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Enlistment of francophones in the Canadian Expeditionary Force has always been estimated between 20,000 and 35,000 by historians. Unfortunately, these evaluations were not based on any reliable data. This articles tries to show that these figures are largely under-estimated, and that the involvement of francophones was probably almost twice as much as the perception that has prevailed for more than a century. In the absence of any accurate count of enlisted francophones, we will demonstrate that (1) it is impossible that Quebec contributed more than a relatively small proportion of anglophone soldiers and (2) that a far greater number of francophone soldiers than has generally been estimated came from outside Quebec. Through examination of the files of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, we will also see that more than 3,000 francophone soldiers lost their lives in France and Belgium during the war, which leads us to believe that about twenty times more may have worn the uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parliamentary debates on the Income War Tax in the summer of 1917 were marked by fierce criticisms from Liberal members who argued that the tax measure fell short of the ideal of 'conscription of wealth' that had been in wide circulation in the months leading up to the debate. Scholars have repeatedly pointed out that 'conscription of wealth' rhetoric, which attempted to link the unfair sacrifices of the war effort to the need for income taxation, and revealed a rapidly polarizing political climate at the end of the war, was the key inspiration for the introduction of the Income War Tax. However, the use of similar rhetoric by parliamentarians, and the call for 'radical' taxation across political differences, suggests that something else - a shared desire for a modernist 'break from the past' - was at work in the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]