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2 results on '"COUNTRY TARIFF"'

1. The GATT's Starting Point : Tariff Levels circa 1947

Author

Bown, Chad P. and Irwin, Douglas A.

Subjects
FOREIGN TRADE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, CUSTOMS, CONCESSIONS, TAX, WORLD TRADE, TRADE WARS, TARIFF BARRIERS, TRUST FUND, ECONOMIC WELFARE, INFLATION, TRADE DISTORTIONS, EXCHANGE CONTROLS, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TARIFF ACT, NATIONAL TREATMENT, GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS, CUSTOMS REVENUE, IMPORT TARIFFS, COMMON MARKET, TRADE AGREEMENTS, GOODS, TARIFF REDUCTIONS, ACCESS, TRADE POLICY, COMMERCIAL POLICY, CHECK, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, TRANSPARENCY, TARIFF, TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS, TRADE BARRIERS, APPLIED TARIFF, IMPORT PROTECTION, TRADE ARRANGEMENTS, IMPORT QUOTAS, TARIFF REDUCTION, TRADE LIBERALISATION, CONSUMPTION, AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS, TARIFF DATA, TRADE, MARKET, TRADE POLICIES, TARIFF SCHEDULES, PROTECTIONISM, TARIFF ESTIMATES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, RETURN, TARIFF LINES, COUNTRY TARIFF, BILATERAL AGREEMENTS, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, TARIFF INCREASES, CURRENCIES, DEMAND SHOCKS, TARIFF CLASSIFICATION, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, TARIFF CUTS, EXCHANGE, ACCOUNTING, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, TRADE FORUM, TARIFFS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TARIFF CHANGES, EQUIPMENT, REVENUE, MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRADE COMMISSION, TRADE FLOWS, DUTY FREE, TARIFF CONCESSIONS, FREE IMPORTS, VALUE OF IMPORTS, DEMAND ELASTICITIES, AVERAGE TARIFF, DUMMY VARIABLES, ECONOMIC POLICY, IMPORTS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, FUTURE, EXTERNAL TARIFF, TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS, IMPORT PRICES, CUMULATIVE EFFECT, TARIFF PROTECTION, TARIFF ON IMPORTS, GLOBALIZATION, TARIFF POLICY, AVERAGE TARIFFS, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, INTEREST, TRADING, BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS, IMPORT VALUE, NON-TARIFF BARRIERS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION, CONVERSION, CHECKS, TARIFF RATES, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS, TARIFF LEVELS, TARIFF SCHEDULE
Abstract

How high were import tariffs when GATT participants began negotiations to reduce them in 1947? Establishing this starting point is key to determining how successful the GATT has been in bringing down trade barriers. If the average tariff level was about 40 percent, as commonly reported, the implied early tariff reductions were substantial, but this number has never been verified. This paper examines the evidence on tariff levels in the late 1940s and early 1950s and finds that the average tariff level going into the first Geneva Round of 1947 was about 22 percent. It also find that tariffs fell by relatively more in the late 1940s and early 1950s for a core group of GATT participants (the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia) than they did for many other important countries, including the set of other (non-core) GATT participants.

Published
2016

2. A Capability-Based Assessment of GVC Competitiveness for the SACU Region

Author

Pathikonda, Vilas and Farole, Thomas

Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION, MARKET ACCESS, CUSTOMS, INFORMATION, GLOBAL MARKET, INVENTORY, VALUE ADDED, DATABASES, WORLD TRADE, CAPABILITY, GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, COMMODITIES, TARIFF BARRIERS, MEASUREMENT, DOMESTIC MARKET, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, GLOBAL INTEGRATION, LAGS, INDUSTRY TRADE, PRODUCTIVITY, FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, TRADE PATTERNS, STOCK, COMPETITIVENESS, TRADE FACILITATION, GOVERNMENTS, MULTINATIONAL FIRMS, BUSINESS, TRADE AGREEMENTS, BANK, GOODS, INSTITUTIONS, AVERAGING, EXPORT SHARES, TRADE DATA, FINAL GOODS, LABOR COSTS, EXPORT INTENSITY, ACCESS, REGIONALIZATION, TIME ZONE, STRATEGIES, ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, TARIFF, SUBSIDIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, MARKETS, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, LINKS, EXPORTERS, WAGES, VALUE CHAIN, PROPERTY RIGHTS, NET EXPORTS, INSTITUTION, PRODUCTION, APPAREL, NATURAL RESOURCE, SUPPLIER, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INFLUENCE, CONSUMPTION, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, SERVICES, THEORY, PERFORMANCE, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, ENTERPRISE SURVEYS, PRODUCTS, TRADE, MARKET, SUPPLY, CAPABILITIES, MINIMUM WAGE, PROPERTY, CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT, WEALTH, PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, DATA, PRODUCTION PROCESS, COUNTRY TARIFF, CAPITAL MARKET, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, WTO, PRODUCT, GDP, VARIABLES, FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, CONNECTIVITY, MANUFACTURING, CAPITAL, NETWORK, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, ACCOUNTING, RESULT, VALUE, EXPORTS, GLOBAL TRADE, MARKET SIZE, INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES, GOVERNANCE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, USES, CAPITAL STOCK, NETWORKS, INVESTMENT TREATIES, TARGET, HUMAN CAPITAL, SUPPLY CHAIN, PREFERENTIAL ACCESS, CUSTOM, VALUE OF TRADE, GROSS EXPORTS, DATABASE, PROFITS, GROWTH RATE, INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS, TRADE INTENSITY, TECHNOLOGY, PREFERENTIAL TRADE, GLOBALIZATION, LABOR, TRADE RESTRICTIONS, RESULTS, IMPORT VALUE, EXPORT VALUE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, INPUTS, CAPITAL FORMATION, VALUE CHAINS, REGISTRY, ICT, ACCOUNTABILITY
Abstract

The emergence of global value chains (GVCs) and their rapid expansion over the past two decades has transformed the global trade environment. GVCs involve task-based trade across multiple stages of the production process that take place across a number of different countries, in which multiple inputs and exports of intermediate goods and services are necessary to produce a final good, which may also be exported. GVC-oriented trade is seen to offer significant opportunities for developing countries, especially smaller ones, to benefit from global integration by changing the nature of competitiveness. With competition for GVC investment taking place in a truly global market, factor competitiveness relative to other countries matters a lot. In this context, the purpose of this note is to shed some light for policymakers, in this case specifically in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) countries, on where to focus efforts to drive competitiveness for GVC participation. This is a data-intensive exercise that requires indicators to represent underlying capabilities, disaggregated international trade data, and finally, a classification of which products are likely to be trade within GVCs.

Published
2015

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