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Purpose American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend high-intensity statin therapy and consideration for nonstatin therapy for patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD); however, utilization rates remain suboptimal. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether pharmacist intervention for patients with PVD could improve the percentage of patients discharged on a high-intensity statin. Methods The study used a single-center pre/post design and included patients with PVD who underwent peripheral bypass during their admission. Postintervention patients managed with an order set including a preselected consult for a pharmacy lipid protocol were compared to preintervention patients managed using the order set without the consult. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients discharged on a high-intensity statin. Secondary outcomes included intensification of statin therapy, the addition of ezetimibe, and referral to an outpatient lipid clinic. Results A total of 175 patients were included in the analysis, with 94 patients in the preintervention group and 81 patients in the postintervention group. The primary outcome met statistical significance, with an increase in the percentage of patients discharged on a high-intensity statin in the postintervention group (70.4%) compared to the preintervention group (38.3%) (P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.46). Secondary outcomes that met statistical significance included an increase in the percentage of patients with any increase in statin intensity (35.8% vs 20.2%; P = 0.02). Conclusion The addition of a pharmacist consult led to an increase in the percentage of patients discharged on a high-intensity statin and an increase in overall statin intensification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance in health-related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Despite the metabolic effects of resistance (RT) and aerobic training (AT) on diabetes symptoms, uncertainty exists regarding the superiority of effects manifested through these training approaches on FGF-21 and biochemical and physiological variables associated with metabolic disorders in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week RT and AT on FGF-21 levels and symptoms associated with metabolic disorders in male individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-six sedentary obese diabetic men (40 to 45 years old) were matched based on the level of FGF-1. They and were randomly divided into two training groups (RT, n = 12 and AT, n = 12) performing three days per week of moderate-intensity RT or AT for 12 weeks and an inactive control group (n = 12). Both training interventions significantly improved FGF-21, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, hormonal changes, strength, and aerobic capacity. Subgroup analysis revealed that RT had greater adaptive responses (p < 0.01) in fasting blood sugar (ES = -0.52), HOMA-IR (ES = -0.87), testosterone (ES = 0.52), cortisol (ES = -0.82), FGF-21 (ES = 0.61), and maximal strength (ES = 1.19) compared to AT. Conversely, AT showed greater changes (p < 0.01) in cholesterol (ES = -0.28), triglyceride (ES = -0.64), HDL (ES = 0.46), LDL (ES = -0.73), and aerobic capacity (ES = 1.18) compared to RT. Overall, both RT and AT interventions yielded significant moderate to large ES in FGF-21 levels and enhanced the management of biochemical variables. RT is an effective method for controlling FGF-21 levels and glucose balance, as well as for inducing hormonal changes. On the other hand, AT is more suitable for improving lipid profiles in overweight men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) is defined as an exercise training mode in which aerobic and resistance exercises are performed in the same session. Objectives: The effects of CET in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are inconclusive. Therefore, the objective of the present systematic review with a meta-analysis is to evaluate the effects of CET on metabolic markers, body composition, lipid profile, inflammation, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in people with T2DM. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched from inception up to January 2023. The eligibility criteria included prospective studies that had T2DM participants aged between 35 and 65 years who performed CET at least 2 times/week for a minimum duration of 8 weeks with a control group. Results: Seven studies were identified for qualitative review. Sufficient data were not available for one study, therefore, meta-analysis was performed in six studies. A significant effect was observed in glucose level (p <.01); glycated hemoglobin (p =.02); Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (p =.02); body mass index (p =.02); %body fat (p <.01); %fat-free mass (p <.01); waist circumference (p =.03); triglyceride (p <.01); peak oxygen uptake (p <.01); and tumor necrotic factor -α (p <.01). Conclusions: The CET is effective in improving metabolic markers, body composition, lipid profile, inflammation, and CRF in people with T2DM and can be included in the management of T2DM. The overall evidence for this conclusion may be influenced by bias in included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dyslipidemia is a major health issue worldwide. There is growing interest in understanding the potential role of kimchi consumption on serum lipid profiles. However, there are limited epidemiological studies available on this topic. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between kimchi intake and serum lipid profiles. Methods: We conducted an epidemiological study on participants (aged 40–69 years old) selected from the Health Examinees (HEXA) cohort study (n = 61,761). Four types of kimchi, including Baechu kimchi (cabbage kimchi), Kkakdugi (radish kimchi), Nabak kimchi/Dongchimi (a type of water kimchi made with fermented vegetables), and other kimchi, were assessed by a 106-food item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Each kimchi intake is the average value calculated from the FFQ of the baseline and follow-up surveys. Fasting blood data were obtained at baseline and follow-up visits. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the intake of kimchi and the change in serum lipid profiles. Results: The mean years between the baseline survey and a follow-up survey was 4.97 years. In this study, compared to the lowest category (< 1 serving/day), Baechu kimchi intake (2− < 3 servings/day) had more negative correlations with the change in values of total cholesterol (β: −1.600, 95% confidence interval [CI, −2.744, −0.456]), triglycerides (β: −3.372, 95% CI [−5.414, −1.330]), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β: −1.155, 95% CI [−2.214, −0.095]) in women. In men, Baechu kimchi intake (2− < 3 servings/day) had a more positive correlation associated with the changes in values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β: 0.049, 95% CI [0.031, 0.907]) compared to the lowest intake category (< 1 serving/day). Conclusions: Among Korean adults, consumption of kimchi, particularly Baechu kimchi, was found to be associated with improvements in serum lipid profiles. Further studies are required to conduct additional interventions to confirm the association between kimchi and serum lipid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Omentin-1 has been acknowledged as an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing marker, which is mainly expressed in adipose tissue. Exercise training is a therapeutic intervention that can possibly improve and modify circulating Omentin-1 levels. Objective: To determine the effects of exercise training on circulating Omentin-1, glycemic control, and body composition in adult population. Data sources: Four electronic databases and reference lists of included articles were searched until February 5, 2023. The effect size of outcomes was summarized by calculating the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Ten RCTs comprising 385 participants were included. The overall model revealed that exercise training increased Omentin-1 compared to the control (MD = 3.57 ng.ml; 95% CI, 1.80 to 5.34 ng.ml; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis by exercise modalities revealed significant increases in Omentin-1 after isolated aerobic (p = 0.002) and resistance (p < 0.001) training but not after combined training. Subgroup analysis by sex indicated a significant improvement of Omentin-1 in women (p = 0.015) and men (p = 0.007). Furthermore, a significant increase was found in both healthy (p = 0.035) and non-healthy (p = 0.002) participants. Analysis of other outcomes indicated that exercise training significantly reduced glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, body weight, body mass index, and body fat, as well as improved lipid profiles. Conclusion: These findings reveal that isolated aerobic and resistance exercises resulted in an increase in serum levels of Omentin-1 in adults. More high-quality studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the influence of exercise training on Omentin-1 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine whether severe calcidiol deficiency [25-hydroxyvitamin (OH)D <30 nmol/L] improvement has a beneficial effect on cardiometabolic parameters in children and adolescents (5-17 years) with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). Logistic regression analysis was performed to test for multivariate associations between potential confounders and changes in vitamin D (VD) status from baseline to follow-up care when predicting binary categorical outcomes. Of 562 participants, 146 (26%) had MetS. Individuals with severe VD deficiency (VDD) were more likely to have MetS with elevated blood pressure than those with sufficient (≥75 nmol) VD levels (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.46; 1.08-18.43; p <.05) at follow-up. In the logistic regression model, every unit increase in VD across time decreased the odds of MetS (AOR, 0.98; 95% confidence interval: [0.96, 0.99]; p <.05). Improvement in VD status demonstrated a beneficial metabolic effect in children and adolescents with severe VDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of contamination of venous blood with a lipid-containing solution on parameters measured by a modern blood gas analyzer. We collected venous blood from 17 healthcare workers (46 ± 11 years; 53 % women) into three blood gas syringes containing 0 , 5 and 10 % lipid-containing solution. Blood gas analysis was performed within 15 min from sample collection on GEM Premier 5000, while triglycerides and serum indices were assays on Roche COBAS C702. Triglycerides concentration increased from 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L in the uncontaminated blood gas syringe, to 39.4 ± 7.8 and 65.3 ± 14.4 mmol/L (both p<0.001) in syringes with 5 and 10 % final lipid contamination. The lipemic and hemolysis indices increased accordingly. Statistically significant variation was noted for all analytes except hematocrit and COHb in the syringe with 5 % lipids, while only COHb did not vary in the syringe with 10 % lipids. Significant increases were observed from 5 % lipid contamination for pO2, SO2 and lactate, while the values of pH, pCO2, sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, glucose, hematocrit (10 % contamination), hemoglobin and MetHB decreased. All these changes except lactate and CoHb exceeded their relative performance specifications. Artifactual hyperlipidemia caused by contamination with exogenous lipids can have a clinically significant impact on blood gas analysis. Manufacturers of blood gas analyzers must be persuaded to develop new instruments equipped with serum indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement behaviors within the 24‐h day, including physical activity (PA), sedentary time, and sleep, are associated with cardiometabolic health. We aimed to determine the association between 24‐h movement composition and cardiometabolic health while accounting for sleep efficiency. Altogether, 1134 participants from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study, free from prior cardiovascular disease, provided at least 4 days of 24‐h activity and sleep efficiency measured with a wearable ring. Participants' body composition was assessed with bioimpedance, blood pressure, and waist circumference were measured, and lipids and glucose were analyzed from a fasting blood sample. Linear regression models for cardiometabolic outcomes were created with 24‐h movement composition and covariates, including sleep efficiency and behavioral and socioeconomic factors. Isotemporal time reallocations were used to demonstrate the dose‐dependent associations between time use and outcomes. Beneficial associations with the outcomes were detected when sedentary time was reallocated to light PA, moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), or sleep. For example, substituting 30 min of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with 7.2% (95% CI from −9.8% to −4.5%) lower visceral fat area, 4.9% (95% CI from −6.5% to −3.3%) lower body fat percentage, 1.6% (95% CI from −2.3% to −0.9%) smaller waist circumference, and 2.4% (95% CI from 1.2% to 3.5%) higher high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol after accounting for gender, marital status, education level, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep efficiency. Substituting sedentary time with sleep or light PA showed beneficial but smaller differences in adiposity measures and HDL cholesterol. Limiting sedentary time should be encouraged in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging scientific studies have supported the hypothesis that exposure to environmental chemicals increases the incidence of diverse human metabolic disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between fluoride exposure and metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence in people from the Central Region of Mexico. This research included 575 adult individuals. Urinary fluoride concentrations were determined using a potentiometric method. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were also acquired. Serum fasting glucose and lipid levels were quantified. For the MetS screening, we used the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. The mean urinary fluoride levels were 3.50 ± 2.50 mg/L. The prevalence of MetS was approximately 27 and 25% according to NCEP ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant associations (p < 0.05) between urinary fluoride concentrations and MetS occurrence using NCEP ATP III criteria (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.05–2.10) and IDF criteria (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 0.95–1.45). These findings emphasize the need to discover the underlying mechanisms that fluoride exposure has on MetS pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The American Heart Association recently released an updated algorithm for evaluating cardiovascular health—Life's Essential 8 (LE8). However, the associations between changes in LE8 score over time and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain unclear. Methods We investigated associations between 6-year changes (2006–12) in LE8 score and risk of subsequent CVD events (2012–20) among 53 363 Chinese men and women from the Kailuan Study, who were free from CVD in 2012. The LE8 score was calculated based on eight components: diet quality, physical activity, smoking status, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose and blood pressure. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We documented 4281 incident CVD cases during a median of 7.7 years of follow-up. Compared with participants whose LE8 scores remained stable in a 6-year period, those with the large increases of LE8 score over the 6-year period had a lower risk of CVD, heart disease and stroke in the subsequent 8 years [HRs and 95% CIs: 0.67 (0.64, 0.70) for CVD, 0.65 (0.61, 0.69) for heart disease, 0.71 (0.67, 0.76) for stroke, all P trend < 0.001]. Conversely, those with the large decreases of LE8 score had 47%, 51% and 41% higher risk for CVD, heart disease and stroke, respectively. These associations were consistent across the subgroups stratified by risk factors. Conclusions Improving LE8 score in a short- and moderate-term was associated with a lower CVD risk, whereas decreased LE8 score over time was associated with a higher risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests an association between childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome, with more research available on the potential impacts of positive airway pressure (PAP) on metabolic markers in children. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a systematic synthesis of the evidence on the effect of PAP use on metabolic markers in children with OSA. METHODS: A search strategy with terms for "OSA" and metabolic markers in pediatrics was run to systematically assess 5 databases until August 26, 2022. Two reviewers independently screened eligible articles, extracted data, and conducted quality appraisal. Meta-analysis was done using random-effects models. Body mass index (BMI), glycemic, lipid, cardiovascular, and other metabolic and inflammatory markers were reported. RESULTS: Sixteen studies (N = 1,213) were included, 15 observational studies and 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT); most reported outcomes in children with obesity. Meta-analysis of 4 studies found no changes in BMI at median average follow-up of 12 months after PAP initiation. A reduction in heart rate and blood pressure parameters was demonstrated in several studies in children with OSA with and without obesity at a median average follow-up of 4.9 months after PAP initiation. Research in echocardiographic outcomes is limited, including one RCT in children with Down syndrome and OSA showing no changes in heart rate variability parameters. Evidence of improvements in glycemic and/or lipid control, liver enzymes, and inflammatory markers with PAP therapy is even more limited and of limited clinical importance. Risk of bias was moderate to critical and outcome evidence very low. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence on effects of PAP on metabolic markers in children with OSA is encouraging, available literature is limited. Longitudinal studies are still required to further assess the long-term influence of PAP on metabolic and inflammatory markers, particularly in children with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common liver disease in adolescents with obesity. Nonetheless, the guidelines for screening and managing this disease are contradictory. The purpose of this study is to non-invasively assess the prevalence, patient characteristics, and potential associated factors of MASLD in this demographic. Methods: This study used baseline data from an RCT in adolescents eligible for bariatric surgery. MASLD was determined by measuring the hepatorenal index (HRI) with ultrasonography, blood liver tests, and the fatty liver index (FLI). Results: A total of 56 adolescents enrolled in the analyses; the majority were female n = 44 (79%); the mean age was 15.75 (±1.01) years; the average body mass index (BMI) was 44.08 (±5.16) kg/m2. In 35 (62.5%) of the patients, the HRI was abnormal. This group had a higher waist/hip ratio, elevated liver biochemistry, and significantly lower leptin levels (mean difference = −46.35, 95% CI −76.72, −15.99) compared to the group with a normal HRI. In 32 (55.2%) of the patients, ALT levels were elevated and the FLI was abnormal in all (100%) participants. Linear regression analysis indicated associations between the HRI and typical anthropometric and metabolic measurements; and an inverse association between HRI and leptin B = −0.003 (95% CI −0.005, −0.00), independently of sex- and age-adjusted BMI. Conclusions: MASLD is highly prevalent in adolescents with severe obesity. However, the prevalence strongly depends on which tool is used, namely the HRI (62.5%), alanine transaminase levels (55.2%), and FLI (100%). Our findings suggest that leptin may be a valuable biomarker in supporting the diagnosis of MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of VLCKD on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with T2DM. Methods: Until March 2024, extensive searches were conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and other relevant databases. The purpose was to identify clinical trials examining the impact of VLCKD on glycemic control, lipid profile, and blood pressure. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) method was used to assess the evidence's degree of certainty. Results: Our initial search found a total of 2568 records and finally 29 trials were included in final analysis. Our results showed that adherence from VLCKD led to significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (WMD= -11.68 mg/dl; 95% CI: -18.79, -4.56; P = 0.001), HbA1c (WMD= -0.29; 95% CI: -0.44, -0.14; P < 0.001), HOMA-IR(WMD= -0.71; 95% CI: -1.14, -0.29; P = 0.001), insulin (WMD= -1.45; 95% CI: -2.54, -0.36; P = 0.009), triglyceride (WMD= -17.95; 95% CI: -26.82, -9.07; P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (WMD= -2.85, 95% CI: -4.99, -0.71; P = 0.009) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD= -1.40; 95% CI: -2.66, -0.13; P = 0.03). We also found a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level after adherence from VLCKD diet (WMD = 3.93, 95% CI: 2.03, 5.84; P = 0.000). We couldn't find any significant differences between groups in term of LDL and total cholesterol levels. Conclusion: People following a VLCKD experience a more significant improvement in cardiovascular risk factors when compared to individuals on control diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence suggests that statins can improve survival outcomes and ameliorate treatment-related side-effects in certain malignancies. Statins exhibit various mechanisms of action, including apoptosis induction, proliferation inhibition, tumor radiosensitization, lipid production suppression, and anti-inflammatory effects. This trial aimed to assess the impact of lovastatin on patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) undergoing definitive chemoradiation. Method: In this double-blinded randomized phase 2 clinical trial, 35 patients were randomly allocated to receive either 80 mg of lovastatin daily in conjunction with chemoradiotherapy (case group, n=18) or a placebo (control group, n=17). Primary outcomes included the response rate (RR) after three months, the occurrence of acute and late side-effects, median progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: The complete RR was slightly higher in the statin group (83.3% vs. 64.7%), although it did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.592). Acute adverse events did not significantly differ between the two groups. Grade 3 dermatitis occurred more frequently in the placebo group (35.3% vs. 11.1%), while grade 3 mucositis was more common in the statin group (38.9% vs. 11.8%). The median OS was 22 months (confidence interval (CI) 95% = 6.3-37.6) in the statin group and 17 months (CI 95% = 4.9-29.1) in the control group (P = 0.50). Median PFS was 20 months (CI 95% = 15.8-24.1) in the statin group and 15 months (CI 95% = 8.2-21.7) in the control group (P = 0.609). Conclusion: Combining lovastatin with chemoradiation augments the therapeutic effect in HNSCC. Larger-scale studies incorporating advanced radiotherapy techniques and baseline lipid profile assessments are necessary to investigate statins' efficacy in HNSCC further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence has shown that the individual metrics in Life's Essential 8 (LE8), an updated cardiovascular health (CVH) concept proposed by the American Heart Association, play a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, epidemiological evidence on the overall LE8 on IBD risk remains limited. We aimed to assess the longitudinal associations of LE8-defined CVH and the risks of IBD and its subtypes, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). We also tested whether genetic susceptibility could modify these associations. Methods: A total of 260,836 participants from the UK Biobank were included. LE8 scores were determined by 8 metrics (physical activity, diet, nicotine exposure, sleep, body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids), and were divided into three levels: low CVH (0–49), moderate CVH (50–79), and high CVH (80–100). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk of IBD in relation to CVH status. Results: Over a median follow-up 12.3 years, we documented 1,500 IBD cases (including 1,070 UC and 502 CD). Compared to participants with low CVH, the HRs (95% CIs) of those with high CVH for IBD, UC, and CD were 0.67 (0.52, 0.83), 0.70 (0.52, 0.93), and 0.55 (0.38, 0.80), respectively. These associations were not modified by genetic susceptibility (all P for interactions > 0.05). The lowest HR (UC: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20–0.45; CD: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.20–0.57) was observed in participants with both high CVH and low genetic risk. Conclusions: Better CVH, defined by LE8, was associated with significantly lower risks of IBD, UC, and CD, irrespective of genetic predisposition. Our results underscore the importance of adherence to LE8 guidelines for maintaining CVH as a potential strategy in the prevention of IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease remains a significant global health concern, with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels contributing to an increased risk. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) further complicates its management, necessitating additional lipid-lowering therapies. Evinacumab, an angiopoietin-like protein 3 monoclonal antibody, has emerged as a potential treatment, particularly for patients with FH, by effectively reducing LDL-C and triglyceride levels. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of evinacumab across diverse patient populations. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were systematically retrieved from multiple databases until November 24, 2023. The inclusion criteria were studies comparing evinacumab (at doses of 5 and 15 mg) to placebo, with outcomes focusing on lipid levels and adverse events. Standardized protocols were employed for data extraction and quality assessment, and statistical analysis was conducted using RevMan software. Results: Four RCTs, involving 270 patients, were included in the analysis. The analysis revealed significant reductions in lipid markers, particularly with the 15-mg dose of evinacumab, including triacylglycerols (standard mean difference [SMD] = −6.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 14.53 to 2.36, P = 0.16), total cholesterol (SMD = − 6.20, 95% CI − 11.53 to − 0.88, P = 0.02), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD = − 0.79, 95% CI − 1.27 to − 0.31, P = 0.001), LDL-C (SMD = − 4.58, 95% CI − 9.13 to − 0.03, P = 0.05), apolipoprotein (Apo) B (SMD = − 4.01, 95% CI − 7.53 to − 0.46, P = 0.03), and Apo C3 (SMD = − 7.67, 95% CI − 12.94 to − 2.41, P = 0.004). Adverse event analysis revealed no significant association, indicating good tolerability. Conclusion: High-dose evinacumab (15 mg) consistently demonstrated efficacy in reducing cholesterol and other lipid markers, with favorable tolerability. Further research is warranted to comprehensively assess its safety and clinical effectiveness, emphasizing the need for additional data to support its use in managing cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Women represent >50% of people with HIV globally but have historically been underrepresented in clinical trials. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of switching to dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) vs continuing their current antiretroviral regimen (CAR) by sex assigned at birth (female and male) in virologically suppressed adults with HIV‐1 without prior virological failure in a pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Methods: This analysis included 48‐week data from the phase 3 TANGO and SALSA studies. Primary and key secondary endpoints included proportions of participants with HIV‐1 RNA ≥50 and <50 copies/mL at week 48, respectively. Safety was also assessed. Results: Of 1234 participants, 250 (DTG/3TC, n = 133; CAR, n = 117) were female at birth. Week 48 proportions of participants with Snapshot HIV‐1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL were similar regardless of sex at birth (DTG/3TC vs CAR: female, <1% [1/133] vs 2% [2/117]; male, <1% [1/482] vs <1% [3/502]). Proportions with HIV‐1 RNA <50 copies/mL were high across sexes and treatment groups (DTG/3TC vs CAR: female, 91% [121/133] vs 89% [104/117]; male, 94% [455/482] vs 94% [471/502]). Immunological response with DTG/3TC was slightly higher in female participants. Incidences of adverse events leading to withdrawal and serious adverse events were low and comparable between treatment groups and across sexes. Weight gain was higher with DTG/3TC than with CAR among female participants aged ≥50 years (treatment difference 2.08 kg [95% confidence interval 0.40–3.75]). Conclusions: Results confirm the robustness of DTG/3TC as a switch option in virologically suppressed females with HIV‐1, with outcomes similar to those in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and fruit juice (FJ) consumption may promote lipid abnormalities in childhood. We examined the association between SSB/FJ intake and lipid levels using electronic health record data for 2816 adolescents. Multivariable logistic regression models treated clinical cutpoints for abnormal lipid levels (triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and total cholesterol) as dependent variables. In models not adjusted for adiposity, elevated SSB and FJ consumption was associated with increased odds of having abnormally high TG (SSB: odds ratio [OR] = 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.07-1.52], P =.007); FJ: 1.35 ([1.09-1.69], P =.007)) and abnormally low HDL (SSB: 1.47 ([1.17-1.86], P =.001); FJ: 1.35 ([1.02-1.78], P =.03)). Adjusting for adiposity, a likely mediator of the relationship, attenuated these associations. These findings support the need for identifying unhealthy beverage consumption habits during childhood health care visits as a modifiable behavior associated with cardiometabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Despite many patients being on statins before optimisation most were under treated. • A pharmacist led service was implemented to optimise lipid lowering therapy. • Goal was secondary prevention target of non-HDL cholesterol < 97 mg/dl. • High intensity statin use increased from 39% before optimisation to 76% after review. • 41/216 (19%) of patients were at non-HDL target at baseline which improved to 92/137 (67%) after intervention. Patients attending vascular or diabetic foot clinics commonly have atherosclerotic disease, are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), merit high-intensity lipid-modifying therapy to maintain secondary prevention targets and are often sub optimally treated in primary care. We set out to assess the impact of a pharmacist led lipid optimisation clinic in these patients in an area with high levels of social deprivation. We performed a clinical cohort study to assess the effectiveness of a pharmacist led clinic to optimise lipid lowering therapy by optimising of statin therapy and commencing additional lipid lowering therapy if applicable with monitoring of blood lipid profiles. Of the 216 patients (166 [77%] on statins) triaged by the pharmacist, 175 (81%) had non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol levels above the target value of 97 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) with a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 135.73 mg/dL (3.51 mmol/L). Pre optimisation by the prescribing clinical pharmacist 41/216 (19%) patients were at target with a mean non-HDL cholesterol of 135.5 mg/dL improving to 92/137 (67%) patients achieving the target non-HDL cholesterol level with a mean post optimisation non-HDL cholesterol of 94.35 mg/dL (2.44 mmol/L), odds ratio (OR) for being at target 8.67 (95% CI 5.30–14.20). The calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (Friedewald) demonstrated a mean reduction of 35.19 (95% CI 29.23–41.38) mg/dL (0.91 [95% CI 0.76–1.07] mmol/L). Proportion on high intensity statin increased from 65 out of 166 (39%) to 129 of 170 (76%) at follow up (OR 4.89 [3.06–7.82]), equivalent to an number needed to treat = 3. A pharmacist led service in undertreated and clinically challenging vascular and diabetic foot patients in an area of high social deprivation produced significant improvements in utilization of high intensity statin and other lipid lowering therapies and attainment of lipid goals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) in reducing cardiovascular risk. However, its role in subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) progression remains unclear. We aim to examine the association of CVH, estimated by the American Heart Association's new Life's Essential 8 (LE8), with the progression of SA. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted among 972 asymptomatic Chinese participants and followed up for 5.7 years. The LE8 score (range, 0–100) consisted of blood pressure, lipids, glucose, body mass index, smoking status, diet health, physical activity and sleep health was evaluated in 1998 and 2008–2009. Progression of SA was determined by carotid plaque and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in 2008–2009 and 2013–2014. Log-binomial regression model was used to estimate the association of LE8 score with SA progression. RESULTS Each 10 points increment in LE8 score was associated with 15.2% (RR: 0.848, 95% CI: 0.797–0.902), 17.7% (RR: 0.823, 95% CI: 0.766–0.884) and 12.0% (RR: 0.880, 95% CI: 0.845–0.916) lower risks of carotid plaque, CAC and overall SA progression, respectively. Compared with participants with non-ideal CVH at both visits, the participants with ideal CVH at both visits had 39.1% (RR: 0.609, 95% CI: 0.494–0.752), 41.0% (RR: 0.590, 95% CI: 0.456–0.764) and 29.7% (RR: 0.703, 95% CI: 0.598–0.825) lower risks of carotid plaque, CAC and overall SA progression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher LE8 scores were associated with lower risks of SA progression. Besides, long-term maintenance of optimal CVH was more beneficial to prevent SA progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing age, dyslipidemia becomes a common health problem in the middle-aged and elderly population, posing a significant risk of cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, is considered to be effective in improving blood lipid levels, but the extent to which different types of aerobic exercise affect blood lipids is not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of 12 different aerobic exercises on total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 years and over through systematic review and Bayesian network Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. We systematically searched relevant databases and included eligible randomized controlled trials. Bayesian network meta-analysis was used to compare the effects of 12 types of aerobic exercise on lipid levels. A total of 487 randomized controlled trials involving middle-aged and elderly people over 45 years old were included. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that all types of aerobic exercise could reduce blood lipid levels compared with no intervention in middle-aged and elderly people. In terms of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, swimming had the most significant effect. For HDL cholesterol, dance showed a better effect. Studies have shown that swimming and dancing have a positive effect on improving blood lipid levels in middle-aged and elderly people. It is recommended to choose the appropriate type of exercise according to personal preference and physical condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) serves as a tool to assess the inflammatory impact of an individual's diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and some cardio-metabolic risk indices among patients with T2DM. Methods: Data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, encompassing 2045 adults with T2DM, were analyzed. DII scores were calculated based on food frequency questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were performed to assess cardio-metabolic risk factors. Results: Higher DII scores were positively associated with elevated triglyceride levels, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), anthropometric indices including a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), hip, waist circumferences (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (all Ptrend < 0.05). Notably, no significant association was observed between DII and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (Ptrend > 0.05). Additionally, dietary intake analysis revealed a negative correlation between DII scores and intake of fiber, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, seafood, dairy products, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conversely, higher DII scores were associated with increased consumption of red meat, processed meat, refined cereals, potatoes, and soft drinks (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conclusion: This study underscores the critical link between dietary inflammation, assessed by the DII score, and a multitude of cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM. Notably, while the study did not find a significant association between DII and fasting blood sugar levels, it identified robust associations with novel anthropometric and biochemical indices indicative of cardio-metabolic risk. These findings highlight the potential of dietary interventions as a cornerstone strategy for managing T2DM and mitigating its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to verify the effects of vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, muscle damage, soreness, and strength in healthy adults after exercise. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science from inception to August 2023, with no language restrictions. We included randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating the supplementation of vitamin E on the abovementioned outcomes after a bout of physical exercise in healthy participants (no restriction for publication year or language). Meta-analyses were conducted to compare vitamin E and placebo supplementations to obtain a 95% confidence interval (95%IC). Twenty studies were included (n=298 participants). The effect of supplementation was assessed between 0 h and 96 h after the exercise. Compared to placebo, vitamin E had no effects on lipid (95%IC= –0.09 to 0.42), protein (–2.44 to 3.11), SOD (–1.05 to 0.23), interleukin-6 (–0.18 to 1.16), creatine kinase (–0.33 to 0.27), muscle soreness (–1.92 to 0.69), and muscle strength (–1.07 to 0.34). Heterogeneity for the analyses on carbonyls, interleukin-6 (1 h and 3 h), and muscle soreness ranged between 70 to 94%. Supplementing with vitamin E should not be recommended to support the recovery process in healthy individuals after exercise, given the lack of efficacy in the analyzed variables following an exercise session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dairy foods are often a major contributor to dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) intake. However, different SFA-rich foods may not have the same effects on cardiovascular risk factors. We compared full-fat yogurt with low-fat yogurt and butter for their effects on cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy individuals. Methods: Randomized, two-period crossover trial conducted from October 2022 to April 2023 among 30 healthy men and women (15 to receive full-fat yogurt first, and 15 to receive low-fat yogurt and butter first). Participants consumed a diet with 1.5-2 servings of full-fat (4%) yogurt or low-fat (< 1.5) yogurt and 10–15 g of butter per day for 4 weeks, with 4 weeks wash-out when they consumed 1.5-2 servings of low-fat milk. At baseline, and the end of each 4 weeks, fasting blood samples were drawn and plasma lipids, glycemic and inflammatory markers as well as expression of some genes in the blood buffy coats fraction were determined. Results: All 30 participants completed the two periods of the study. Apolipoprotein B was higher for the low-fat yogurt and butter [changes from baseline, + 10.06 (95%CI 4.64 to 15.47)] compared with the full-fat yogurt [–4.27 (95%CI, -11.78 to 3.23)] and the difference between two treatment periods was statistically significant (p = 0.004). Non-high-density lipoprotein increased for the low-fat yogurt and butter [change, + 5.06 (95%CI (-1.56 to 11.69) compared with the full-fat yogurt [change, − 4.90 (95%CI, -11.61 to 1.81), with no significant difference between two periods (p = 0.056). There were no between-period differences in other plasma lipid, insulin, and inflammatory biomarkers or leukocyte gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 and CD36. Conclusion: This study suggests that short-term intake of SFAs from full-fat yogurt compared to intake from butter and low-fat yogurt has fewer adverse effects on plasma lipid profile. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05589350, 10/15/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a complex thrombo-inflammatory disorder, the pathogenesis of which involves a multifaceted interplay between vascular damage and bacterial virulence factors. This study aimed to assess the prognostic role of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) cholesterol in patients with IE and its correlation with various disease-related features. Methods: A cohort of 198 patients with definite IE was included in this study. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were meticulously analyzed, with a specific focus on comorbidities. sdLDL levels were measured using stored plasma samples obtained upon admission during the acute phase of the disease. Results: The median level of sdLDL was 24 mg/dL [with an interquartile range of 17.9–35.2 mg/dL], and this value showed a statistically significant positive correlation with LDL/HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (p < 0.01 for all). Furthermore, a remarkable inverse correlation between C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels was observed (p < 0.0001). Univariate analysis revealed that patients with sdLDL levels ≤ 24 mg/dL had 2.75 times higher odds of in-hospital mortality (95% Confidence Interval:1.08–6.98, p = 0.031). In addition, nonsurvivors had significantly lower median sdLDL levels (19.7 vs. 26.0 mg/dL, p = 0.041). Lower sdLDL levels were also associated with embolic complications, larger vegetation size, and positive blood cultures for Staphylococci (p = 0.019, p = 0.022, and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Low circulating sdLDL levels in the acute phase of IE were significantly correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. These results suggest that the sdLDL level may serve as an important marker of disease severity in IE and may represent a link between vascular damage, embolic complications, and disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shift work, particularly in the auto industry, presents significant health challenges, notably in how it impacts cardiovascular health due to irregular work schedules and associated sleep disruptions. This prospective study evaluated 4683 workers from a single Romanian automotive enterprise to investigate the relationship between fixed shift work schedules and cardiovascular health outcomes. Our analysis focused on fixed-shift workers, excluding those on rotating shifts to reduce variability and enhance the clarity of the findings. The findings reveal that night shift workers are at a heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) compared to their day shift counterparts. Night shift workers demonstrated a higher CVD incidence (4.3%) compared to day shift workers (2.6%), with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.68 (95% CI: 1.08 to 2.62, p = 0.021). This association remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders, with an adjusted OR of 1.74 (95% CI: 1.09 to 2.75, p = 0.019). Male night shift workers exhibited a significantly higher CVD incidence (4.5%) compared to male day shift workers (3.0%), with an OR of 1.75 (95% CI: 1.07 to 2.89, p = 0.026). Female night shift workers also showed a higher CVD incidence (3.4%) compared to female day shift workers (1.3%), although this was not statistically significant. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions and effective strategies to mitigate these risks and promote the cardiovascular health and overall well-being of shift workers in the auto industry. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how non-traditional work schedules affect health and provides a basis for implementing protective measures in occupational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A correlation between plasma lipids and timing of pubertal development has been hypothesized, though lipid influence remains unclear in central precocious puberty (CPP). Aim: To assess any possible alterations in the lipid profile and triglyceride glucose index (TyG) in children diagnosed with CPP. Patients and Methods: Retrospective single-center study conducted on children (aged 6.3 ± 2.1 years) evaluated for the suspicion of CPP. Results: Based on the results of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) test, considering 5 IU/L as cut-off of the luteinizing hormone peak, CPP was confirmed in 43 patients (57.3%). Sixteen (37.2%) had a pathologic body mass index (BMI), with 9 (20.9%) being overweight and 7 (16.27%) obese. High total cholesterol was found in 3 patients with CPP (6.97%), high triglycerides were found in 11 patients with CPP (25.58%), high LDL cholesterol was found in 5 patients with CPP (11.62%), low HDL cholesterol was found in 12/43 patients with CPP (27.9%), a pathologic TyG was found in 13/43 patients with CPP (30.23%). No significant association was observed in the lipid profile for patients with or without CPP, except for HDL cholesterol, which was lower in the CPP group (47.1 ± 10.9; p = 0.033). However, the association between serum HDL cholesterol and CPP was not confirmed at the multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for patients' sex and age (p = 0.1; OR: 1.035; 95% CI: 0.993–1.078). Conclusion: The overall lipid profile of our pediatric patients diagnosed with CPP did not differ from patients having idiopathic precocious thelarche or normal variants of puberty development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive compounds in cardamom have been found to enhance cardiovascular health by improving blood lipids and inflammation. We hypothesized that cardamom consumption might ameliorate cardiovascular metabolic biomarkers in adults; however, there is still debate regarding its impact on cardiac metabolism. This research was therefore designed to determine if cardamom consumption had a favorable impact on lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress indices as they related to cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library on July 4, 2023. Using a random-effects model pooled the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The final 12 trials containing 989 participants were included. The results illustrated that cardamom consumption could improve total cholesterol (WMD = –8.56 mg/dL; 95% CI, –14.90 to –2.22), triglycerides (WMD = –14.09 mg/dL; 95% CI, –24.01 to –4.17), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (WMD = –1.01 ng/mL; 95% CI, –1.81 to –0.22), and interleukin-6 (WMD = –1.81 pg/mL; 95% CI, –3.06 to –0.56). However, it did not have significant influences on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and some indicators of oxidative stress. In conclusion, cardamom consumption can improve specific cardiovascular metabolic biomarkers and potentially confer protective effects on cardiovascular health. However, more large-scale clinical research with better designs would further validate the findings, which will offer substantial evidence of cardamom as nutritional and functional products. The meta-analysis of 12 RCTs showed that 3 g/d cardamom consumption significantly reduced TC, TG, hs-CRP, and IL-6 in adults, with no significant impact on LDL-c and HDL-c. However, because of the limited number of studies, the effects on MDA, TAC, SOD, GR, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin were unknown. Cardamom consumption may have a potential cardiovascular protective effect in adults by improving TC, TG, hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels. Abbreviations : HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; GR, glutathione reductase; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MDA, malondialdehyde; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Increasing mortality and morbidity of coronary artery disease (CAD) highlight the emerging need for novel noninvasive markers such as circulating microRNAs (miRNAs). Objective To evaluate the circulating levels of miR-126-3p, miR-210-3p, let-7g-5p, and miR-326, and their associations with known contributors to CAD, in CAD subgroups. Methods We divided the cohort into 4 groups: non-CAD controls (≤30% stenosis; n = 55), and patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP; n = 48), unstable AP (UAP; n = 46), and myocardial infarction (MI; n = 36). The circulating levels of miR-126-3p, miR-210-3p, let-7g-5p, and miR-326 were determined using TaqMan Advanced miRNA Assays in serum specimens. Results Circulating miR-126-3p levels were lower in the MI and UAP groups, compared with the non-CAD group, whereas miR-210-3p circulating levels were lower in the MI group than others. The levels of circulating let-7g-5p were shown to be useful for distinguishing UAP from MI, and there were substantial differences in circulating let-7g-5p levels between the UAP and MI groups. Moreover, lipid levels and ratios were lower in individuals with high circulating miR-126-3p and miR-210-3p levels. Conclusions The study results suggest that circulating miR-126-3p, miR-210-3p, and let-7g-5p are differentiated between different clinical presentations of CAD and associated with lipid levels, which are important risk factors and determinants of CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Migraine, a prevalent neurovascular disorder, is marked by repetitive headache episodes. Its complex etiology encompasses biochemical, genetic, and environmental influences, but its exact pathophysiology remains elusive. Recent studies have hinted at a link between migraine and oxidative stress. Hence, this study sought to delve into the correlation between migraine, oxidative stress markers, and lipid profiles. Material and Method: This case-control study involved 60 adult migraine patients from Dicle University's Neurology Department in Diyarbakır, Türkiye, observed between 2009 and 2010. The control group was age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Parameters like malondialdehyde (MDA), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and lipid constituents such as total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured in both groups. Results: Migraine sufferers, particularly those with aura, had significantly elevated MDA levels compared to controls (p<0.05). Conversely, TAC and PON-1 levels were notably lower in the migraine population, suggesting an imbalance in their oxidant/antioxidant systems (p<0.05). Lipid analysis showed heightened TC, LDL-C, and TG in migraine patients, while HDL-C was diminished, with marked differences in subgroups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The surge in MDA and the decline in TAC and PON-1 levels insinuate that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in migraine's pathophysiology. The lipid profile alterations in migraineurs highlight potential cardiovascular concerns. Comprehensive cohort studies are essential to confirm these findings and understand the intricate ties between migraine, oxidative stress, and metabolic indicators. This research underscores oxidative balance's potential significance in migraine pathogenesis, emphasizing the need to consider oxidative stress in migraine management and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several reviews have examined the health benefits of participation in specific sports, such as baseball, cricket, cross-country skiing, cycling, downhill skiing, football, golf, judo, rugby, running and swimming. However, new primary studies on the topic have recently been published, and the respective meta-analytic evidence needs to be updated. Objectives: To systematically review, summarise and appraise evidence on physical health benefits of participation in different recreational sports. Methods: Searches for journal articles were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SpoLit, SPORTDiscus, Sports Medicine & Education Index and Web of Science. We included longitudinal and intervention studies investigating physical health outcomes associated with participation in a given sport among generally healthy adults without disability. Results: A total of 136 papers from 76 studies conducted among 2.6 million participants were included in the review. Our meta-analyses of available evidence found that: (1) cycling reduces the risk of coronary heart disease by 16% (pooled hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80, 0.89), all-cause mortality by 21% (HR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.84), cancer mortality by 10% (HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.96) and cardiovascular mortality by 20% (HR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.86); (2) football has favourable effects on body composition, blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, cardiovascular function at rest, cardiorespiratory fitness and bone strength (p < 0.050); (3) handball has favourable effects on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.050); (4) running reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 23% (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.85), cancer mortality by 20% (HR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.89) and cardiovascular mortality by 27% (HR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.94) and improves body composition, cardiovascular function at rest and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.010); and (5) swimming reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 24% (HR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.92) and improves body composition and blood lipids (p < 0.010). Conclusions: A range of physical health benefits are associated with participation in recreational cycling, football, handball, running and swimming. More studies are needed to enable meta-analyses of health benefits of participation in other sports. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021234839. Key Points: We found a reduced risk of all-cause mortality associated with cycling (–21%), running (–23%) and swimming (–24%). Running also improves body composition, cardiovascular function at rest and cardiorespiratory fitness, while swimming also improves body composition and blood lipids. Football improves body composition, blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, cardiovascular function at rest, cardiorespiratory fitness and bone strength, while handball improves body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is currently the preferred first-line treatment for persons living with HIV (PLHIV) including children and adolescents in many low- and middle-income countries including Uganda. However, there are concerns about excessive weight gain associated with DTG especially in adults. There remains paucity of current information on weight-related outcomes among adolescents on DTG. We determined the prevalence of excessive weight gain and associated factors among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) receiving DTG-based ART in Kampala, Uganda. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving ALHIV aged 10–19 years on DTG-based ART for at least one year were recruited from public health facilities in Kampala between February and May 2022. Excessive weight gain was defined as becoming overweight or obese per body mass index (BMI) norms while on DTG-based ART for at least one year. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires and data extracted from medical records. At enrolment, blood pressure and anthropometry were measured and blood was drawn for blood glucose and lipid profile. Data was summarised using descriptive statistics and logistic regression was performed to determine the associated factors. Results: We enrolled 165 ALHIV with a median age of 14 years (IQR 12–16). Eighty (48.5%) were female. The median duration on ART and DTG was 8 years (IQR 7–11) and 2 years (IQR 1–3) respectively. At DTG initiation, the majority of participants (152/165, 92.1%) were ART-experienced, and had normal BMI (160/165, 97%). Overall, 12/165 (7.3%) adolescents (95% CI: 4.2–12.4) had excessive weight gain. No factors were significantly associated with excessive weight gain after DTG start in ALHIV. However, all ALHIV with excessive weight gain were females. Conclusion: Our study found a prevalence of 7.3% of overweight and obesity in ALHIV after initiating DTG. We did not find any factor significantly associated with excessive weight gain in ALHIV on DTG. Nonetheless, we recommend ongoing routine monitoring of anthropometry and metabolic markers in ALHIV as DTG use increases globally, to determine the exact magnitude of excessive weight gain and to identify those at risk of becoming overweight or obese while taking the medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breast cancer is recognized as the most common cancer within the female population. In this context, cholesterol is recognized as a vital component for the proliferation and survival of cancer cells. These cells primarily acquire cholesterol through the receptor-mediated uptake from external sources, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL), utilizing the endocytosis pathway. Thus, this observational study aimed to test the effectiveness of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), one of the key regulators of cholesterol levels, as a prognostic biomarker in cancer onset. Although PCSK9 correlated with lipid parameters (e.g., cholesterol, LDL) and with 17 β-estradiol, our results do not portend PCSK9 is a prognostic biomarker, at least, in the context of breast neoplastic events. Background and aim: The involvement of cholesterol in cancer development remains a topic of debate, and its association with breast cancer has yet to be consistently demonstrated. Considering that circulating cholesterol levels depend on several concomitant processes, we tested the liability of plasma levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), one of the key regulators of cholesterol levels, as a prognostic biomarker in the context of breast neoplastic events. Methods: Within a prospective randomized breast cancer prevention trial we measured baseline plasma levels of PCSK9. A total of 235 at-risk premenopausal women were randomized and followed up for 17 years. Participants enrolled in this placebo-controlled, phase II, double-blind trial were randomly assigned to receive either tamoxifen 5 mg/d or fenretinide 200 mg/d, both agents, or placebo for 2 years. The associations with breast cancer events were evaluated through competing risk and Cox regression survival models, adjusted for randomization strata (5-year Gail risk ≥ 1.3% vs. intraepithelial neoplasia or small invasive breast cancer of favorable prognosis), age, and treatment allocation. PCSK9 associations with biomarkers linked to breast cancer risk were assessed on blood samples collected at baseline. Results: The plasmatic PCSK9 median and interquartile range were 207 ng/mL and 170–252 ng/mL, respectively. Over a median follow-up period of 17 years and 89 breast neoplastic events, disease-free survival curves showed a hazard ratio of 1.002 (95% CI: 0.999–1.005, p = 0.22) for women with PCSK9 plasma levels ≥ 207 ng/mL compared to women with levels below 207 ng/mL. No differences between randomization strata were observed. We found a negative correlation between PCSK9 and estradiol (r = −0.305), maintained even after partial adjustment for BMI and age (r = −0.287). Cholesterol (r = 0.266), LDL-C (r = 0.207), non-HDL-C (r = 0.246), remnant cholesterol (r = 0.233), and triglycerides (r = 0.233) also correlated with PCSK9. Conclusions: In premenopausal women at risk of early-stage breast cancer, PCSK9 did not appear to have a role as a prognostic biomarker of breast neoplastic events. Larger studies are warranted investigating patients in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent studies have found that lipid levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may change during antiviral therapy. Objective: To assess the effects of first-line nucleot(s)ide analogues (NAs) on lipid profiles in patients with CHB using network meta-analysis. Methods: Seven electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and four Chinese databases) were searched for cohort studies on the effect of NA on lipids in patients with CHB up to August 1, 2023. The changes of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were taken as outcomes. The mean difference (MD) of continuous variables and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 16.0 software, and network meta-analysis was based on a frequentist framework. Results: A total of 4194 patients were included in the study, including patients with CHB treated with entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), as well as patients not receiving antiviral therapy [patients with inactive CHB who were not receiving antiviral therapy (referred as inactive CHB patients) and non-HBV-infected patients]. TDF reduced TC levels compared to the non-antiviral group (TDF vs. inactive CHB patients: MD = − 17.27, 95% CI (− 30.03, − 4.47); TDF vs. non-HBV-infected individuals: MD = − 17.10, 95% CI (− 20.13, − 14.07)). TC changes in the TAF and ETV groups were not statistically different from the non-antiviral group (TAF vs. inactive CHB patients: MD = − 2.69, 95% CI (− 14.42, 9.04); TAF vs. non-HBV-infected individuals: MD = − 2.52, 95% CI (− 8.47, 3.43); ETV vs. inactive CHB patients: MD = − 4.24, 95% CI (− 17.12, 8.64); ETV vs. non-HBV-infected individuals: MD = − 4.07, 95% CI (− 9.90, 1.75)). The ranking of the effects for lowering TC is as follows: CHB patients treated with nucleotide analogues [with varying efficacy: TDF (SUCRA = 99.9) > ETV (SUCRA = 59.3) > TAF (SUCRA = 43.6)] > inactive CHB patients (SUCRA = 27.3) > non-HBV-infected individuals (SUCRA = 19.9). As for secondary outcomes, among the three antiviral drugs, TDF had the most significant effect on lowering TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C, but none of the three drugs was statistically different from the non-antiviral group. Subgroup analysis showed that the lipid-lowering effect of TDF was more pronounced in the elderly (≥ 50 years). Conclusion: TDF was effective in lipid reduction, particularly pronounced in the older population. TAF and ETV had a neutral effect to TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Despite a relative increase in lipids observed in patients transitioning from TDF to TAF or ETV, these changes remained within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclonal antibody Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduce total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides (TG). We assessed the ability of berberine, a natural PCSK9 inhibitor, to reduce lipid concentrations either alone or combined with other nutraceuticals. We searched PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE from inception to September 30th, 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing 8-18 wk of berberine therapy on. A total of 41 RCTs with 4,838 patients met our inclusion criteria. Berberine containing products significantly reduced TC (MD −17.42 mg/dL [95%CI: −22.91 to −11.93]), LDL (MD −14.98 mg/dL [95%CI: −20.67 to −9.28]), and TG (MD −18.67 mg/dL [95%CI: −25.82 to −11.51]) while raising HDL (MD 1.97 mg/dL [95%CI: 1.16 to 2.78]) versus control (I2 > 72% for all analyses). Products with berberine alone had less robust effects on TC (MD −12.08 mg/dL [95%CI: −21.79 to −2.37]), LDL (MD −9.26 mg/dL [95%CI: −20.31 to 1.78]), and HDL (MD 1.38 mg/dL [95%CI: −1.27 to 4.03]) but TG effects were similar (MD −17.40 mg/dL [95%CI: −32.57 to −2.23]). Berberine along with red yeast rice reduced TC (MD −19.62 mg/dL [95%CI: −28.56 to −10.68]) and LDL (MD −18.79 mg/dL [95%CI: −28.03 to −9.54]) as did combination therapy with Silybum maranium for TC (MD −31.81 mg/dL [95%CI: −59.88 to −3.73]) and LDL (MD −30.82 mg/dL [95%CI: −56.48 to −5.16]). Berberine, alone or with other nutraceuticals, can provide a modest positive impact on lipid concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A database of over 300,000 adolescents in a single practice was reviewed. • Universal pediatric lipid screening did not achieve expectations for FH detection. • Pharmacotherapy for FH in childhood is poorly utilized despite recommendations. • We suggest ways that metrics and oversight may improve pediatric FH screening rates. • Clarifying pediatric specialists and referral criteria may improve FH treatment. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited condition that likely affects 1 in 300 people often requiring pharmacologic intervention in childhood. We hypothesized that current strategies for pediatric lipid screening fail to detect and treat most FH, but data analysis may suggest specific methods to improve outcomes. We retrospectively searched 392,129 patient records of 11–17-year-olds in Kaiser Permanente Southern California for data related to recommended universal pediatric lipid screening. We categorized subjects as Probable or Possible FH and evaluated FH pharmacotherapy status. 37% of the population received lipid screening with 0.13% (1 in 769) having Probable or Possible FH. Results at each step of the process showed progressive decreases in detection and treatment. We characterized 1 in 3448 subjects as Probable FH which is only 8.7% of cases expected from the prevalence of FH in the population. 45% of Probable FH cases received ongoing pharmacotherapy which is 1 in 7688 of the cohort (3.9% of expected cases). One major correctable reason for this drop-off was using obesity to target screening and treatment decisions rather than following the recommended universal screening. We found a strong association of obesity with screening (risk ratio (RR) 2.74 [confidence interval (CI) 2.71–2.76]), but not with FH (RR 0.72, CI 0.47–1.10). This current universal lipid screening strategy, likely typical of US practice, fails to detect and treat the supermajority of FH cases, increasing risk for adult coronary artery disease. To address the specific deficiencies we observed, we suggest improvements to detect and treat FH. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Specific components of lipid profile seem to differently impact on immune activity against cancer and unraveling their prognostic role in patients with solid cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is needed. Materials and Methods We retrospectively collected baseline clinicopathological characteristics including circulating lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoproteins [LDL], high-density lipoproteins [HDL]) of patients with consecutive solid cancer treated with ICIs, and we investigated their role in predicting clinical outcomes. Results At a median follow-up of 32.9 months, among 430 enrolled patients, those with TC ≥ 200 mg/dl showed longer median progression-free survival (mPFS; 6.6 vs. 4.7 months, P  = .4), although not reaching statistical significance, and significantly longer median overall survival (mOS; 19.4 vs. 10.8 months, P  = .02) compared to those with TC < 200 mg/dl. Conversely, patients with TG ≥150 mg/dl displayed shorter PFS (3.4 vs. 5.1 months, P  = .02) and OS (7.1 vs. 12.9 months, P  = .009) compared to those with TG <150 mg/dl. TC and TG were then combined in a "LIPID score" identifying three subgroups: good-risk (GR) (TC ≥200 mg/dl and TG <150 mg/dl), intermediate-risk (IR) (TC <200 mg/dl and TG <150 mg/dl or TC ≥200 mg/dl and TG ≥150 mg/dl) and poor-risk (PR) (TC <200 mg/dl and TG ≥150 mg/dl). The mPFS of GR, IR, and PR groups was 7.8, 4.3, and 2.5 months, respectively (P  = .005); mOS of GR, IR, and PR was 20.4, 12.4, and 5.3 months, respectively (P  < .001). At multivariable analysis, the PR profile represented an independent poor prognostic factor for both PFS and OS. Conclusions We developed a lipid score that defined subgroups of patients with cancer who differently benefit from ICIs. Further mechanistic insights are warranted to clarify the prognostic and predictive role of lipid profile components in patients treated with ICIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary nitrates are thought to confer several cardiometabolic health benefits, including improvements in blood pressure and the plasma lipid profile. However, existing data from Iran is conflicting and there is a dearth of literature focusing on non-adult populations. A total of 988 adolescent girls were recruited from schools in different areas of Mashhad and Sabzevar, Iran. Dietary nitrate intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and participants were categorized into quartiles based on this. Differences in participant characteristics between quartiles were assessed using one-way ANOVA and associations between total nitrate intake, nitrate intake from vegetables and cardiometabolic risk markers (blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were assessed using linear regression. Nitrate intake from vegetables was positively correlated with triglycerides, even after adjusting for several variables (β = 0.086, 95% CI = 0.002–0.097; P = 0.043). Total nitrate intake was also significantly positively associated with serum triglycerides (β = 0.097, 95% CI = 0.010–0.084; P = 0.012); however, this relationship disappeared after adjusting for several variables. Significant interaction effects were observed between total nitrate intake, nitrate intake from vegetables, and vitamin C upon triglycerides (P < 0.01). No significant relationships were found between total nitrate intake, nitrate intake from vegetables, and other cardiometabolic risk markers. Our findings suggest there may be neutral or possibly detrimental cardiovascular effects of dietary nitrate and/or vitamin C intake which are not in agreement with contemporary literature and warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its different protocols versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and/or control on total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, HbA1c levels, and fasting glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The search strategy was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Web of Science, Sport DISCUS, and PEDro, until January 2023. A total of 31 studies (1092 individuals) were included. When compared to control, HIIT decreased total cholesterol by −0.31 mmol/L (95% CI −0.49; −0.12), LDL by −0.31 mmol/L (95% CI −0.49; −0.12), triglycerides by −0.27 mmol/L (95% CI −0.33; −0.2), HbA1c by −0.75% (95% CI −0.97; −0.53), fasting glucose by −1.15 mmol/L (95% CI −1.44; −0.86), and increased HDL by 0.24 mmol/L (95% CI 0.06; 0.42). No difference was found in the comparison between HIIT versus MICT for any of the outcomes analysed, however subgroup analysis showed that a moderate-interval (>30s to < 2 min) and moderate-term (>4 to < 12 weeks) HIIT protocol reduced total cholesterol, when compared to MICT. HIIT is able to improve lipid profile and glycaemic control in T2DM individuals, and specific protocols can be recommended for improving total cholesterol levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red yeast rice (RYR) is known for its lipid-lowering effects in patients with hypercholesterolemia; however, its comparative efficacy with statins and risk reduction remains uncertain. This retrospective study analyzed data from 337,104 patients with hyperlipidemia in the Chang Gung Research Database cohort, spanning from January 2016 to December 2021. Exclusion criteria were applied to ensure data completeness and compliance, including an age limit of < 1 8 years, absence of RYR or statin treatment, and a treatment duration of < 3 0 days. Propensity score matching was employed to minimize bias based on baseline factors, with one patient matching with four patients in the comparison group. The study encompassed a total of 5,984 adult hyperlipidemic patients, with 1,197 in the RYR group and 4,787 in the statin group. The patients were also stratified into statin (n = 8 8 0) or combined use (n = 2 2 0) groups for further comparison. Following one year of treatment, both the RYR and statin groups exhibited reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Most biochemical parameters showed no significant differences, except for elevated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels in the RYR group (p = 0. 0 2 6) and increased glycohemoglobin levels in the statin group at the three-month mark (p = 0. 0 3 5). In patients with comorbid diabetes, hypertension, kidney, or liver diseases, RYR and statins demonstrated comparable risks for emergency room (ER) visits, stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI). However, the combination of RYR and statins was associated with reduced stroke-related hospitalizations in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease, as well as decreased MI-related hospitalizations in patients with hypertension and kidney disease (all p < 0. 0 0 0 1). In conclusion, both RYR and statins effectively lower blood lipid levels and mitigate related complications. Combining these therapies may lead to fewer ER visits, reduced stroke frequency, and fewer MI hospitalizations in hypertensive and kidney disease patients, and they decreased all-cause mortality in the kidney disease population. Further research on combined therapy is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and telomere length on lipids in coal miners. Methods Basic personal information of 637 coal miners was collected by questionnaire survey. Logistic regression, the Bayesian kernel machine regression model, and weighted quantile sum regression were used to analyze the effects of PAH metabolites and telomere length and their interactions on blood lipids. Results: High exposure to 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (OR = 1.586, 95% CI: 1.011–2.487) and telomere shortening (OR = 1.413, 95% CI: 1.005–1.985) were associated with dyslipidemia. Weighted quantile sum results showed that 9-hydroxyphenanthrene accounted for the largest proportion of dyslipidemia (weight = 0.66). The interaction results showed that high 9-hydroxyphenanthrene exposure and short telomeres were risk factors for dyslipidemia in coal miners (OR = 2.085, 95% CI: 1.121–3.879). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and shorter telomeres are risk factors for dyslipidemia, and their interaction increases the risk of dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in 25–30% of British and European populations, representing a potential global public health crisis. Marine omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids offer well-evidenced benefits to NAFLD biomarkers; however, the effect of plant-based n-3 has not been evaluated with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective The review aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of plant-based n-3 supplementation on NAFLD surrogate biomarkers and parameters. Data Sources Medline (EBSCO), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials published between January 1970 and March 2022 evaluating the impact of plant-based n-3 interventions on diagnosed NAFLD. The review followed the PRISMA checklist and is PROSPERO registered (CRD42021251980). Data Extraction A random-effects model and generic inverse variance methods synthesized quantitative data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. We identified 986 articles; after the application of selection criteria, six studies remained with 362 patients with NAFLD. Results The meta-analysis showed that plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mean difference: 8.04 IU/L; 95% confidence interval: 14.70, 1.38; I2 = 48.61%) and plasma/serum triglycerides (44.51 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: –76.93, –12.08; I2 = 69.93%), alongside body-composition markers in patients with NAFLD (P < 0.05). Conclusion Plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves ALT enzyme biomarkers, triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight loss when combined with lifestyle interventions to increase physical activity and a calorie-controlled diet. Further research is needed to identify the most effective plant-based n-3 sources in larger numbers of patients with NAFLD over longer study durations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021251980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Residents of Wilmington, North, Carolina, were exposed to drinking water contaminated by fluoroethers and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), with fluoroether exposure occurring from 1980 to 2017. PFOA and PFOS have previously been associated with metabolic dysfunction; however, few prior studies have examined associations between other PFAS and lipid levels. OBJECTIVES: We measured the association between serum fluoroether and legacy PFAS levels and various cholesterol outcomes. METHODS: Participants in the GenX Exposure Study contributed nonfasting blood samples in November 2017 and May 2018 that were analyzed for 20 PFAS (10 legacy, 10 fluoroethers) and serum lipids [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides] and calculated non-HDL cholesterol. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations between quartiles of exposure to each of the PFAS measures (as well as the summed concentrations of legacy PFAS, fluoroethers, and all 10 targeted PFAS) and lipid outcomes by fitting inverse probability of treatment weighted linear regressions. RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study of 326 participants (age range 6–86 y), eight PFAS were detected in >50% of the population. For PFOS and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), non-HDL cholesterol was approximately 5 mg/dL higher per exposure quartile increase: [PFOS: 4.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10, 9.68 and PFNA: 5.25 (95% CI: 0.39, 10.1)], whereas total cholesterol was approximately 6 mg/dL higher per quartile [PFOS: 5.71 (95% CI: 0.38, 11.0), PFNA: 5.92 (95% CI: 0.19, 11.7)]. In age-stratified analyses, associations were strongest among the oldest participants. One fluoroether was associated with higher HDL, whereas other fluoroether compounds were not associated with serum lipid levels. DISCUSSION: PFNA and PFOS were associated with higher levels of total and non-HDL cholesterol, with associations larger in magnitude among older adults. In the presence of these legacy PFAS, fluoroethers appeared to be associated with HDL but not non-HDL lipid measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme air pollution events and moderate exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. The World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program general responder cohort includes responders to the WTC disaster. We investigated whether their exposure to this extreme air pollution event (2001) was associated with long-term metabolic outcomes, independently from the associations of intermediate-term PM2.5 exposure later in life (2004–2019). We included 22,447 cohort members with cholesterol (n  = 96,155) and glucose (n  = 81,599) laboratory results. Self-reported WTC exposure was derived from a questionnaire. PM2.5 exposure was derived from a satellite-based model. We observed an increase of 0.78 mg/dL (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30, 1.26) in glucose and 0.67 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.00, 2.35) in cholesterol levels associated with an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 averaged 6 months before the study visit. Higher WTC-exposure categories were also associated with higher cholesterol (0.99 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.30, 1.67, for intermediate exposure) and glucose (0.82 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.22, 1.43, for high exposure) levels. Most associations were larger among people with diabetes. Extreme air pollution events and intermediate PM2.5 exposure have independent metabolic consequences. These exposures contributed to higher glucose and lipids levels among WTC responders, which may be translated into increased cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Cumulative lipid profile burden is designed to dynamically measure lipid accumulation, and its effect on hypertension has been poorly studied. Our main purpose was to investigate the effect of cumulative lipid profile burden on the incidence of essential hypertension (EH) and to investigate whether cumulative lipid burden mediates the pathogenesis of the effects of diet and obesity on EH. Subjects and methods: A total of 1295 participants were included in the study, which started in 2017. The average follow-up time was 2.98 years. A total of 240 EH patients occurred during the follow-up period. Results: The HR (95% CI) of the highest quartile in cumulative Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) burden were 1.747 (1.145 - 2.664), 1.502 (1.038 - 2.173), 0.615 (0.413 - 0.917) for incidence of EH respectively, compared to the respective reference groups. Participants with EH consumed more red meat and refined grains, and red meat was positively associated with cumulative TC burden. BMI and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) increased the incidence of EH, and obesity was positively correlated with cumulative TG burden. Mediating analysis showed that cumulative TG had a partial mediating effect in the causal relationship between obesity and EH, and Mendelian randomization (MR) also proved this result. Diet was not found to influence EHn through cumulative lipid profile burden. Conclusions: The cumulative TG burden partially mediates the effect of obesity on EH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the association of main meals' specific protein intake with cardiometabolic risk factors, including general and abdominal obesity, serum lipid profile, and blood pressure (BP). This cross-sectional study was conducted on 850 subjects aged 20–59 years. Dietary intakes were assessed by completing three 24-h recalls, and the protein intake of each meal was extracted. Anthropometric measures, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar and BP were measured. Multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, physical activity, sex, marital status, smoking status, BMI and energy intake was applied to obtain OR and CI. The mean age was 42 years, and the mean BMI of the participants was 27·2. The mean protein intake for breakfast, lunch and dinner was 12·5, 22·2 and 18·7 g/d, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, higher protein intake was not associated with any of the cardiometabolic risk factors, including LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), TAG, body weight, BP and fasting plasma glucose, in any of the three main meals consumed within a day. Adherence to a higher protein intake at each meal was not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian adults. Further prospective studies are needed to justify our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of camel milk (CM) intake on lipid profile among patients with diabetes remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to calculate the effect size of CM intake on blood lipids among patients with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. We searched nine databases from inception until December 31, 2022, to identify relevant RCTs. Effect sizes for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were calculated and expressed using mean differences (MD) and confidence intervals (CI). Of 4,054 retrieved articles, 10 RCTs (a total of 347 participants aged 8–70 years, 60.5% male) were eligible for inclusion. The pooled results from a random-effects model showed statistically significant decreases in TC (MD − 21.69, 95% CI: 41.05, − 2.33; p = 0.03; I2=99%), TG (MD − 19.79, 95% CI: −36.16, − 3.42; p=0.02, I2=99%), and LDL (MD −11.92, CI: −20.57, −3.26; p = 0.007, I2=88%), and a significant increase in HDL (MD 10.37, 95% CI, 1.90, 18.84; p=0.02, I2=95%) in patients with diabetes supplemented with CM compared with usual care alone. Subgroup analysis revealed that only long-term interventions (> 6 months) elicited a significant reduction in TC levels and TG levels. Consumption of fresh CM by patients with diabetes resulted in significant reductions in TC, TG, and LDL levels, while showing a significant increase in HDL levels. Patients with T1D elicited a more beneficial effect in lowering TC, LDL, and TG levels and in increasing HDL levels than their corresponding partners with T2D. In conclusion, long-term consumption of CM for patients with diabetes, especially those with T1D, could be a useful adjuvant therapy to improve lipid profile alongside prescribed medications. However, the high heterogeneity in the included studies suggests that more RCTs with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations are required to improve the robustness of the available evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the effect of timing of statin administration on lipid-lowering efficacy. Methods: Computer searches of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from 1986 to 2023. The impact of administration time on the lipid-lowering efficacy of statin drugs was investigated. Following a series of screenings, a funnel plot was constructed to assess its symmetry, and Egger and Beggar tests were conducted using StataMP-64 to evaluate publication bias. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 to combine MD values. Results: Fifteen papers (1352 participants) met and included the criteria. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the effect of morning and evening administration time on plasma triglycerides (TG) (P > 0.05) and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P > 0.05) was not statistically significant. There were significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC) (MD: 0.15 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.06–0.23, P < 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD: 0.10 mmol/L, 95% CI: − 0.00–0.20, P < 0.01) in the night group. According to the analysis results of the half-life of statins, only short half-life statins showed that nocturnal administration reduced LDL-C (MD: 0.21 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.09–0.33, P < 0.01) and TC (MD: 0.32 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.18–0.46, P < 0.01) levels and was better than morning administration. Long half-life statins did not show significant differences. In addition, the administration time of short half-life statins also showed that night administration tended to reduce TG (MD: 0.16 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.02–0.30, P < 0.05) levels. In subgroup analysis according to clinical factors in patients aged < 55 years, there was no significant difference in the timing of administration between the two groups; the efficacy of statins in lowering lipids in patients aged ≥ 55 years was significantly different in the TC group (P < 0.01) and LDL-C group (P < 0.01). The administration time of the TC group (P < 0.05) and LDL-C group (P < 0.05) in the Americas, Europe, and Asian groups was significantly different for statins. In addition, the American group also showed that the administration time of the two groups was significantly different from the TG group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The efficacy of administering short half-life statin drugs at night in reducing plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, and TG surpasses that of morning administration. However, this study did not determine the impact of timing of statin administration in patients taking long half-life statins on the efficacy of the medication. Therefore, it is recommended to consider patient adherence when. The study was registered on PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) as CRD42022372105 (available at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate characteristics and changes over a decade in dietary carbohydrate and lipid quality according to socio‐demographic variables. Data was obtained from two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys 2008–2009 (n = 34 003) and 2017–2018 (n = 46 164) examining a nationwide representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old. Food intake was assessed by means of two non‐consecutive diet records (2008–2009) and 24 h diet recalls (2017–2018). Carbohydrate Quality Index is a score ranging from 4 to 20 calculated from fibre intake, global dietary glycaemic index, solid/total carbohydrate (CHO) and whole grains/total grains CHO. Lipid Quality Index was estimated by dividing the sum of the dietary content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the sum of saturated and trans fatty acids. Indices were categorised into five categories (1 for lowest and 5 for highest quality). Socio‐demographic variables were sex, age, income, urban/rural area and place of food consumption. The estimates (95% CI) were generated separately for each survey and then compared to identify changes in time. Our main findings refer to changes in diet quality according to income. At the lowest income level, the proportions of individuals in the best carbohydrate and lipid quality categories reduced from 26.9% to 20.6% and from 30.0% to 24.9%, respectively. Alternatively, at the highest income level, these proportions increased from 22.9% to 26.6% and from 11.9% to 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the quality of lipids improved in women and among individuals reporting some away‐from‐home food consumption, while the quality of carbohydrates was reduced among adolescents and in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]