullah, Isı Akışkan, Head and Fluids, and Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Isobutane ,Ambient Temperature ,Soğutucu ,İsobütan ,Refrigerator ,Mechanical Engineering ,Refrigerant ,Soğutucu Akışkan ,Thermodynamics ,Coolers ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Cooling ,Ortam Sıcaklığı - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2010, Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, tek kapılı evsel bir soğutucunun, mevcut durumdaki, soğutucu akışkan kütle dağılımının belirlenmesi amacıyla bir deney düzeneği kurulmuştur. Kurulan deney düzeneğinde, soğutma sistemi, soğutma bileşenlerinin giriş ve çıkışlarına konumlandırılan vanalar aracılığıyla kontrol hacimlerine ayrılmıştır. Belirli anlarda, vanalar kapatılarak soğutucu akışkan ilgili kontrol hacmine hapsedilmekte ve daha sonra bir tank içerisinde kızgın buhar fazında genleşmesi sağlanılarak genleşme sonundaki termodinamik özeliklerin kullanılmasıyla ilgili soğutma bileşenine ait soğutucu akışkan miktarı tespit edilmektedir. Bu işlemin sürekli olarak yapılması sonucunda bir soğutma çevrimi periyodu boyunca soğutucu akışkan kütle dağılımı elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kompresörün çalışmaya başlamasıyla buharlaştırıcıdaki soğutucu akışkan kütlesi sisteme dağıtılmakta ve bunun sonucunda diğer soğutma elemanlarının soğutucu akışkan miktarında artış meydana gelmektedir. Kompresörün enerjisinin kesilmesiyle birlikte yüksek basınçtaki yoğuşturucu, filtre gibi bileşenlerde bulunan soğutucu akışkan kütlesi buharlaştırıcıda toplanmaktadır. Deneysel olarak soğutucu akışkan kütle dağılımının elde edilmesi, sağlam deney altyapısı ve fazla iş yükü gerektirmektedir. Ayrıca oldukça zaman alıcıdır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı, farklı dış ortam sıcaklığı şartlarının, soğutucunun soğutucu akışkan kütle dağılımına olan etkisi ile ilgili çalışmalar literatürde pek fazla yer almamaktadır. Gerçekleştirilen bu tez çalışmasının özgün yanı, farklı ortam sıcaklıklarının, soğutucu çalışma karakteristiğinde neden olduğu değişimlerin incelenerek, soğutucu akışkan kütle dağılımına olan etkilerinin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. 3 farklı ortam sıcaklığında gerçekleştirilen deneylerde aynı ortalama kabin iç sıcaklığı ve toplam soğutucu akışkan miktarı kullanılmıştır. Her bir ortam sıcaklığı deneyinde bir soğutma çevriminin soğutucu akışkan dağılımını yansıtabilecek sayıda ölçüm noktası alınarak elde edilen sonuçlar incelenmiştir., In this thesis, an experimental setup was established in order to determine refrigerant mass charge distribution of a single-door type domestic freezer. In the experimental setup, refrigeration system is divided to control volumes with using valves which are placed at refrigeration components’ inlet and exit. Refrigerant is imprisoned to a control volume by closing valves at a cycle moment and then expansion process of refrigerant is carried in a tank with reaching superheated vapor state at the end of the expansion process. After the collection of charge in a tank, refrigerant mass charge amount is calculated by the use of thermodynamic properties at the end of expansion process. As a result of this process be performed continuously, refrigerant mass charge distribution was obtained. According to results obtained, the start of compressor operation leads to a decrease in the amount of evaporator charge and an increase in the other components charge. The refrigerant mass charge of components at high pressure like condenser, drier moves to evaporator with compressor shut down. The experimental determination of refrigerant mass charge distribution process requires a strong experimental infrastructure and very much effort. Due to these reasons, studies about the effect of different ambient temperatures on refrigerant charge distribution don’t take place more in literature. The distinctive part of this thesis is to emerge the effects of changing ambient temperature on refrigerant mass charge distribution by examine variations of refrigerator operation characteristic caused with changing issue. Experiments were carried out with the same average cabinet temperature and total amount of refrigerant mass charge at three different ambient temperatures. In each ambient temperature experiment, results are investigated by taking enough measurement points which may reflect the refrigerant mass charge distribution in refrigeration cycle period., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2010
37. Dynamic modeling of refrigeration cycle and experimental investigation of charge distribution
- Author
-
Bekir Özyurt, Eğrican, Nilüfer, Enerji, Energy, Eğrican, A. Nilüfer, and Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Refrigerants ,Condensation ,Mechanical Engineering ,Two phase flow ,evaporator ,Cooling gases ,Makine Mühendisliği ,condenser ,Solenoid ,Modelling ,Buharlaştırıcı ,Refrigerator ,Yoğuşturucu ,Buhar sıkıştırmalı soğutma çevrimi ,Vapor Compression Refrigeration cycle ,Cooling ,Evaporators ,R600a - Abstract
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2009, Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2009, Bu çalışmada R600a ile yapılan deneylerle sistem çalışma şartlarını daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak amacıyla sistem elemanlarındaki şarj dağılımı ve çeşitli parametrik değişimlerin bu dağılıma etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla iki farklı deney düzeneği kurulmuştur; ilk deney düzeneği yük hücreleri ile ısı değiştiricilerin sürekli tartılması prensibine dayanmaktadır. İkinci düzenek ise soğuma sistemi elemanlarında şarjın çevrimin belli bir anında vanalar yardımıyla birbirinden ayrılarak büyük bir tanka genişletilmesi ile aşırı kızmış şartlara geçmesi ve sıcaklık, basınç değerleri yardımıyla yoğunluğunun hesap edilmesi prensibine dayanmaktadır. Bu deney düzenekleri ile sürekli çalışma ve çevrimsel çalışma durumlarındaki şarj dağılımları yanı sıra toplam şarj miktarı, değişken kapasiteli kompresör kullanımı ve çevrim süresi değişimlerinin soğutma sistemi elemanlarında biriken şarj miktarı tespit edilmiştir. Farklı toplam şarj miktarı ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalar eleman bazında incelendiğinde en önemli değişimin buharlaştırıcı şarj miktarlarında olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlardan sistemin çalışması için yeterli belli bir şarj değerinin üstünden yapılan değişikliklerin direk olarak buharlaştırıcı doluluk oranı üstünde etkili olduğu diğer elemanların belirli bir denge içinde çalışmaya devam ettikleri görülmektedir. Isı değiştirici hesaplamalarından seçilen boşluk oranı korelasyonu kararlı halde soğutma sistemi performansını hesaplandığı bir soğutma sistemi modelinde sistem elemanlarındaki şarj miktarının hesaplanması için kullanılmıştır. Deney sisteminden telli borulu ısı değiştiricili bir derin dondurucu için ölçülen değerler kararlı hal modeli sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma vana deney düzeneği için olan ölçümlerin model sonuçları ile uyumlu olduğu, yük hücresi deney düzeneği ile buharlaştırıcıda şarj miktarını daha yüksek ölçüldüğü görülmektedir., In this study, for better understanding of system working conditions, the charge distribution at the system components and effects of different parameters to this distribution is investigated with R600a refrigerant. Two experimental setups are prepared for this purpose; first one is extended version of balance system in literature with replacing balance with load cells that have a higher precision. Second setup is based on principle of expanding the refrigerant, closed in components by quick closing valves at a specified moment of the cycle. The refrigerant distribution is measured under steady state and cyclic working conditions, and effect of parameters like total charge value, use of variable capacity compressor and different cycle times with these setups. The most important parameter for two-phase charge calculations is void fraction value and assumptions for void fraction correlation. The distributed charge amount is calculated for experimental working conditions and literature void fraction correlations. The void fraction correlation chosen from heat exchanger calculations is used for charge predictions in a steay state model that calculates the system performance values. The model result gives good agreement with the valve experiment setup; the evaporator charge is seemed to over measured by load cell setup.A dynamic thermal model is prepared for investigating cyclic working conditions and charge distribution. The model has a solution based on flow regimes for heat exchangers and empiric correlations for compressor and capillary tube. The solution set gives enough precision and speed compared to fully distributed heat exchanger and theoretical compressor and capillary tube solutions., Doktora, PhD
- Published
- 2009
38. Soğutma sistemi buharlaştırıcılarında alternatif kar çözdürme yöntemleri ve uygulamaları
- Author
-
Gümüş, Ercan, Durmayaz, Ahmet, Kuddusi, Lütfullah, Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Anabilim Dalı, Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji, and Energy Sciences and Technologies
- Subjects
Buzdolabı ,Soğutma sistemleri ,Energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Experimental research ,Buzlanma ,Kar çözme yöntemi ,Soğutma ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Deneysel inceleme ,Enerji ,Cooling systems ,Refrigerator ,Refrigeration ,Cooling ,Icing ,Defrost method - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Enerji Enstitüsü, 2009, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Energy Institute, 2009, Son yıllarda kullanımı artan karlanmanın otomatik olarak giderildiği buzdolaplarında karlanma olayı, buzdolabı kabin havasında bulunan nemin buharlaştırıcı yüzeylerinde yoğuşması ve zamanla artarak bir kar tabakası haline gelmesiyle gerçekleşmektedir. Buzdolabı buharlaştırıcısında meydana gelen bu karlanma olayı bir çok nedenden dolayı sistemin performansını kötü yönde etkilemekte, sistemden uzaklaştırılmadığı takdirde, soğutmanın gerçekleşmesini engellemektedir. Bu durumda, sistemin performans katsayısı azaldığı gibi enerji tüketim değerleri de büyük ölçüde artmaktadır. Diğer yandan, evsel buzdolaplarında genellikle kullanılan elektrikli ısıtıcılar kar çözdürme işlemini her ne kadar başarı ile gerçekleştirse de, buzdolabında ek bir enerji tüketimine sebep olmaktadır. Bu durumda, elektrikli ısıtıcıların sistemden çıkarılması ve yerlerine kullanılabilecek alternatif kar çözdürme yöntemlerinin uygulanması büyük önem kazanmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, buzdolabı mevcut kar çözdürme mekanizmalarının yerine kullanılabilecek alternatif kar çözdürme uygulamaları ile kar çözdürmeden kaynaklanan enerji tüketiminin azaltılabilirliğinin irdelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar kapsamında üç farklı kar çözdürme yöntemi üzerine deney düzenekleri kurulmuştur. Kurulan deney düzeneklerinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda, yöntemlerin uygulanabilirlikleri ve üstünlükleri yanısıra enerji tüketimini azaltmaya sağlayacakları katkıları da belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Alternatif sıcak gaz ile kar çözdürme yöntemi için üç farklı prototip oluşturulmuş ve deneysel çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kar çözdürme süreleri ele alınarak, orijinal durum ile karşılaştıma yapılmıştır. Sıcak sıvı ile kar çözdürme yöntemi üzerine kurulan deney düzeneğinde, ısıl kütleyi oluşturan sıvının sıcaklığı ve miktarı ile kar çözdürmeyi sonlandırma sıcaklığının farklı değerleri deneylerle irdelenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen analizler neticesinde; ısıl kütle sıcaklığının ve miktarının arttırılmasının, kar çözdürme süresinin kısalmasında ve enerji tüketiminin azalmasında etken olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Ters akışlı soğutma çevrimi ile kar çözdürme yöntemi üzerine kurulan deney düzeneği üzerinde gerçekleştirilen deneysel çalışmalarda, ters akışlı soğutma sırasında kullanılan solenoid valfin açıklığının sisteme etkisi farklı yönleriyle irdelenerek ortaya konmuştur. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda, ters akışlı soğutma çevriminde sistemin ısıtma performansı hakkında bilgi sahibi olabilmek amacıyla ısıtma etkinlik katsayısı, prosesin başlatılmasından itibaren beş dakikalık aralıklarla belirlenmiştir., Frosting phenomena on the eveporator in no-frost refrigerators which have been widely used recently, is due to condensation of humidity in the refrigerator cabinets air on evaporator surfaces resulting a frost layer. As a result of many reasons, frosting phenomena occuring on the evaporator of refrigerator has unfavorable effects on the performance of the system and unless eliminated from the system, it prevents cooling. In such a situation performance of the system decreases as energy consumption increases substantially. On the other hand, although electrical heaters used in domestic refrigerators achieve successful defrosting, they cost an additional energy consumption. For this reason, it is important to replace electrical heaters with alternative defrosting methods. The aim of this thesis is to consider alternative defrost methods which may be used in place of already existing ones and to investigate the possibility of limiting energy consumption resulting from defrost process. For this purpose, experimental setups regarding 3 different defrost methods were established. Studies have been carried out on these experimental setups in order to determine their applicability and advantages of the methods as well as their contribution to limit the energy consumption. For the hot-gas defrost method, three different prototypes were formed and experiments were carried out. Regarding the defrosting times, comparisons with the original electrical-heater defrost method have been done. On the experimental setup of warm liquid defrost method, temperature and volume of the thermal mass and termination temperature of the defrost were differentiated and investigated with experiments. As a result of the analysis, it has been proved that differentiating of temperature and volume of the thermal mass causes to shorten the defrosting time by minimizing the energy consumption. At the experiments with the experimental setup of reverse-cycle defrost method, the effect of the degree of opening of the manual expansion valve to the system was examined with different ways. Finally, the coefficients of the performance for heating process were determined by the aid of the results of measurements for 5 minutes interval with the start of defrosting until its termination., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2009
39. Performance improvement of household refrigerators
- Author
-
Bayer, Özgür, Oskay, Rüknettin, and Diğer
- Subjects
Irreversibility ,Refrigerator ,Mechanical Engineering ,Performance ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Cooling - Abstract
oz EV TİPİ BUZDOLAPLARININ PERFORMANS İYİLEŞTİRİMİ BAYER, Özgür Yüksek Lisans, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Töneticisi: Prof. Dr. Rüknettin OSKAY Ağustos 2002, 144 sayfa Bu çalışma, kullanıcı tarafından belirlenen soğuk-oda ve oda sıcaklıkları arasında çalışan gerçek bir buzdolabının buhar sıkıştırmalı soğutma çevrimini tasarlayabilen ve sabit durum çalışma karakterlerinin benzeşimini gerçekleştirebilen, kullanıcıya dost, önceden tasarlanmış bir bilgisayar programını geliştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bunun için, kullanıcıya çevrimin herbir parçasını tek başına tasarlama imkanı vermek için herbir parça ayrı olarak modellendi ve bu modeller kararlı durum sistem benzeşimini oluşturabilmek için birleştirildi. Normal ve tropik tasarım koşullan olan 298 K ve 313 K oda sıcaklıklarında örnek bir tasarım gerçekleştirildi Sistem tasarımından sonra tasarım koşullan dışı için sabit durum benzeşimi gerçekleştirilebilir. Program, ek olarak tersinmezlik analizi, değişken hızlı kompresör tasarımı gibi uygulamaları da kapsar.Ayrıca, önceden belirlenen sıcaklık ve/veya basınç değerlerinde soğutucu akışkan R-134a'nın termodinamik ve fiziksel özelliklerinin hesaplanabildiği denklemler oluşturuldu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Soğutma, R-134a, modelleme, kararlı durum sistem benzeşimi, tersinmezlik, değişken-hızlı. VI ABSTRACT PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATORS BAYER, Özgür M. S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rüknettin OSKAY August 2002, 144 pages This study aims to improve and develop a pre-designed, user-friendly computer program to simulate the steady-state operation characteristic of an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle for household refrigerator, which is working between user-specified cold room and ambient air temperatures. In order to perform this task properly, the components of the cycle are modeled separately to enable the user to design them individually and all these models have been combined into a steady-state system simulator. Sample design has been performed for normal and tropical design conditions of 298 K and 313 K room air temperature respectively. After designing the system, steady-state simulation at off-design conditions can be performed. The program can also cover additional applications such as irreversibility analysis and variable speed compressor design. mThermodynamic and physical properties of the refrigerant R-134a have also been modeled and equations have been generated to be able to determine refrigerant property values at pre-determined temperature and/or pressure. Keywords: Refrigeration, R-134a, modeling, steady-state system simulation, irreversibility, variable-speed. IV 144
- Published
- 2002
40. Adaptive fuzzy run-time control of a refrigerator with variable capacity compressor
- Author
-
Efecik, Bülent, Istefanopulos, Yorgo, and Diğer
- Subjects
Refrigerator ,Temperature ,Fuzzy control ,Cooling ,Computer Engineering and Computer Science and Control ,Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bilimleri-Bilgisayar ve Kontrol - Abstract
ÖZET DEĞİŞKEN SIĞALI KOMPRESÖRLÜ BUZDOLABININ ÇALIŞMA ORANININ UYARLAMR BULANIK DENETİMİ Yiyeceklerin uzun süreli saklanması yada kısa süreli korunması amaçlı kullanılan buzdolabı sistemleri, içeride bulunan ısıl enerjinin dışarıya atılmasını sağlayan bir mekanizmayla donatılmıştır. Bu mekanizmanın en önemli öğesi kompresörlerdir. Sabit sığalı bir kompresör ile yeni bir soğutma sistemi tasarımlandığında seçilen kompresörün gücü, en kötü çalışma koşullarında gerekli en küçük soğutma gücünü sağlamak amaçlı seçilir. Bu nedenle en kötü çalışma koşullan için seçilen soğutma sığası, normal çalışma koşullarında çok yüksek kalır. Bunun sonucu olarak düşük bir oranda çalışan kompresör verimsiz bölgede çalışır. Fakat değişken sığalı bir kompresör kullanılarak sistemin gerek duyduğu sığaya göre kompresör sığası ayarlanabilir ve kompresör en verimli bölgede çalıştırılabilir. Klasik kontrol yöntemlerini kullanarak doğrusal olmayan buzdolabını kontrol etmek zordur, çünkü sistem parametreleri içerilen ısıl süreçlerden dolayı zamana bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu tür sistemlerde uzman bilgisi ve gevşek tanımlanmış bazı sistem karakteristiklerini içeren bulanık mantık denetleyicileri kullanılabilir. Bu tez çalışmasında, değişken sığalı kompresörlü klasik bir buzdolabının bulanık mantık denetim yöntemi ile verimli ve de enerji tasarrufu sağlayacak şekilde denetlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. IV ABSTRACT ADAPTIVE FUZZY RUN-TIME CONTROL OF A REFRIGERATOR WITH VARIABLE CAPACITY COMPRESSOR Refrigeration systems, which are designed to store and preserve food, are equipped with a mechanism that takes thermal energy out from the internal ambient and keeps the low temperature inside the refrigerator within defined limits. The most important component of these systems is the compressor. When designing a new refrigeration system using Fixed Capacity Compressors (FCC) the compressor size is selected to achieve cooling capacity based on the maximum demand at the highest ambient temperature the refrigerator can work at. The consequence is that the compressor delivers high cooling capacity, selected to overcome the worst condition, and needs to be cycled on and off, when normal conditions are achieved. The results are duty cycles with `on times` typically from 30 to 50% and consequent low compressor efficiency during the running period. However, by using Variable Capacity Compressors (VCC), the cooling capacity can be adjusted according to appliance demand. To control the refrigeration system by using classical control methods is difficult since its system parameters are time varying due to involved thermal processes. Fuzzy controllers, which contain expert knowledge and some vaguely defined system characteristics, can be used in such systems. In this thesis study the aim is to achieve an efficient refrigeration control of a conventional refrigerator with a Variable Capacity Compressors (VCC) by using a fuzzy controller to reduce overall energy consumption meeting all temperature requirements. 90
- Published
- 2002
41. Simulation of vapor compression cycle for a household refrigerator with R134A
- Author
-
Müftüoğlu, Nevin, Oskay, Rüknettin, and Diğer
- Subjects
Refrigerator ,Mechanical Engineering ,Vapor compression cycle ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Cooling ,Modelling - Abstract
öz R 134 A İLE EV TİPİ BİR BUZDOLABI İÇİN BUHAR SIKIŞTIRMALI SOĞUTMA ÇEVRİMİNİN BENZEŞİMİ MÜFTÜOĞLU, Nevin Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Rüknettin OSKAY Temmuz 2001, 156 sayfa Bu çalışmada, kullanıcı tarafından belirlenen soğuk-oda ve oda sıcaklıkları arasında çalışan gerçek bir buzdolabının buhar sıkıştırmalı soğutma çevrimini tasarlayabilen ve sabit durum çalışma karakterlerinin benzeşimini gerçekleştirebilen kullanıcıya-dost, interaktiv bir bilgisayar programı geliştirildi. Soğutma çevirimini en uygun biçimde tasarlayabilmek için, soğutma çeviriminin ana parçalan olan kompresör, yoğunlaştırırcı, kılince boru ve buharlaştırırcı, her biri ayrı olarak tasarlandı. 298 K ve 313 K oda sıcaklıklarındaki tasarım koşullarına göre örnek bir tasarım gerçekleştirildi. Sistem tasarımından sonra tasarım koşullan dışı için sabit durum benzeşimi gerçekleştirildi. Buhar sıkıştırmalı buzdolabının değişik koşullardaki çalışma karakterlerini belirleyebilmek için, beş yüksek ve beş düşük tasarım dışı oda sıcaklıklarındaki benzeşimi gerçekleştirildi, ve bu tasarım dışı oda sıcaklıklarına göre çevirim parametrelerinin değişimlerinin grafiği çizildi.Ayrıca, önceden belirlenen sıcaklık ve basınç değerlerinde soğutucu maddenin termodinamik ve fiziksel özelliklerinin hesaplanabildiği denklemler oluşturuldu. Anahtar kelimeler: Soğutma, modelleme, kararlı durum sistem benzeşimi, R 134a VI ABSTRACT SIMULATION OF VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE FOR A HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR WITH R 134 A MÜFTÜO?LU, Nevin M. S. in Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rüknettin OSKAY July 2001, 156 pages In this study, the user-friendly, interactive computer program has been developed to simulate the steady-state operation characteristics of an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle for a household refrigerator working between user-specified cold-room and ambient air temperatures. To be able to design the refrigeration cycle properly, compressor, condenser, capillary tube and evaporator, which are the main components of the refrigeration cycle, has been modelled individually and all these models have been combined into a steady-state system simulator. A sample design is performed for the design conditions of 298 K and 313 K room temperature. After the design of the system, the steady-state system simulation at off-design conditions can also be performed. Its simulation at five elevated and five lowered off-design room temperatures is performed to determine the behaviour of vapor compression refrigerator at different operating conditions, and the variations of cycle parameters with respect to these off- design room temperatures are plotted. mThermodynamic and physical properties of refrigerant have also been modelled and equations have been generated to be able to determine refrigerant property values at a pre-determined temperature and pressure. Keywords: Refrigeration, modelling, steady-state system simulation, R 134a IV 156
- Published
- 2001
42. Magnetic refrigeration apparatus with belt of ferro or paramagnetic material
- Author
-
Kalash, Kenneth [Los Alamos, NM]
- Published
- 1987
43. Magnetic refrigeration apparatus with heat pipes
- Published
- 1987
44. Wheel-type magnetic refrigerator
- Author
-
Barclay, John [Los Alamos, NM]
- Published
- 1983
45. Heat pump/refrigerator using liquid working fluid
- Author
-
Warkentin, Paul [San Diego, CA]
- Published
- 1982
46. Superconducting cable cooling system by helium gas at two pressures
- Author
-
Dean, John [Los Alamos, NM]
- Published
- 1977
47. Superconducting cable cooling system by helium gas and a mixture of gas and liquid helium
- Author
-
Dean, John [Los Alamos, NM]
- Published
- 1977
48. 氷により冷凍機の凝縮器を冷却する冷凍システムの研究
- Author
-
Masayoshi Kobiyama
- Subjects
System ,Work (thermodynamics) ,Meteorology ,Mechanical Engineering ,Melting temperature ,Snow/ice ,Ice ,Refrigerator car ,Refrigeration ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Snow ,Physics::Classical Physics ,Physics::Geophysics ,Refrigerator ,Pumpable ice technology ,Environmental science ,Condenser ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Cooling ,Gas compressor ,Condenser (heat transfer) ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Abstract
It is very important to utilize the local energy such as the natural cold energy of snow or ice in winter season. In this paper, the author analyzed a refrigeration system in which the condensing heat is cooled by the stored ice, and the refrigerating temperature is less than 0°C, the freezing/melting temperature of water. Any stored ice, for example natural snow/ice or ice made by the refrigerator, may be used in this system. A simple thermodynamic and economic analysis confirmed that this system is useful for reducing the work and size of a refrigerating compressor. This reduction is particularly remarkable in the case of cooling by natural snow/ice. Therefore, this system is suitable for use in a cold/snowfall climatic area utilizing the local cold energy.
- Published
- 1989
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