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Over a period of decades non genetic causes are controlled and mortality and morbidity is considerable reduced due to malformation5,6. Although 50% of causes for malformation are unknown Origen, but, with primary prevention 50% of birth defects could be prevented. Research for finding the risk factors are continuous and such results would help to implement preventive strategies to improve maternal and child health. Methodology: This is cross sectional; hospital based study, conducted in Krishna Hospital Karad, included all the Pregnant Mother diagnosed to have congenital birth defected fetus through antenatal examinations, delivered baby with diagnoses of congenital malformation, who were admitted at Tertiary care hospital Karad. Results: Total 283 cases were diagnosed with birth defects. Parent’s history for tobacco use states that16 (5.7%) mothers and 149 (53%) of fathers of malformed babies used tobacco. Among these 16 (5%) tobacco user mothers, maximum babies 5 (1.7 %) babies had born with neural tube defect and among fathers 149 (53%) maximum babies 41 (14%) Circulatory System defect. Conclusion: There is a need to make the rural women aware about hazardous effects of use of mishri20 through health education sessions to wean them out of this addiction, which is passed from one generation to the next as a tradition at an early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Two components are considered in deciding the adverse effect on fetal development in pregnant mother with HIV infection. One, effect of HIV infection on fetus and second, effect of antiretroviral treatment (ARV). The major benefit of antiretroviral treatment (ARV) during pregnancy is prevention of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV infection. The combination of zidovudine and lamivudine and lopinavir/ritonavir is one of the most used ART regimens for prevention of mother-to-child-transmission. At the same time there are concern related to its effect on adverse outcome of birth outcome. There is no clear supporting data but results shows conflicting conclusion on effect of antiretroviral treatment (ARV). Methodology: hospital based prospective study was carried out at tertiary care centre, Krishna Hospital, Karad. Inclusive criteria was, Mothers who are diagnosed to have congenital birth defected fetus through antenatal examinations, delivered baby with diagnoses of congenital malformation, congenital malformed admitted neonates at Tertiary care hospital or came for reference services. Results: Total 75136 babies were observed in pediatric outpatient department, 4092 babies in pediatric ward and 774 patients in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Total, 283 mothers were identified with birth defect. Among these, only 3 (1.1%) mothers gave information that they used ARV during pregnancy. Conclusion: At the moment, few studies are available to determine the role of these drugs alone or associated with other ART in inducing birth defects31. Further in depth research is required in this aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]