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Introduction: The quality of life (QoL) in persons with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP) is poorer than in healthy persons. Exercise therapy is a valuable therapeutic modality in CNSLBP rehabilitation. Recent research has shown that high-intensity training (HIT) is more effective than moderate-intensity training (MIT) to improve physical fitness and decrease disability1. Possibly, HIT also improves QoL more than MIT. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of HIT to MIT on QoL in persons with CNSLBP. Methods: Persons with CNSLBP performed a 12-week training program (24 sessions, 1.5 h per session, twice per week) at high or moderate intensity. The primary outcome measure, QoL, was assessed with the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) at baseline and immediately post-intervention. A linear mixed model was carried out to evaluate the therapy effects. Results: In total, thirty-five persons (11 male, age = 43.3 y ± 9.7) participated. Between group differences (p = 0.0387) in favor of HIT were found for the physical component score (PCS) of the SF-36. Within group analysis showed an improvement in the SF-36 total score (HIT:+14.48, MIT:+11.82) and the PCS (HIT:+11.06, MIT:+10.44) in both groups. However, within group improvements in the mental component score were lacking (HIT:-1.41, MIT:-2.78). Discussion: Exercise intensity, and especially HIT, appears to be important to maximize the impact of exercise therapy on QoL in persons with CNSLBP. Process evaluation: Although HIT is an effective treatment modality in CNSLBP rehabilitation, this study did not report on the long-term effects of HIT. Process evaluation: Although HIT is an effective treatment modality in CNSLBP rehabilitation, this study did not report on the long-term effects of HIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]