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In this paper, a method for retrieving the line charge density and the current of a downward leader based on ground observations of lightning images and electric field changes was proposed and examined. The method was then applied to two downward negative leaders in a rocket-triggered lightning discharge with measurements of broadband interferometric images and electric field changes at close distance. Only the descending channel portion between about 900–400 m high of the two leaders were analyzed, where the channel was in free air rather than the trace of triggering wire. The line charge density for both leaders showed a general increasing trend with a big impulsive change around 500 m high, as the leaders moved downward, which was in good agreement with the prediction of existing downward leader models. The range of the line charge density was similar for the two leaders (−0.03 to −0.32 mC/m and −0.02 to −0.33 mC/m, respectively). The impulsive change of the line charge density was corresponding to a sharp turn of the leader channel around 500 m high, which may imply that the sharp turn of the leader channel was probably associated with a pre-existing local positive space charge pocket. The estimated leader currents for two leaders ( −20 to −315 A and −77 to −541 A, respectively) were also in good agreement with independent estimations in the literature.

Strontium titanate films with high a -axis orientation [ a ( 100 ) = 94.1 % ] and random orientation were deposited on (111) Pt/Ti/ SiO2/Si substrates by a concentration controlling of the precursor solution during the metal organic deposition process. Topography of samples was investigated by atomic force microscopy after annealing at 800 °C. X-ray diffraction found that the degree of a -axis orientation increased with increasing annealing temperature. The leakage current and the dielectric property were strongly dependent on the film orientation, and the possible causes of orientation dependence were discussed.