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Periodic systems of magnetic nanoparticles are now of interest as they support GHz spin waves. Their equilibrium configurations, switchable with the external magnetic field, are crucial for such applications. We study infinite and finite chains of particles of two shapes (i) ellipsoidal and (ii) rectangular stripes with long axes perpendicular to the chain axis. A variable magnetic field is applied parallel to the long axes. Micromagnetic simulations are compared with the corresponding discrete spin models (Stoner-Wohlfarth model, S-W). An antiferromagnetic configuration is the ground state for all the systems at vanishing field but a ferromagnetic configuration occurs when the field is strong enough. The switching of the infinite chains to the reversed ferromagnetic configuration proceeds directly for the ellipsoids and by an intermediate configuration, in which the magnetization within the particle is non-uniform, in the case of the stripes. The non-uniform configurations are well represented by tilted states in S-W model. Important differences are found in the finite analogs: the switching of ellipsoids becomes multistage and starts from the innermost particles relatively well reproduced with S-W model, whereas the reversal of the stripes, starts from the outermost particles and has no analog in S-W model. Practical consequences of the findings are discussed.

The Stoner–Wohlfarth model predicts the crossing of the ascending and descending branches of the hysteretic magnetization curve. This crossing behavior has widely been dismissed, with the claim that it violates the laws of thermodynamics. Experimental verification of hysteresis branch crossing has not been acknowledged in the literature. Here we show, both theoretically and experimentally, that the crossing of the ascending and descending branches of the magnetization curve is a robust, reproducible phenomenon which does not violate any fundamental law.

The modeling of hysteresis curves of bonded ferrite magnets is discussed. Hysteresis of anisotropic magnets were calculated according to the Stoner-Wohlfarth Model, for the cosn (theta) distribution. The crystallographic texture has significant effect on the hysteresis curve. Two different samples were examined, one isotropic and another anisotropic. The anisotropy field of strontium ferrite magnets was determined to be 19.5 kOe. The Mr/Ms ratio of the anisotropic bonded magnet was estimated as 0.8.

Anisotropy constants of magnetic materials are typically determined through angle-resolved Ferromagnetic Resonance (ar-FMR) and torque magnetometry, which can be time consuming measurements, thus limiting their utility. The Stoner–Wohlfarth model can be used to numerically fit measured magnetic hysteresis curves to more easily determine these anisotropy constants. To demonstrate this, 10 nm bct FexCoyMnz single-crystal films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001) substrates were investigated. The hysteresis behavior measured by vibrating sample magnetometry was least-squares fit against numerically calculated hysteresis curves generated from the Stoner–Wohlfarth model to extract the anisotropy constants. The cubic anisotropy of different compositions of FeCoMn films was at ∼104 J/m3, which is on the same order of magnitude of bct Fe and Co thin films measured by ar-FMR and torque magnetometry techniques.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a finite-element method for the numerical simulation of magnetization and demagnetization processes in ferromagnetic pieces with hysteresis. In particular, the proposed methodology will be applied to compute the remanent flux density after a magnetic particle inspection test on specimens with cylindrical symmetry consisting of three stages: longitudinal magnetization, circular magnetization, and demagnetization.

A numerical implementation of the classical Stoner–Wohlfarth (SW) model to simulate the magnetization angle of an assembly of SW particles with an effective axis of anisotropy under a rotating applied field is presented. Using an angular distribution for the angle each SW particle is making with the medium’s reference axis, the proposed model successfully simulated lag-angle plots exhibiting the same rotational magnetization behavior measured for different ellipsoidally magnetizable media in the literature. The developed algorithm provides a simple tool for rotational-energy-loss calculations, preserves the physical intuition of the classical SW model, and is computationally faster compared to the Preisach–Stoner–Wohlfarth models. The effect of the angular distribution parameters on the switching transition angle and the algorithm’s potential for modeling additional anisotropies through using different angular distributions are discussed.

This paper presents the extension of two 1-D lamination models with magnetic hysteresis to reproduce dynamic hysteresis loops and power loss in grain-oriented (GO) electrical steels. For this purpose, the concept of magnetic viscosity is introduced in the model equations. The applicability and accuracy are demonstrated by means of two GO steels of different thicknesses at magnetizing frequencies up to 1000 Hz. Advantages and limits of the classical approach with and without viscosity and comparisons to measured data are discussed in detail.

In this work we present a faster modified protocol for first order reversal curve (FORC) measurements. The main idea of this procedure is to use the information of the ascending and descending branches constructed through successive sweeps of magnetic field. The new method reduces the number of field sweeps to almost one half as compared to the traditional method. The length of each branch is reduced faster than in the usual FORC protocol. The new method implies not only a new measurement protocol but also a new recipe for the previous treatment of the data. After of these pre-processing, the FORC diagram can be obtained by the conventional methods. In the present work we show that the new FORC procedure leads to results identical to the conventional method if the system under study follows the Stoner-Wohlfarth model with interactions that do not depend of the magnetic state (up or down) of the entities, as in the Preisach model. More specifically, if the coercive and interactions fields are not correlated, and the hysteresis loops have a square shape. Some numerical examples show the comparison between the usual FORC procedure and the propose one. We also discuss that it is possible to find some differences in the case of real systems, due to the magnetic interactions. There is no reason to prefer one FORC method over the other from the point of view of the information to be obtained. On the contrary, the use of both methods could open doors for a more accurate and deep analysis. Fil: de Biasi, Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina

Purpose Magnetization is one of the most important parameters of magnetic fluids. The shape of the magnetization curve often determines the application of a fluid in a device. On the basis of the magnetization curve, it is also possible to estimate, for example, the distribution and size of the particles in a magnetic fluid carrier fluid. The aim of this paper is to present a new approach for estimating the magnetization curve. Design/methodology/approach The proposed method is an iterative method based on the measurement of magnetic induction on a test stand. To determine the magnetization curve, a numerical simulation of the magnetic field distributions for the preliminary magnetization curve should also be performed. Numerical simulations for modified forms of the magnetization curve are performed until the difference between the results obtained by the measurement and numerical simulation are the smallest. Findings This paper presents the results of magnetization curve research for ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids. Originality/value The discussed method shows the possibilities of using numerical simulations of magnetic field distribution to determine the magnetic properties of magnetic fluids. This method may be an alternative for estimating the magnetization curve of the magnetic fluid compared to other methods.

A formula has been derived for calculating the main magnetization curve of steels from the strength of the magnetizing field and the measurement results of the magnetization of technical saturation, coercive force, and residual magnetization. We analyzed the influence of material magnetic properties on the approximation of its magnetization to technical saturation.

This paper presents a detailed theoretical background of the saturation wave model (SWM), which offers a simplified homogenized solution of the nonlinear diffusion phenomena inside soft magnetic steel sheets (SMSSs). The SWM is capable of predicting the complicated dynamic magnetization of SMSS without discretization of the cross section of the SMSSs. Despite its simplicity, the SWM predicts exact solutions of the discussed problems when step-like magnetization curves are assumed and reasonably accurate solutions for real magnetization curves. In this paper, the SWM is analyzed in comparison to the numerical solution of the diffusion phenomena using the parametric magnetodynamic model, where interesting properties of the SWM are discussed and pointed out.

Magnetization curves of an YFe3 single crystal were measured along the basal plane and the c-axis within the temperature range of 2–600 K. Their analysis provided temperature dependencies of the parameter p = ( M ep − M ha ) / M ep characterizing saturation magnetization anisotropy and magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants K1 and K2. The latter was obtained using the modified Sucksmith-Thompson method and the numeric technique of approximation which takes into account slight misorientation between applied magnetic field and the hard magnetization axis allowing to describe magnetization curves accurately.

International audience; A series of strontium hexaferrites (Sr-HF) compounds, doped with a low amount of manganese SrFe12-xMnxO19 (where x = 0.00, 0.03 and 0.05), were prepared by a sol-gel method. Structural and microstructural characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) in order to determine some basic properties such as lattice parameters and particles size. Moreover, magnetic properties of the samples were measured in a temperature range from 2 to 900 K. The results show that the transition temperature (TC) decreases from 764 to 721 K with Mn doping at x = 0.05 content. Also, temperature and doping effects on the coercivity (Hc), the remanent magnetization (Mr) and the magnetization of saturation (MS) were discussed considering the Stoner - Wohlfarth model. A slight improvement of the magnetic properties (Hc =5.56 kOe, Mr =49.99 emu/g, MS =101.9 emu/g (i.e. 19.37 µB/u.f)) for low content (x = 0.03) is evidenced, yielding to promising material for permanent magnet devices. This improvement was explained by the relationship between the microstructure and to the effective magnetic anisotropy.

Nickel substituted manganese ferrite [NixMn1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.2)] nanoplates with cubic shape and controlled sizes were fabricated by chemical coprecipitation technique. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of single phase crystalline nanoplates in the size range 8–24 nm. Magnetic studies showed that coercivity as a function of plate length goes through a maximum, peaking at 162 Oe and then decreases for larger nanoplates, indicating that the single domain limit for NixMn1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.2) is ∼21 nm. While negligible coercivity at below 10 nm confirms the superparamagnetic limit in the range 8–10 nm for these nanoplates. Saturation magnetization of the samples was found to increase linearly with plate length in the single domain regime, however this increase was observed slower for the larger nanoplates. Typical blocking effects were studied in the temperature range 20–300 K and it was found the superparamagnetic blocking temperature increases monotonically with increasing size of the nanoplates. The results are discussed in terms of the enhanced surface roles and variation of surface and effective anisotropies with size of the nanoplates that strongly influence their magnetic properties within the domain of Stoner Wohlfarth model for ferromagnetic systems.

The isotropic Stoner-Wohlfarth model can be applied for the determination of the anisotropy field in powders. Samples of strontium ferrite - SrFe12O19 – were measured in Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). By means of the fitting of the first quadrant of the hysteresis curve the anisotropy field was estimated as 19-20 kOe for the SrFe12O19 phase. The main advantage of the method is its simplicity, because compacting or sintering of the powder samples is not necessary

Arrays of nanosized hollow spheres of Ni were studied using micromagnetic simulation by the Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework. Before all the results, we will present an analysis of the properties for an individual hollow sphere in order to separate the real effects due to the array. The results in this paper are divided into three parts in order to analyze the magnetic behaviors in the static and dynamic regimes. The first part presents calculations for the magnetic field applied parallel to the plane of the array; specifically, we present the magnetization for equilibrium configurations. The obtained magnetization curves show that decreasing the thickness of the shell decreases the coercive field and it is difficult to obtain magnetic saturation. The values of the coercive field obtained in our work are of the same order as reported in experimental studies in the literature. The magnetic response in our study is dominated by the shape effects and we obtained high values for the reduced remanence, $M_{r}/M_{S} = 0.8$ . In the second part of this paper, we have changed the orientation of the magnetic field and calculated hysteresis curves to study the angular dependence of the coercive field and remanence. In thin shells, we have observed how the moments are oriented tangentially to the spherical surface. For the inversion of the magnetic moments we have observed the formation of vortex and onion modes. In the third part of this paper, we present an analysis for the process of magnetization reversal in the dynamic regime. The analysis showed that inversion occurs in the nonhomogeneous configuration. We could see that self-demagnetizing effects are predominant in the magnetic properties of the array. We could also observe that there are two contributions: one due to the shell as an independent object and the other due to the effects of the array.

In the fabrication of soft magnetic composite materials, the iron powder particles are submitted to a high-pressure compaction process that should be considered in the modeling of magnetic hysteresis. This paper introduces a novel approach for modeling the stress-dependent magnetic hysteresis, based on the Stoner–Wohlfarth (S–W) model. Moreover, for determining the S–W particle equilibrium orientation directly, an extended S–W astroid method, which considering the stress effect, is presented. To verify this presented model, the magnetic hysteresis phenomenon of SOMALOY 500 are measured and simulated. The comparison between the two results shows that this model is feasible and effective, which can be applied to practical engineering.

The Alnico magnets (also called Ticonal) have coercivity attributed to shape anisotropy. The conditions for appearing this type of anisotropy are discussed, and the principal is the existence of elongated grains parallel to the easy magnetization axis. A very important detail is that the conditions assumed in the Stoner Wohlfarth model have to be obeyed. The assumptions are i) ferromagnetic phase with single domain particle size and ii) grains without magnetic interaction between them, magnetically insulated by a grain boundary paramagnetic phase. In Alnico magnets, the coercivity mechanism is coherent rotation of single domain size particles.

A model for the vector magnetization of a distribution of uniaxial particles is presented. Recent work by the authors decomposed the magnetization into two components and modeled the total vector magnetization as their vector sum. Anisotropy could be ideally modeled as a constant field, but this leads to a model of unidirectional anisotropy. Considering uniaxial media, such approach will only be valid for small angles. Hence, in this paper, a model is proposed that calculates the total magnetization of a distribution of uniaxial particles as the vector sum of irreversible and reversible components. The magnitude of the irreversible component is modeled using a Preisach differential-equation approach; however, other valid models can be used. The direction of the reversible component is modeled using the minimum energy approach of the classical Stoner–Wohlfarth model. The final result of the model is an unsymmetrical lag-angle plot for intermediate applied field values, which is consistent with the measurements.

The ratios of Fe/Co and Fe/B in a ferromagnetic alloy system, Fe(87-x-y) Co(x) Ti7 Zr6 By (x = 20, 30, and 40 at% and y = 2 and 4 at%), which was produced by the melt-spinning technique in the form of thin ribbons, were investigated to improve the saturation magnetization. The thermal properties T(x) were in the range of 792.0 K to 838.0 K, and it decreased by decreasing Fe/Co ratio. In the as-spun amorphous ribbons, the saturation magnetization and coercivity ranged from 137.5 emu/g to 164.2 emu/g and from 0.027 Oe to 1.245 Oe, respectively. The optimum Fe/Co ratio for the Fe(83-x) Co(x) Ti7 Zr6 B4 system was determined to be 64:36. In other words, the optimum system was Fe60 Co25 Ti7 Zr6 B2, which exhibited robust soft magnetic properties, such as a low coercivity of 0.252 Oe, and high saturation magnetization of 164.2 emu/g (1.55 T). Also, in this system, magnetic properties such as the saturation magnetization and coercivity increased with decreasing Fe/Co ratio.

Apparent magnetization mapping is a technique to estimate magnetization distribution in the subsurface magnetic layer from the observed magnetic data, of benefit in identifying lithologic units and delineating magnetic geologic boundaries. The conventional approaches for apparent magnetization mapping usually neglect effects of remanence, resulting in large geologic deviation and the occurrence of negative magnetization when the magnetic layer contains strong remanent magnetization. We have developed a space-domain inversion approach for apparent magnetization mapping based on the amplitude of magnetic anomaly (AMA), the analytic signal (AS), and the normalized source strength (NSS) to reduce effects of remanent magnetization. The AMA, AS, and NSS are three common quantities insensitive or weakly sensitive to the remanence transformed from the magnetic total field anomaly or components. The magnetic layer underground is first divided into a regular grid of vertical rectangular prisms, each having a cross-sectional area of one grid square and a uniform magnetization. Then, an iterative algorithm is adopted to invert each quantity of the AMA, AS, and NSS to obtain an optimum value of magnetization of each prism in the magnetic layer. The inversion approach permits the top and bottom surfaces of the magnetic layer to be constant or variable in depth, and requires no prior information of magnetization directions. Our tests on the synthetic and real data from the metallic ores area in the southern margin of North China have proved the feasibility and robustness of the presented inversion approach. All of the AMA, AS, and NSS inversions produced nonnegative magnetization distribution in the magnetic layer. Also, the AS and NSS inversions produced a better resolution of magnetization distribution than that of the AMA.

We have produced hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets from commercial (MQU-F) Nd-Fe-B ribbons. The spark-plasma-sintering technique was used to deform the samples under low pressures of 40 MPa. The initial stages of the hot-deformation process were investigated in terms of microstructures and magnetic properties. Hot-deformed magnets with different deformation ratios were produced and the dependence of the remanence on the deformation ratio was determined. In the initial stages of the hot-deformation process, a cone-like shape of the magnet was observed for the first time. The experimental data can be qualitatively interpreted by applying the basic Stoner–Wohlfarth model.

The Stoner-Wohlfarth is the most used model of magnetic hysteresis, but its computation is time-consuming. We use machine learning to approximate piecewise this model by easy-to-compute analytic functions. Our parametrization is suitable for fast quantitative evaluations and fitting experimental data, which we exemplify., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

A numerical extension of the simple Stoner–Wohlfarth model to the case of bi-dimensional angular distributions of easy axis is provided. The results are particularized in case of step-like, Gaussian-like and user defined distributions. In spite of its simplicity, the model can be applied to magnetically textured thin films and multilayers with in-plane magnetic anisotropy, independently on the texture source. Exemplifications are provided for a simple ferromagnetic textured FeCo film as well as for a FeMn/FeCo/Cu/FeCo spin valve structure.

The remanence and coercivity of arc melted Mn70Ga30 can be substantially improved by cold rolling. For best performance the rolled material should be annealed at T=730 K in the presence of a magnetic field of 1 T. The so-obtained magnet has a remanence of 0.239 T and a coercivity of 1.24 T at room temperature. The underlying reason for the high coercivity and remanence is the increase of the content of a metastable ferrimagnetic D022 phase at the expense of the normally stable anti-ferromagnetic D019. Magnetic field significantly increases the nucleation rate of the ferromagnetic D022 phase that leads to grain size refinement and as a consequence of improving remanence and coercive field.

The Stoner–Wohlfarth (SW) model provides an efficient analytical model to describe the behavior of magnetic layers within magnetoresistive sensors. Combined with a proper description of magneto-resistivity an efficient device model can be derived, which is necessary for an optimal electric circuit design. Parameters of the model are determined by global optimization of an application specific cost function which contains measured resistances for different applied fields. Several application cases are examined and used for validation of the device model.

Room-temperature magnetic properties of planar nanowire arrays of Fe have been studied using comprehensive analysis of FMR and magnetometry data. It has been shown that the Fe NWs are ferromagnetic at room temperature and their magnetic properties are mainly governed by shape anisotropy. Combining parameters derived from the FMR study with experimental data of magnetometry, simulations of hysteresis loops have been performed based on Stoner–Wohlfarth approach. Calculations show that magnetisation reversal of Fe NWs has a coherent-rotation type of localised character. As NW thickness decreases, localisation of the magnetisation reversal mode is found to enhance due to increased inhomogeneity of thinner NWs.

Magnetic nanostructures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), as compared with the spin valves with in-plane anisotropy, have a lower level of thermal magnetization noise due to the high value of PMA, as well as a lower critical current density required for magnetization reversal nanostructures [1, 2].

This paper presents a vector hysteresis model based on micromagnetic theory. In this model, a magnetization state of a magnetic material is described by a collection of single-domain particles, and magnetic reversal processes due to domain-wall motions are treated approximately as a magnetization flip. The present model is applied to calculation of hysteresis properties of grain-oriented silicon steel. The simulation results show that the anisotropic hysteresis properties and iron loss can be reproduced accurately by the present model.

The remanence of a ferromagnet is formed under the influence of many factors, the main of which are a magnetic field (DC and AC), temperature, mechanical stress, and chemical transformations. Remanences obtained by different ways are differently resistant to external influences. Remanence observed in structural elements may result from one factor or from all of the above. It is shown that the use of remanence as a parameter for assessing the stress-strain state, i. e. the “method of magnetic memory”, without taking into account the conditions of the formation of the remanence state in a product area under testing will have low assessment reliability.

The magnetic properties of Lycopodium powders from two different sources are investigated. In addition to a characteristic diamagnetism with χ = -8(1) × 10 -6 , there is a Curie-law paramagnetism, which is the dominant contribution to the susceptibility below 20 K, and an additional weak hysteretic signal with a saturation magnetization of magnitude 0.6-1.8 × 10 -3 Am 2 kg -1 at room temperature. After ignition of the powder, the remaining inorganic ash represents just 1.05% of the original mass, but the room temperature magnetization increases only by a factor of 5. The iron content of the Lycopodium, deduced by chemical analysis of the ash is 43-76 ppm. Of this, roughly 3/4 is paramagnetic, and 1/4 is in the form of magnetite.

The barium and strontium hexaferrites (BaM and SrM) were successfully prepared by the standard solid-state reaction method. To inhibit crystal growth, 1 wt % B2O3 was added into the initial mixture. The structural and magnetic properties of pure hexaferrites were compared with the samples prepared with boron addition. Powders were annealed at temperatures between 800 and 1200 degrees C. The crystal structure, morphology, and magnetic properties of hexaferrites were investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). BaM was synthesized at temperatures as low as 800 degrees C with boron addition having saturation magnetization of similar to 50 emu/g and coercivity of similar to 3 kOe. At the same temperature, pure sample has very low magnetization about 1.3 emu/g. Moreover, at higher sintering temperatures, boron-containing samples have higher magnetization values compared to pure BaM. The optimal Fe/Ba ratio was determined as 10.5 for boron-containing samples, while it is 11.5 for the pure one. The coercivity started to decrease at 1100 degrees C indicating that single to multi-domain transition occurs. The saturation magnetization values are nearly equal in pure- and boron-containing SrM samples in the whole temperature range. However, maximal coercivities occurred at different temperatures for boron-containing and the pure samples as 1000 and 1100 C-degrees, respectively. Magnetic interactions deduced from the Stoner-Wohlfarth model using the isothermal magnetization and demagnetization measurements showed that boron addition suppresses the destructive (demagnetizing-like) interactions among domains in both SrM and BaM samples, and thus, stabilizes the remanence.

Soft magnetic composite (SMC) material produced by powder metallurgical techniques is assumed to be an isotropic material. It is applied in the core with special structure of rotating electrical machines, in which, the local magnetic flux density varies with time depend on both magnitude and orientation. Magnetic anisotropic feature may be shown in the material and influences the core operational performance. By using the designed 3-D magnetic properties tester, this paper presents the alternating and rotational magnetic properties of the SMC materials. Slightly anisotropic properties are found in hysteresis features and core loss distributions along different magnetization directions or planes. Experimental results show that some direction of the testing specimen seems harder to be magnetized than other directions. Milling and pressing process of the bulk specimen may cause changing of the grain size, micro-strain and pinning. These can influence the coercivity and remanence of the material and cause magnetic anisotropy, which may also be enhanced by increasing frequency and magnetization.

The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental research of the the effect of perturbation of the magnetization of a magnetic fluid caused by thermal fluctuations in an adiabatic sound wave in the initial area of the magnetization curve. Measurements are conducted on samples of a magnetic colloid with various viscosity of the dispersion medium in the frequency range of 20–60 kHz. In this frequency range, the studied samples are characterized by the absence of thermal relaxation of magnetization. Comparison of the conclusions of the thermal magnetization relaxation model with the results of experiment make it possible to obtain information on the rheological features of the neareast molecular environment of a particle, i.e., nanorheology.

The magnetic properties of nanocrystalline cobalt ferrite could be tuned with substituting small amount of non-magnetic rare earth cation at Fe site in cobalt ferrite. The variation in magnetic parameter of samples could also be obtained by measuring its anhysteretic magnetization curve without tailoring its chemical composition. The magnetic parameters such as coercivity, remanent magnetization and saturation magnetization critically depend upon different values of external magnetic fields. In the present study, the anhysteretic magnetization curve of the samples CoFe2−xLaxO4 (x=0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1) has been recorded and response of coercivity to different maximum values of applied field has been investigated. It has been observed that the response of coercivity to different maximum values of applied field shows non-linear behavior. The analysis of the response of coercivity to different values of applied field in low field regime has been carried out with the help of Rayleigh laws. The analysis of the plot yields significant information about magnetic anisotropy.

Fe-Ni graded films have been prepared by co-sputtering permalloy and Fe targets at different time-power sequences. Morpho-structural and magnetic investigations have been performed by transmission electron microscopy, Xray reflectometry, conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy and magneto-optic Kerr effect vector magnetometry, proving the thickness dependence of the properties. A magnetization reversal involving the displacement of Bloch-type walls is characteristic for a 115 nm thick Fe-Ni graded film whereas an in-plane coherent rotation of the spins, according to a Stoner-Wohlfarth mechanism was evidence for a 23 nm thick Fe-Ni graded film.

Hydrostatic pressure effects on magnetic parameters for crustal rock have been poorly investigated yet, while it is important for an understanding of source of long-wavelength magnetic anomaly, which is considered to reside in deep crust. In this study we have conducted the in situ magnetic hysteresis measurements on multidomain (MD) magnetite under high pressure up to 1 GPa. With special attention to hydrostatic condition and sample preparation, pressure dependences of its magnetic hysteresis parameters (saturation magnetization, M s ; saturation remanence, M rs ; coercivity, B c ; coercivity of remanence, B cr ) are revealed as follows: (1) B c monotonically increases with pressure at a rate of +91%/GPa; (2) M s is constant under high pressure up to 1 GPa; (3) M rs increases with pressure up to 0.5 GPa by ∼30% and reaches to saturation above the pressure; (4) B cr is nearly constant at low pressure, and it increases above ∼0.6 GPa; and (5) the changes in ratios M rs / M s and B cr / B c correlate with each other, resulting in systematic movement on the Day plot. These findings allow us to estimate change in a relaxation time of magnetic remanence carried by MD magnetite as a function of depth in the continental crust. In the model calculation, we consider no effect of plastic deformation on magnetic properties of magnetite, and the relaxation time is calculated using the theoretical thermal gradient. In consequence, the relaxation time monotonously decreases with depth, and primary remanence is considered to be replaced by a viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) over the Brunhes chron. Therefore, it is suggested that MD magnetite in deep crustal rocks can contribute to the source of the anomaly over the continental crust by VRM and induced magnetization.

Magnetic anisotropy measurements are becoming increasingly common to many studies within the different disciplines of geology, involving sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. A plethora of techniques exists for measuring magnetic anisotropy of rocks. Some are rapid and non-destructive while others are more labor-intensive or may result in alteration of the magnetic minerals. All, however, have the potential of revealing a wealth of information when measured and interpreted correctly. In broad terms, anisotropy techniques subdivide into measurements of susceptibility, remanence and torque; here we consider the first two of these. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is by far the most utilized, and measures composite fabrics. Magnetic susceptibilities in high fields and low temperatures, however, are being increasingly used to isolate the paramagnetic contribution to the fabrics. When distinguishing between fabrics carried by different ferromagnetic phases, or to separate these from the diamagnetic and paramagnetic contributions to the fabric, then remanence anisotropy techniques become necessary. Anisotropies of thermal remanence (ATRMs), of anhysteretic remanence (AARM) and of isothermal remanence (AIRM) are the most common examples. Remanence anisotropy may be measured over the full spectrum of magnetic coercivities or over a targeted range (e.g. partial or ApARM). Moreover, anisotropies may be calculated using only the resolved field-parallel component of the vector, in which case a minimum of six different orientations is necessary to obtain a complete symmetric tensor, or using the three components (full vector) of the measured magnetic vectors (e.g. AvARM), in which case three orthogonal applied magnetizations are the minimum requirement. In this study we utilize a variety of magnetic remanence room temperature techniques to measure remanence anisotropy of selected coarse and finer grained gneiss–granulitic specimens with well-pronounced fabrics. Results are compared to room temperature AMS and are interpreted in terms of the applicability of instrumentation/technique to specific rock-magnetic properties.

In this paper, we discuss the numerical modeling of hysteresis in magnetic steels with oriented and nonoriented grain. The modeling is fully 3-D, but it is applied here to typical 2-D magnetic problems. Starting from a vector generalization of the Preisach model, we introduce here the concept of an operative magnetic field, function of the state of magnetization of the material. This operative field is introduced to reproduce with more accuracy the peculiar behavior of Si-Fe steels approaching the saturation state. The properties of the model are discussed and some examples are reported.

Die upsetting is an effective method to produce bulk anisotropic Nd-Fe-B magnets with nanostructure and full density [1]. A variety of experimental evidence suggests that the grain boundary a play key role in magnetic hardening [2]. Therefore, the grain boundary diffusion method is an effective way to improve the coercivity of die-upset magnet [3, 4]. However, the special role of the grain boundary after diffusion on both magnetic structure and microstructure of the die upsetting magnets is unclear and controversial. In order to obtain the excellent coercivity in the die-upset nanocrystal-line magnets, it is necessary to get better understanding on the mechanism of the enhanced coercivity. In this work, we have fabricated nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B magnets by hot pressing and die upsetting methods with low melting point eutectic Nd-Cu alloy addition. The coercivity has been dramatically enhanced by Nd-Cu alloy addition. To investigate mechanism of the enhancement of the coercivity, we observed microstructure and the initial magnetization curve of the die upsetting magnets with different Nd-Cu addition.

(Received 15 January 2015, Received in final form 10 February 2015, Accepted 11 February 2015)The magnetic anisotropy field plays an important role in spin-orbit-torque-induced magnetization dynamicswith electric current injection. Here, we propose a magnetometric technique to measure the magneticanisotropy field in nanostructured ferromagnetic thin films. This technique utilizes a magneto-optical Kerreffect microscope equipped with two-axis electromagnets. By measuring the out-of-plane hysteresis loops andthen analyzing their saturated magnetization with respect to the in-plane magnetic field, the magneticanisotropy field is uniquely quantified within the context of the Stoner-Wohlfarth theory. The present techniquecan be applied to small nanostructures, enabling in-situ determination of the magnetic anisotropy field ofnanodevices.Keywords : perpendicular magnetic anisotropy field, magneto optical Kerr effect, hysteresis loop, Stoner-Wohlfarthmodel

Magnetization curves of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in ac magnetic field are numerically studied by Brownian dynamics simulation with considering a more precisely estimated magnetic torque. Consequently, we confirmed that rotatable nanoparticles with magnetic easy axes show magnetic hysteresis loops without remanence, even when the thermal fluctuations of the magnetizations are much faster than the oscillation of the magnetic fields. The origin is that magnetic alignments of the easy axes by the magnetic torque in the peak period of the oscillations of field alternate with their randomizations by Brownian relaxation in the period when the field becomes almost zero. Because the equilibrium magnetization curve of the aligned nanoparticles is steeper than that of randomly oriented ones, a new kind of hysteresis appears when both the Brownian relaxation time and the characteristic time of the field-driven rotation are comparable to the alternation period of magnetic field. This finding sheds a new light on the widely accepted association between superparamagnetism and the anhysteretic magnetization curves. Furthermore, this knowledge will help reconsideration of the design of biomedical application using magnetic nanoparticles, since it has been optimized assuming magnetic response described by Langevin function.

We report magnetic properties of transition metal (TM) doped ZnO nanoparticles and compare the doping effects of different transition metal ions into the ZnO matrix. Stoner–Wohlfarth model has been used to study the switching behavior of magnetic moments by observing energy diagram and hysteresis. Low magnetic anisotropy in Zn1-xMxO nanoparticles is observed where M=Fe, Co, Ni and x is the dopant amount. We have considered chemical precipitation technique for the preparation of Zn1-xMxO samples and have compared the reversal processes of magnetic moments with respect to time in the nanoparticles.

The Stoner-Wohlfarth model can be used for predicting hysteresis curves of either isotropic or anisotropic nanocrystalline Sm2Co17 type magnets. For isotropic magnets, with Mr/Ms=0.5, the Stoner-Wohlfarth model predicts coercive force of 48% of the anisotropy field. Here, Mr is remanence and Ms is magnetization of saturation. Two texture distributions were compared: Pearson VII and cosn. The calculations indicate that increasing the alignment degree of the grains, the coercivity increases. However, this increase of the coercive force is small. It is found that a very well aligned magnet, with Mr/Ms ratio of 0.96, presents coercivity only ~20% higher than that of the isotropic magnet.

We have successfully synthesized single-domain barium ferrite particles with uniaxial anisotropy. We have coated them with amorphous silica to reduce interparticle interactions so that the assembly of these particles behaves like a noninteracting randomly oriented uniaxial single-domain particle system, a prototype for the Stoner–Wohlfarth model. From the magnetic hysteresis loops of the particle system in a wide temperature range ( 10 – 700 K ), we simultaneously determine the magnetic anisotropic field H K , the reduced remanence M r / M s , and the coercive field H C in the whole temperature range below the Curie temperature. These complete sets of data allow us to quantitatively test the Stoner–Wohlfarth theory and the agreement between experiment and theory is good.

The Stoner–Wohlfarth (SW) model was calculated for the anisotropic case, by assuming crystallographical texture distributions as Gaussian, Lorentzian and Cos n (alpha). All these distributions were tested and both Gaussian and Cos n (alpha) give similar results for M r / M s above 0.8. However, the use of Cos n (alpha) makes it easier to find analytical expressions representing texture. The Lorentzian distribution is a suitable choice for not well aligned magnets, or magnets with a high fraction of misaligned grains. It is discussed how to obtain the alignment degree M r / M s directly from two measurements of magnetic remanence at the transverse and parallel directions to the alignment direction of the magnet. It is demonstrated that even the well aligned magnets with M r / M s =0.96 present coercive field of 60–70% of the anisotropy field, depending on the chosen distribution. The anisotropic SW model was used for discussing hysteresis squareness. Improving the crystalographical texture, the loop squareness also increases.

Ni nanorods are dispersed into gelatine gels and used as nanoprobes to estimate the shear modulus of the surrounding gel matrix by magnetization measurements. The nanorods are synthesized via pulsed electrodeposition of Ni into porous alumina, released from the templates by dissolution of the oxide layer and after several processing steps dispersed into gelatine gels with an isotropic orientation-distribution. Magnetization measurements of the resulting gels show a significant influence of the gelatine concentration on their magnetic behavior. In particular, with decreasing gelatine concentration the measured coercivity is reduced indicating a mechanical rotation of the nanorods in the field direction. A theoretical model which relates the measured coercivity to the shear modulus of the surrounding gel matrix is introduced and applied to investigate the ageing process of gelatine gels with different gelatine concentrations at room temperature.