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In this study, a new copolymer, which is a combination of two chemical structure (9,10-di(furan-2-yl)anthracene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene was synthesized via electrochemical synthesis methods in the electrolyte medium of 0.1 M TBAPF6/ ACN solution. PEDOT homopolymer was also electrosynthesized for comparator experiments of the polymer formations in the same medium. The characterizations of polymers were achieved with general optical and electrochemical characterization techniques. The corresponding electrochromic copolymer shows blue and lilac color in its neutral and oxidized states, respectively. The copolymer has an optical band gap of 1.65 eV and 24% optical contrast at 500 nm with a high coloration efficiency (170 cm2 /C) and a fast switching time (1.0 s). © 2022 TUBITAK. All rights reserved.

Star shaped functionalized molecules allow the production of sophisticated nano devices by using them as the building blocks for the formation of superstructured macromolecules. Here, we address star-shaped molecule which is formed by quinoline and electroactive carbazole functionalized triazine (TQEC). Using quinoline as electron accepting (A) and carbazole as electron donating (D) moiety, the resulting conductive polymer is designed to have high optical contrast. The cross-linked polymer (PTQEC) characterized after the electropolymerization of the A/D type molecule has been found to have superior optical and electrical properties. It has high optical contrast (71% at 675 nm), fast switching time about 3 s and high long time redox stability (91.75%). As a result of the spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic characterization, it is determined that PTQEC is transparent and green colored in its neutral and oxidized states, which is a desirable property for smart windows. Therefore electrochromic devices (ECDs) depending on PTQEC and PEDOT were established, where PEDOT functioned as the cathodically coloring layer. Optical and electrochemical characterizations of the device in the way of the optical contrast (51% at 540 nm), switching time (about 3 s), open circuit memory, redox stability (95.36%) and colors were investigated. (C) 2018 The Electrochemical Society.

Fluorescent conducting polymers have been an issue of interest in a wide range of research area, including sensors, clean energy technologies and biological detection. The design and synthesis of fluorescent conjugated polymers are particular interest depending on their both electrochemical and optical properties. In this study, a novel rhodamine based on (9,9 a-dihydro-4aH-carbazol-2-yl 2-(3,6-bis(diethyl amino)-9H-xanthen-9-yl) benzoate (RDC) and it's polymer (PRDC) was successfully synthesized and characterized. Electrochemical, surface morphology and optical properties of PRDC were investigated. The PRDC film revealed electrochromic feature (gray and orange colors) under redox potential, it had good optic contrast (44% at 700 nm), rapidly switching time (1.5 s) and good fluorescent surface (Ex: 585 nm Em: 613 nm). These satisfactory results implied that the PRDC polymer film is good candidate for fluorescent sensing platform, displays and other opto-electronic applications. (C) 2017 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Since the discovery of conductive polymers, one of the most promising innovations in the field of polymer chemistry, these materials have been used in many practical applications. However, new monomers are being designed to overcome some of the disadvantages of conductive polymers, such as their inherent stability, low optical and electrical properties. It is known that minor arrangement on the monomer structure lead to very large changes in the polymer properties. In this study, a thienyl pyrrole monomer, one of the most studied monomers in the field of conductive polymers, has been produced using hydrazine derivatives instead of amines. For this purpose, the model monomer, N-phenyl-2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-amine, was synthesized and the optical, electrochemical and electrochromic properties of its conductive polymer were investigated. Furthermore, copolymer studies with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) have been done to emphasize the importance of copolymerization on electrochromic properties of the conducting polymers. Effects of the feed ratio of the monomers and applied potential for copolymerization on optical and electrochemical properties of the electrochemically synthesized copolymers were investigated in detail.

A new asymmetric functionalized star shaped triazine derivative, namely 2,2'-((6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(9H carbazole) (TQC) was synthesized from 2-hydroxy carbazole and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The electrically conductive PTQC film was synthesized via electropolymerization on ITO in a 0.1 M lithium perchlorate/acetonitrile (LiClO4/ACN) electrolyte-solvent couple. H-1-NMR, FTIR and elemental analysis were used to analyze the structure of the TQC. Both electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies of the polymer were examined. PTQC revealed color changes between transparent and dark green in the reduced and oxidized states, respectively. Dual type polymer electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on PTQC and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have been constructed. A potential range of 0 to 2.5 V was found to be proper for working the PTQC/PEDOT device between transparent and blue colors. The spectroelectrochemistry, electrochromic switching, open circuit memory and stability of the device were studied. The properties of the electrochromic device have been investigated such as spectroelectrochemistry, electrochromic switching, stability and open circuit memory. (C) 2017 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

In this work, an eco-friendly method is proposed for the electro-synthesis of conductive polymers with superior optical and electrical properties by means of CMC in aqueous media. For this purpose, an aqueous dispersion of a water-insoluble monomer namely 4-amino-N-[2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]benzamide (TPB) has been prepared by attaching it to CMC via hydrogen bonds and the conductive composite film (PTPB–CMC) has been obtained by electropolymerization. The TPB monomer has been chosen to interact with the CMC via hydrogen bonds which ensures to obtain dispersion with the CMC and also increase the compatibility of its polymer in the composite structure. As a result of the electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical investigation and surface morphology analyses of the obtained conductive polymer, it has been found that anionic CMC makes improvements in the electrical, optical and mechanical properties of the polymer by making the plasticizing effect and acting as a dopant. Furthermore, in the presence of nanocarbon materials on electrode surface, it has been determined that the polymerization potential is reduced and more stable and long-lasting polymeric films which are crucial for technological applications have been obtained. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.

Carbazole-based conducting polymers have attracted interest due to their unique properties allowing for various optoelectronic applications such as electroluminescence, photoconductivity, electrochromic and photorefractive materials. Although electrochromic properties of carbazole-containing conducting polymers have not been studied in detail compared with other conductive polymers such as polythiophene and polypyrrole, potential application of the polycarbazole in electrochromic devices is very promising due to their easy functionation, high stability and good transparency in one redox state. In this chapter, electrochemistry, electrochromic properties and electrochromic device applications of polycarbazole have been summarized.

Recently, increased attention has been focused on the synthesis of soluble and processable conducting polymers due to interest in their potential application. For this purpose a new type electroactive 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyrrole derivative was synthesized and its novel solution-processable and fluorescent polymer, namely poly(N-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-3,4,5-tris(dodecyloxy)benzamide) (P(TPDOB)), was electrochemically synthesized. Characterization of the monomer and the polymer was performed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. This soluble polymer has very well-defined and reversible redox processes in the acetonitrile-lithium perchlorate (ACN/LiClO4) couple. Moreover, P(TPDOB) shows multielectrochromic behavior: blue in the oxidized state, caesious in the intermediate state and greenish in the neutral state. Also the copolymer consists of EDOT and TPDOB was synthesized by cyclic voltammetry. A copolymer film has superior electrochromic and electrical properties when compared with a homopolymer. Furthermore, the fluorescence features of the monomer and the polymer were investigated. Although the monomer is a violet light emitter, its polymer is a yellow light emitter. Synthesis of this new type solution-processable and fluorescent conducting polymer is an alternative to the conventional synthesis of soluble conducting polymers which allows the direct application of the conductive polymer to any desired surface for potential technological applications. © 2016 the Owner Societies.

An electrochromic material based on azobenzene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) semiconducting layer was electrochemically deposited on an indium tin oxide coated glass electrode. Chemical synthesis of the azobenzene and EDOT-based chromophore (DAE) and electrochemical formation of its corresponding polymer (pDAE) are reported. The electrochromic properties of the synthesized polymer pDAE were investigated by electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. pDAE exhibited an optical bandgap of 1.82 eV and three distinct colored states in its reduced, neutral, and oxidized forms. The pDAE polymer showed 44 % optical contrast at 710 nm between its reduced and oxidized states and a fast electrochromic switching time of 1.0 s. The frontier molecular orbitals, Raman shifts, and semiconducting properties of this electrochromic polymer were evaluated by density functional theory calculations. The optical absorption bands of the polymer charged states were assigned and investigated. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

A simple, rapid and effective fluorescence sensing platform has been fabricated using a fluorescent conducting polymer surface. For this purpose, a rhodamine based electroactive monomer (RDC) and a functional group containing monomer (SNS) have been copolymerized to develop a conducting polymer based sensor platform having a fluorescence and enzyme-binding surface on ITO electrode. The proposed fluorescence sensing mechanism for detection of glucose is related to the consumption of dissolved oxygen at the double layer of the electrode which is fluorescence quenching agent by glucose-GOx reaction. Concentration of glucose was investigated quantitatively from 0.05 to 1 mM via fluorescence signal measurement. This novel approach could be adapted for the production of various rapid and effective fluorescence sensing platforms for glucose. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Electrochromic materials have attracted enormous attention due to their potential applications, such as low-power displays, smart windows for energy efficient buildings, electrochromic e-skins, self-dimming rear mirrors for automobiles and so on. Synthetic strategies of new materials for electrochromic are believed to be the key factors that will help to significantly improve the electrochromic performance and extend their application areas. In this account, we designed and synthesized a novel star shape dithienylpyrrole derivative, namely N-1,N-3,N-5-tris(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (TCA), to obtain high optical and electrical performance as functional electrochromic material. After electrochemical polymerization of the TCA, the polymer shows superior optical and electrical properties due to its more conjugated unique three-dimensional shape and highly-branched structure in comparison with its linear counterparts. It has been determined that optical properties and long term electrochromic stability of pTCA are the best among the PSNS derivatives in the literature after evaluating its electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical and EQCM experiment results. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this work a multifunctional amid substituted 2,5-di(2-thienyl) pyrrole derivative (BTP), has been synthesized. The synthesized monomer has unique properties for improving the optical and electrical properties of its conductive polymer. The amide substitution in themonomers provides an effective delocalization of the pi-bonds by forcing the conjugated thienylpyrrole electroactive group into the more planar structure. This improves the optical and electrical properties of the conductive polymer. Moreover, electropolymerization has resulted in a cross-linked conductive polymer with three-dimensional conductivity as the monomer structure contains two electroactive groups. Finally, the amine group in the structure allows for further functionalization of the conducting polymer and its use in various sensor platforms. Furthermore, the synthesized monomer (BTP) has been copolymerized with EDOT using different monomer feed ratios and the properties of the copolymer have been investigated in comparison with the homopolymer. Electrochromic devices have constructed with the obtained polymer and it has been determined that constructed device has a high optical contrast and stability when compared with other 2,5-di(2-thienyl) pyrrole derivatives in the literature. (c) 2018 The Electrochemical Society.

Zinc(II) phthalocyanine fused in peripheral positions octa-substituted with alkyl linked carbazole has been prepared by cyclomerization reaction of 4,5-bis(6-carbazole-9-yl-hexylsulfanil)phthalonitrile in the presence of anhydro Zn(II) acetate and a strong organic base (DBU). Synthesis steps were optimized and higher efficiency synthesis was achieved. The purpose of combining of carbazole moieties with phthalocyanine on the peripheral position is to enhance some properties such as photo and electrochemical properties because of strong electron-donating properties of carbazole group. This molecule has been electrochemically polymerized and the electrical and optical properties of the resulting conductive polymer have been investigated. Amperometric detection was carried out following oxygen consumption at −0.7 V vs. the Ag reference electrode in phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0). The novel biosensor showed a linear amperometric response for glucose within a concentration range of 0.05 mM to 1.5 mM (LOD: 0.024 mM). This result shows that modification of the proposed biosensor by copolymerization have provided to give perfect response to different glucose concentrations. Because of its superior spectral and electrochemical properties and contained zinc metal which can act as a mediator during biochemical reactions, this material has been used as a glucose biosensor platform to detection for real samples. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

In this study, a new ferrocenyldithiophosphonate functionalized; [O-1-(4-phenyl)-1H-pyrrole ferrocenyldithiophosphonate (TPFc)] monomer and its conductive copolymers with pyrrole and 4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butane-1-amine were synthesized, characterized and their electrochromic properties were investigated. The spectroelectrochemical analyses demonstrated that the copolymer films reveal a reversible cycling with distinctive color changes in their reduced/oxidized forms. For the copolymer films P(TPFc-co-Py)/DCM, P(TPFc-co-Py)/CH3CN and P(TPFc-co-TPA)/DCM, the maximum optical contrasts (?T %) were measured as 28, 12 and 27 % at 800, 900 and 900 nm, respectively. Spectroelectrochemical analysis also revealed that all copolymers prepared with TPFc have lower band gaps compared to those of corresponding polymers. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Because of some disadvantages of polythiophenes and polypyrroles, alternatively thienylpyrrole monomers which include these two heterocycles in its structure have been synthesized for overcome optical, electrical and stability problems. However, the desired properties can only be achieved by the copolymerization of thienylpyrroles with EDOT. The optical, electrical properties and stability of the thienylpyrrole compounds have reached unique levels when using amide substituent derivatives synthesized by our group for the first time. In this work, terephthalamide was used to synthesize double sided, symmetric amide substituted thienyl pyrrole. By doing so, we obtained a superstructure that provides three dimensional electrical conductivity and has much better optical, electrical properties and stability. Besides investigation of its optical and electrical properties, deposition of the polymer film on the electrode during electropolymerization and the ion mobility in the redox process were determined by EQCM. An electrochromic device has been constructed with this new type polymer to demonstrate the utility of its use in practical applications. As a result, it has been shown that the new type amide substituted thienyl pyrrole derivatives have promising usage for all practical applications of conductive polymers due to their unique properties such as high optical contrast, high stability and fast response time. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene are two significant carbon based nanomaterials which have extraordinary physicochemical properties, used in diverse fields of research. Recently, some actual studies were made to associate these carbon nanomaterials to produce CNT-graphene hybrid with synergic effects of graphene and CNTs. Addressed herein, EDOT-modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO), functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) and hybrid material (rGO-f-MWCNT) have been prepared. Then, PEDOT-modified composite films were synthesized via electrochemical polymerization to examine enhancing electrochemical properties of PEDOT and characterized by SEM, AFM analysis. As a conclusive finding, an improved stability, charge density, electrochromic switching kinetics and optical contrast of polymer composite films were observed on presence of nanocarbon materials in comparison to the control PEDOT film due to facile ion transport, high surface area. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2016-75 British Association for Psychopharmacology: 2014FBE045, This research project was financially supported Pamukkale University as BAP [Project No: 2014FBE045], Dumlupinar University as BAP (2016-75).

A fluorescent group containing novel asymmetric functionalized star shaped derivative (TPC) of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine containing 2-hydroxy carbazole and 1-pyrenemethylamine was designed, synthesized and characterized. Polymerization of TPC was achieved in acetonitrile/lithium perchlorate (ACN/LiClO4) solvent/electrolyte couple via electrochemical techniques. Electrochromic properties of the PTPC were investigated via spectroelectrochemistry, kinetic and colorimetry studies. Optoelectrochemical investigation of PTPC displayed electronic transitions at 308, 460 and 780 nm which are correspond to ?-?* transition, polaron, and bipolaron band formations, respectively. Moreover, electrochromic and fluorescence properties of PTPC were investigated. For the first time, this study reports the huge potential of asymmetric functionalized triazine compounds as electrochromic material. © 2016 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Fluorescent conducting polymers are gaining increasing popularity in actual applications such as electrochromic device, cell detection and fluorescence sensor. This paper describes the synthesis of new both fluorescent and electrochromic polymer. A new bifunctional material 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonate (ED) has been synthesized, characterized and electropolimerized. The polymer film which obtained as a highly stable conducting polymer on ITO glass was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), colorimetry, UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PED film demonstrated light blue, gray and purplish blue colors as well as turquoise blue fluorescence color. Both CV and spectroelectrochemical studies proved that the PED film has exhibited high stable electro activity (98%). Further kinetic studies presented that the PED revealed high optic contrast (36%) and relatively low electrochromic response time (2.0 s). The results prevailed that the PED film is promising candidates for fluorescent detection and device applications. © 2017 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Addressed herein, novel poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT/Nanocarbon Materials (NCMs) composite films have been produced by electropolymerization of EDOT monomers onto NCMs coated indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides. In this study NCMs/ITO working electrodes were prepared by drop casting method which is simpler, quicker, cheaper and easier than other methods. Then PEDOT/NCMs composite films have been produced and investigated by comparing the electrochemical properties with each other in this study. These novel materials significantly improved conductivity and electrochemical performance of PEDOT such as stability of electrochromic characteristics, coloration efficiency, switching time due to an important role in the electron transfer between NCMs and PEDOT films. The prepared novel PEDOT/NCMs composites exhibit excellent optical contrast that is 2 times higher than that of others. These nanocomposite films can be used for electrochromic and energy storage devices applications in near future. © 2017 Elsevier B.V., 2014FBE045 111T074 Academy of Health Sciences British Association for Psychopharmacology: 2014-05, This research project was financially supported by TUBITAK as a Scientific Research Project [Project No: 111T074], Dumlupinar University as BAP [Project No: 2014-05], Pamukkale University as BAP [Project No: 2014FBE045], Science Academy and FABED.

A new photosensitive and thermosensitive monomer, namely bis(4-(3-thienyl ethylene)-oxycarbonyl)diazobenzene (TDAZO), was synthesized. The photochemical and thermal cis-trans isomerization of the monomer has been investigated. The rate constants of the photoisomerization of TDAZO in ACN and DCM were 0.195 and 0.308 min-1, respectively. For spectroelectrochemical investigation and enzyme immobilization application, TDAZO copolymerized with thiophene and pyrrole. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of P(TDAZO-co-Th) were investigated and invertase was immobilized in P(TDAZO-co-Py) copolymer. Immobilization of enzymes was carried out by the entrapment of the enzyme in conducting polymer matrices during electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole through thiophene moieties of the TDAZO. Optimum conditions for this electrode, such as pH, temperature, kinetic parameters (K m and V max) and operational stability were investigated. Kinetic parameters invertase-immobilized in copolymer were smaller than free enzyme. The optimum operational temperature was 10°C higher for immobilized enzyme than that of the free enzyme. Due to strong interaction between enzyme and diazo group in the polymer main chain, thermal, pH and operational stability of enzyme has been enhanced. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

There is a limited number of studies in the literature on materials showing electrochromic properties between black and transparent. In this study, black-to-transmissive electrochromic materials have been obtained as a result of electrochemical co-polymerization of carbazole derivatives (Cz1 and Cz2) and EDOT. Homopolymers and copolymers synthesizing different monomer feed ratios have been characterized by electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. A new, simple, and fast method of obtaining black electrochromic material has been proposed. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

While majority of conductive polymers are insoluble and infusible, theirs solution processable derivatives are more desirable for preparing large size flat panel display and solid state applications because they are compatible with low cost, large area roll-toroll manufacturing process. For this purpose, a solution-processable fluorescent conjugated polymer (PDOB), consisting of electron rich N-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4-(dodecyloxy) benzamide (DOB) and its copolymer with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene P(DOB-co-EDOT) were synthesized by electrochemical polymerization technique. Electrochemical and optical properties of P(DOB) and P(DOB-co-EDOT) were investigated cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission measurements, respectively. The optical bandgap values of P(DOB) and P(DOB-co-EDOT) determined by spectroelectrochemical data were 1.92 eV and 1.62 eV, respectively. P(DOB) and P(DOB-co-EDOT) were exhibited favorable redox activity and electrochromic performance. Further kinetic studies demonstrated that the P(DOB) and P(DOB-co-EDOT) have high optical contrast ratios (60-25%), favorable coloration efficiencies (139.1 cm(2).C-1 and 80.6 cm(2).C-1), fast response time (1.5 s; 1.0 s), high stability. When compared to soluble poly (2,5-dithienyl pyrrole) derivatives in literature, P(DOB) have lowest oxidation potential and bandgap and have highest optical contrast. As a result, these materials provide more plentiful electrochromic colors which useful for display application and hold promise for other solution-processable applications. (C) 2016 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

In this article the smart window application of a new type of thienylpyrrole derivative is presented. For this purpose, the new type of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyrrole derivative, which is named N-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4-(vinyloxy)benzamide (TPVB), has been prepared by the reaction of 1,4-di(2-thienyl)-1,4-butanedione and 4-(vinyloxy)benzohydrazide. Using hydrazine instead of amine in the synthesis process has significantly improved the related polymer's optical properties. Spectroelectrochemical investigations revealed that P(TPVB) is more durable with better long-term stability and has the lowest band gap compared with the other SNS derivatives. A chronoamperometry experiment showed that the P(TPVB) polymer film has excellent redox stability, moderate switching time and high optical contrast. So it is possible to use this polymer with superior optical properties in smart window applications. A smart window based on P(TPVB) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (P(EDOT)) was set up in a sandwich configuration. Optoelectrochemical investigations displayed that the reduced state of the device displays an orange color whereas it is blue for the oxidized state. The switching time and optical contrast (ΔT%) of the device at 625 nm are 1.0 s and 43%, respectively. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.

This research highlights the degree of conformity between our electrochemical and theoretical studies conducted on the newly designed electropolymerizable monomers (BuDOP, BenDOP and BenzoDOP) possessing 3,4-alkylenedioxypyrrole (ADOP) backbone (BuDOP). We tried to select logical enhancing of the structures in a stepwise in order to discuss the effects of benzene (BenDOP) and benzodioxane (BenzoDOP) like aromatic subunits to the electrochromic properties of the target monomers. Following to the completion of the synthetic steps, appropriate structural analyses of monomers were performed (FT-IR, GC-MS, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR). Subsequently, their corresponding polymers were prepared by electrochemical oxidation and characterized. Afterwards, our consecutive efforts have been contributed to theoretical studies in order to obtain information about their structural properties. To this aim, geometry optimizations were carried out using hybrid density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP/LANL2DZ) and HOMO, LUMO energy levels, HOMO-LUMO energy gaps (Delta E), electron affinity (EA) as well as ionization potential (IP) values were calculated. Theoretical data were then used for identifying the structure-electronic properties relationship and we aimed to determine the electrochromic properties of the studied monomers. Our results from the B3LYP/LANL2DZ calculations indicated that P(BenDOP) has the lowest HOMO-LUMO gap and we predicted that theoretical data were in good agreement with the experimental studies. (C) 2016 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Electrochemistry of a new generation copolymer of N-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4-(vinyloxy) benzamide (TPVB) and 3,4-ethylendioxythiophene (EDOT) is presented. In this study, a novel copolymer based upon TPVB and EDOT is successfully synthesized and characterized in dichloromethane (DCM)/tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBP6) solution for different feed ratios of monomers via electrochemical methods. The copolymer film reveals three different colors (pale red color, green, midnight blue) under different potentials and it has good optical contrasts (44% at 555 nm and 75% at 1000 nm) and fast swiching times (1.5 s at 555 nm and 2.0 s at 1000 nm). Satisfactory results implied that the copolymer films (P(TPVB-co-EDOT)) can be used in a wide variety of applications such as electrochromic devices, optical displays. We also describe a proposal for the determination of copolymer composition by means of the optical properties of P(TPVB-co-EDOT). (C) 2015 The Electrochemical Society.

A new organic-inorganic hybrid monomer, O-2-(9H-carbazyl) ferrocenyldithiophosphonate (CzFc), was synthesized and characterized. Electropolymerization was realized with an applied potential of 1.5 V in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). Spectroelectrochemical and colorimetry studies have shown that P(CzFc) has transmissive colored in neutral state. For switchable glass applications, it has to be two electrochromic polymers have tranmissive states in different oxidation states. So we were constructed dual-type complementary colored polymer switchable glass derived from P(CzFc) as anodically coloring material and P(EDOT) as cathodically coloring material in sandwich configuration. Optoelectrochemical studies indicate that the reduced state of the switchable glass shows blue color for the oxidized state whereas it shows transmissive color for the reduced state. P(CzFc)/P(EDOT) device has good switching time, high optical contrasts and excellent redox stability. A new organic-inorganic hybrid monomer, O-2-(9H-carbazyl) ferrocenyldithiophosphonate (CzFc), was synthesized and characterized. Electropolymerization was realized with an applied potential of 1.5 V in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). Spectroelectrochemical and colorimetry studies have shown that P(CzFc) has transmissive colored in neutral state. For switchable glass applications, it has to be two electrochromic polymers have tranmissive states in different oxidation states. So we were constructed dual-type complementary colored polymer switchable glass derived from P(CzFc) as anodically coloring material and P(EDOT) as cathodically coloring material in sandwich configuration. Optoelectrochemical studies indicate that the reduced state of the switchable glass shows blue color for the oxidized state whereas it shows transmissive color for the reduced state. P(CzFc)/P(EDOT) device has good switching time, high optical contrasts and excellent redox stability.

In this study, we reported synthesis of ferrocene functioned conducting metallopolymer to enhance the understanding of properties of polymers. One of the crucial ways in the electrochromic polymer materials research was tuning color by means of copolymerization and change of polymer backbones and side groups. For this purpose, we synthesized copolymer of 4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)amido ferrocenyl dithiophosphonate with EDOT via potentiodynamic electrolysis. Spectral and electrochemical characterizations of the copolymer were investigated. In addition, the spectral properties of the copolymers prepared by different applied potentials and different monomer feed ratio were studied. For the first time, copolymer composition and the monomer reactivity ratios were approximately calculated by using the spectral data. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

A novel triazine-based, star shape and electroactive monomer, 2,4,6-tris(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TCZ) which contains 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as the core and 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethanol as the arms, was successfully synthesized. After electrochemical polymerization of the TCZ monomer, called PTCZ, the polymer shows superior optoelectronic and thermal properties due to its unique three-dimensional shape and highly-branched structure in comparison with linear analogues. Electrochromic studies exhibited that PTCZ has turquoise color in the oxidized state and is transparent in the neutral state. Due to the fact that the redox color characteristics of PTCZ are indispensable for smart windows, a PTCZ-based electrochromic device was formed with PEDOT as complementary coloring material. A potential range of -1.5 to +1.8 V was determined to be suitable for operating the PTCZ/PEDOT device between transparent and blue colors. Characterizations of the device were performed in term of switching times, optical contrast, optical memory and redox stability. © the Owner Societies 2016.

In this study, three ferrocenyl dithiophosphonate derivatives were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, and NMR (1H-, 31P-) spectroscopy. Electroactivities of synthesized molecules were determined by cyclic voltammetry experiments. It was shown that all molecules were electroactive and only one of them that contained conjugated structure could polymerized by electrochemical experiments. Characterization of electrosynthesized metallopolymer was realized and electrochromic and spectroelectrochemical properties were investigated. The onset energy for the π-π∗ transition (electronic band gap), HOMO, and LUMO energy levels were calculated as 2.31, -4.44, and 2.13 eV, respectively. Switching time and optical contrast values of metallopolymer were found as 1.5 s and 41% at 435 nm, respectively, whereas these values were found as 2.5 s and 40%, respectively, at 700 nm. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Synthesis of a new thiophene-based monomer; 5,12-dihydrothieno[3′,4′:2,3][1,4]dioxocino[6,7-b]quinoxaline (DDQ), was realized. The chemical structure of the monomer was characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR and mass spectroscopy techniques. Electrochemical polymerization of DDQ and characterization of the resulting polymer [P(DDQ)] was performed. Moreover, the spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic properties of the polymer film were investigated. P(DDQ) has a low oxidation potential (0.9 V) and low band gap (1.73 eV) compared to polythiophene. In addition, dual-type polymer electrochromic device (ECD) based on P(DDQ) with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was constructed. Spectroelectrochemistry, electrochromic switching, stability and open-circuit stability of the device were studied. It was observed that polymer have good switching time, reasonable contrast and optical memory.

A new star shape monomer, 2,4,6-tris((9H-carbazol-2-yl)oxy)-1,3,5-triazine (CTR) was synthesized. It was electrochemically polymerized in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE)/acetonitrile (ACN) solvent couple. The interaction between BFEE and the CTR lowers the oxidation potential of the monomer and the catalytic effect of BFEE facilitated the formation of high quality polymer film. Electrochemically prepared P(CTR) film was characterized via CV, SEM, FTIR, TGA and UV-vis spectroscopy. Spectroelectrochemical analysis revealed that P(CTR) has high band gap energy which provide it colorless in the neutral state. Electronic transitions of the P(CTR) were observed at 327 and 650 nm, revealing π to π∗ transitions, and polaron band formation. The polymer switches between dark turquoise and transparent with a switching time of 1.5 s and an optical contrast (% T) of 50%. Electrochromic studies revealed that P(CTR) has opposite properties to EDOT in terms of redox color. In addition to a dual-type complementary colored polymer electrochromic device based on P(CTR) and P(EDOT) was constructed in sandwich configuration. Spectroelectrochemical studies disclosed that the oxidized state of the device shows a blue color and it is transparent in the reduced state. Switching time and maximum contrast (% T) of the device was measured as 3 s and 32% for 615 nm. © 2015 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0651508jes] All rights reserved.

Here we present the synthesis, characterization and electropolymerization of a new EDOT-based monomer; 5,10-dihydrobenzo[f]thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxocine (DTD). Electrochemical polymerization of DTD was performed potentiostatically by using dichloromethane (DCM) as solvent and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBPF 6 ) as supporting electrolyte. Homopolymer [P(DTD)] films and copolymer [P(DTD-co-TPA)] films of DTD prepared by using 4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrole-1-yl)butane-1-amine (TPA) were characterized via CV and UV-vis spectroscopy. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of P(DTD) revealed electronic transitions at 585 nm (?-?* transition) with an electronic band gap of 1.69 eV. Electrochromic studies revealed that P(DTD) has competitive properties to EDOT. Furthermore, a dual-type complementary colored polymer electrochromic device based on P(DTD) and P(TPA) was constructed in sandwich configuration. Spectroelectrochemical studies revealed that the oxidized state of the device shows a blue color whereas it is yellow in the reduced state. The maximum contrast (?%T) and switching time of the device were measured as 25.5% and 0.5 s for 385 nm and 21% and 1.0 s for 550 nm. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015.

A mixture of isomers 2,5-di(4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole, 2-(4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-5-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole and 2,5-di(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole (Me-SNS(NO2)) were synthesized. Resulting monomers were polymerized chemically, producing soluble polymers in common organic solvents. The average molecular weight has been determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) as Mn = 5.6 × 10 3 for the chemically synthesized polymer. The monomers were also electrochemically polymerized in the presence of LiClO4, NaClO4 (1:1) as the supporting electrolyte in acetonitrile solvent. Resulting polymers were characterized via CV, FTIR, NMR, SEM and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Spectroelectrochemistry analysis of polymer revealed Π – Π ∗ transition below 300 nm, with an electronic band gap of 2.18 ev. Switching ability of the polymer was evaluated by kinetic study measuring percent transmittance (%T) at the maximum contrast point, indicating that poly(Me-SNS(NO2)) is a suitable material for electrochromic devices.

Carbon/poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (C/PEDOT) composites are synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of EDOT monomer on carbon black in order to decrease carbon corrosion that occurred in carbon-supported catalysts used in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The effects of different dopants including polystyrene sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and camphorsulfonic acid with the addition of ethylene glycol or dimethyl sulfoxide on the properties of the composites are investigated. The synthesized composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, surface area analysis and scanning electron microscope. Electrical conductivity is determined by using the four-point probe technique. Electrochemical oxidation characteristics of the synthesized C/PEDOT composites are investigated by cyclic voltammetry by applying 1.2V for 24 h. The composite prepared at 25 degrees C with p-toluenesulfonic acid and ethylene glycol shows the best carbon corrosion resistance. Platinum-supported catalyst by using this composite was prepared using microwave irradiation technique, and it was seen that the prepared catalyst did not significantly lose its hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction activities after electrochemical oxidation. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We synthesized a new electroactive pyrrole functionalized monomer; 2-butyl-5,12-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo[3',4':2,3][1,4]dioxocino[6,7-b]quinoxaline (BuDQP) where beta-positions of the pyrrole ring are blocked. With the help of this strategy, formation of alpha-beta linkages during polymerization was prevented, resulting in a more regiochemically defined material. Characterization of newly synthesized compounds was performed by FTIR, GC-MS,H-1 NMR,C-13 NMR techniques and elemental analysis. Polymerization and copolymerization of BuDQP and characterization of the resulting polymers were also performed. Spectroelectrochemical investigations, switching abilities, colorimetry studies and stability experiments were performed on both for polymer and copolymer. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of P(BuDQP) reflected electronic transitions at 328 nm (pi-pi* transition) and 500 nm (polaron bands) with an electronic band gap of 2.30 eV, while copolymer (P(BuDQP-co-Py)) revealed electronic transitions at 346 nm (pi-pi* transition) and 518 nm (polaron bands) with an electronic band gap of 2.24 eV. Colorimetry studies revealed that P(BuDQP) has only two colors (blue and yellow) whereas copolymer film has six different colors in its oxidized and neutral states. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Here, we report the electropolymerization of 3-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline monomer on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass and its use as a coating material for cell culture applications. Functional amino groups on the conducting polymer provide post-modification of the surface with the arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptide via EDC chemistry. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle and surface conductivity measurements were carried out for the surface characterization. The peptide-conjugated surface was tested for adhesion and proliferation of several cell lines such as monkey kidney epithelial (Vero), human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), and human immortalized skin keratinocyte (HaCaT). These cells were cultured on RGD-modified, polymer-coated ITO glass as well as conventional polystyrene surfaces for comparison. The data indicate that the RGD-modified surfaces exhibited better cell adhesion and proliferation among all surfaces compared. Cell imaging studies up to 72 h in length were performed on these surfaces using different microscopy techniques. Therefore, the novel biofunctional substrate is a promising candidate for further studies such as monitoring the effects of drugs and chemicals on cellular viability and morphology as well as cell-culture-on-a-chip applications Here, we report the electropolymerization of 3-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline monomer on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass and its use as a coating material for cell culture applications. Functional amino groups on the conducting polymer provide post-modification of the surface with the arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptide via EDC chemistry. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle and surface conductivity measurements were carried out for the surface characterization. The peptide-conjugated surface was tested for adhesion and proliferation of several cell lines such as monkey kidney epithelial (Vero), human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), and human immortalized skin keratinocyte (HaCaT). These cells were cultured on RGD-modified, polymer-coated ITO glass as well as conventional polystyrene surfaces for comparison. The data indicate that the RGD-modified surfaces exhibited better cell adhesion and proliferation among all surfaces compared. Cell imaging studies up to 72 h in length were performed on these surfaces using different microscopy techniques. Therefore, the novel biofunctional substrate is a promising candidate for further studies such as monitoring the effects of drugs and chemicals on cellular viability and morphology as well as cell-culture-on-a-chip applications.