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We present ENGAGE, the first battery-free, personal mobile gaming device powered by energy harvested from the gamer actions and sunlight. Our design implements a power failure resilient Nintendo Game Boy emulator that can run off-the-shelf classic Game Boy games like Tetris or Super Mario Land. This emulator is capable of intermittent operation by tracking memory usage, avoiding the need for always checkpointing all volatile memory, and decouples the game loop from user interface mechanics allowing for restoration after power failure. We build custom hardware that harvests energy from gamer button presses and sunlight, and leverages a mixed volatility memory architecture for efficient intermittent emulation of game binaries. Beyond a fun toy, our design represents the first battery-free system design for continuous user attention despite frequent power failures caused by intermittent energy harvesting. We tackle key challenges in intermittent computing for interaction including seamless displays and dynamic incentive-based gameplay for energy harvesting. This work provides a reference implementation and framework for a future of battery-free mobile gaming in a more sustainable Internet of Things.

The goal of this paper is to make use of the CodePlay framework to teach software engineering in a computer games development cohort and record whether the use of such systems can enhance student attendance, satisfaction and performance. This is based on content gamification, tabletop role-playing games and the concept of student-generated assessment. In this experiment, students play the role of a character exploring a haunted mansion, and the in-game role-playing shapes the final assignment. This case study reports findings from a Level 5 cohort of 35 students enrolled in the unit “Software Engineering for Games: Methods and Tools” in computer games development (Software Development) and (Indie) courses, at Solent University. While this paper is the application of the CodePlay framework, the framework itself is analyzed in its complementary paper “CodePlay: A Tabletop Role-Playing Game System used in Teaching Game Programming using Content Gamification”.

The goal of this paper is to provide a role-playing game system that combines gamification, role-playing teaching techniques and tabletop RPGs to be used in teaching, in an effort to increase student involvement. The main theory behind it is Content Gamification (which focuses on making a module’s content more fun), and tabletop role-playing games combined with rules from the “Betrayal at the house on the hill” board game. The framework itself is called “Code-Playing Technique” and it directly combines physical role-play and learning programming. This is a learning technique designed for use in Software Engineering and Game Programming curricula. With the “Code-Playing Technique”, students may express themselves through coding instead of via words or natural language. As such, during role-playing a character in a virtual setting, anything that the player does and anything that happens to that character must be expressed through programming and scripting from within a game engine. While this paper explores the CodePlay framework itself, the complementary paper “The Blackthorn Manor: A Case Study in Teaching Software Engineering for Computer Games Courses using CodePlay Framework” applies it in a university module.

Serious games or educational games have attracted the interest of instructors and researchers for several years. In the field of education, serious games are being used for motivating students, attracting their interest in cognitively demanding fields and making the teaching and learning process more fun. Moreover, learning through implementing games has been proposed as an effective alternative to the traditional instructor-centered approach to teaching programming. Towards this direction the study presented in this article aims to investigate whether it is feasible to learn programming concepts, as well as game programming concepts, through implementing a game in Python. More specifically, the study presented has the following goals: firstly, to review and comparatively analyze existing game engines and libraries that can be used by novice programmers for implementing simple games in Python; secondly, to investigate whether it is feasible to implement a simple but yet meaningful game that can be used as a prototype for learning programming concepts and game programming concepts in Python. In order to reach the second goal a serious game was implemented as a case study, using the free and open source Python library of pygame that based on the aforementioned comparative analysis is appropriate for novices. The PyDiophantus Maze game that was implemented can be used for teaching and learning game programming in Python, but also for learning mathematics. The article concludes with proposals for utilizing the game in mathematics and (game) programming education, as well as plans for further research.

Game-based competitive or cooperative robotics activities constitute an effective approach to exploit the child-robot interaction perspective. However, in most game-based robotics activities robots act autonomously to achieve the goal. In this work, we aim to promote the child-robot interaction aspect through a multiplayer game where one team of robots and humans collaborates to compete with another team of humans and cobots. We describe the design of an open space that will allow children to gain access, locally and remotely, and program robotic agents to play the traditional “Capture the Flag” game in a physical stadium-arena. Through this space, we intend to teach robotics, while programming human-robot interfaces, within a computer-supported game-based learning environment. We give insights on the initial design of such an open space and the educational benefits of its use in the comprehension of abstract computational and STEM concepts.

This document describes the whole process of making a 3D video game demo for the Final degree project in Design and development of video games, especially the artistic section of the video game. The artistic section consists of the design of the game art for a medieval fantasy RPG video game. The different parts of the art of The Final spell are: 3D models, user interface, particle systems, shaders and improving the visual quality of the game. The game engine used in The Final Spell is the Unity 3D engine. In addition, Unity offers several tools to improve the visual quality that were used throughout the project.

Treball final de Grau en Disseny i Desenvolupament de Videojocs. Codi: VJ1241. Curs acadèmic: 2020/2021 This document describes the process of developing the demo of a 3D RPG video game called “The Final Spell” for the Bachelor’s Thesis in the Bachelor's Degree in Video Game Design and Development, including the design, implementation, art, music and teamwork required for the creation of said demo. Specifically, this document emphasizes the development from a programming view, explaining the implementation of the different mechanics of an RPG, such as the main character movement and spells, the interactions with NPCs - dialogues, quests… -, the interactions with the environment and a save system. The game has been developed using Unity Engine and coded in C#.

Programming by demonstration (PbD) has a straightforward application in the development of the artificial intelligence (AI) for nonplayer characters (NPCs) in a video game: a game designer controls the NPC during a training session in the game, and thus demonstrates the expected behavior for that character in different situations. Afterwards, applying some machine learning technique on the traces recorded during the demonstration, an AI for the NPC can be generated. Nevertheless, with this approach, it is very hard for the game designer to fully control the resulting behavior, which is a key requirement for game designers, who are responsible for putting together a fun experience for the player. In this paper, we present trained behavior trees (TBTs). TBTs are behavior trees (BTs) generated from traces obtained in a game through PbD. BTs are a technique widely used for AI game programming that are created and modified through special purpose visual editors. By inducing a BT from a PbD game session, we combine the ease of use of PbD with the ability to fine-tune the learned behavior of BTs. Furthermore, TBTs facilitate the use of BTs by game designers and promote their authoring control on game AI.

Physiological sensing has been a prominent fixture in games user research (GUR) since the late 1990s, when researchers started to explore its potential to enhance and understand experience within digital game play. Since these early days, is has been widely argued that "affective gaming"---in which gameplay is influenced by a player's emotional state---can enhance player experience by integrating physiological sensors into play. Reflecting in 2020 on these last 20 years of progress, we systematically review the field of affective gaming to answer whether or not it has met this promise. We create a framework (the affective game loop) to classify 162 publications (included from an initial search set of 52,834 results) within affective gaming, present findings on the current state of the field, and discuss how our findings, contextualized within the affective game loop, can guide the future of affective gaming.

The best way to learn game programming is to start coding one. In this chapter, we'll build a simple card game, Crazy Eights. Crazy 8 is a popular game, both the actual card game and its electronic counterparts. If you search Google Play for Crazy Eights, it'll turn up quite a few selections.

The graphical and game programming environment provides a practical way to improve the learning process, especially the motivation of game creators. However, the research on students seldom uses graphic and game programming in higher education. Therefore, this study takes Ylands, a sandbox game of Tencent, as an example to investigate the creative thinking of higher education curriculum games and explore the factors that affect higher education’s acceptance of graphic programming. Based on FSLSM results, the students’ initial learning based on the sandbox game has different preferences for creative content. In addition, the early experience of students with a lot of game experience has become an important factor affecting students’ acceptance of sandbox and game creation. Other factors, such as self exploration ability, sense of achievement, expectation of effort, degree of realization of ideas, social influence, convenience, participation, skills and control, are also important factors. According to the results of this study, the instructional designer can control the content of sand box game creation course, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the course.

Up to now the relationship between console games and gamers has been restricted by limitations in screen size. The gradual enlargement of these sizes has accommodated for a technological boom in the development of game software programs, some of which have been hugely successful and had broad repercussions across both the gaming and technological landscape. In 2010, Microsoft and their Kinect team released an advertisement using projection mapping technique, which gave users an exciting preview of the future of game technology and provided inspiration for aspiring young game developers. With the help of new techniques, developers had the chance to produce artistically unique projects by creating a variety of different game experiences. Additionally, the enhancement of digital games, their interactive features, and the enlargement of the screens enabled users to experience a completely new level of immersion in their games. Each new development within the industry allows for new avenues of exploration and provides the potential to further refine and enhance successful techniques. Two creative examples of application adaptations are Microsoft’s Illumiroom and RoomAlive projects, which include a game experience which incorporates a large part of the user’s physical environment using reflective techniques. The world of gaming entertainment and the technological advancements which propel it, are constantly improving the experience of its users, and this study, which starts out with aforesaid improvements, further examines the relationship between new generation interactive console games, aesthetic aspects of game interface designs, Microsoft Kinect and Projection Mapping. In light of these, this study discusses the future opportunities of console development, the current industry innovators, and the potential immersive qualities of digital games. Keywords: console game, game design, graphic design, game experience, game user interface design, projection mapping.

This article describes how game developers successfully ‘pull off’ game development, collaborating in the absence of consensus and working with recalcitrant and wilful technologies, shedding light on the games we play and those that make them, but also how we can be forced to work together by the platforms we choose to use. The concept of ‘boundary objects’ is exported from Science and Technology Studies (STS) to highlight the vital coordinating role of game development software. Rather than a mutely obedient tool, game software such as Unity 3D is depicted by developers as exhibiting magical, even agential, properties. It becomes ‘voodoo software’. This software acts as a boundary object, aligning game developers at points of technical breakdown. Voodoo software is tidied away in later accounts of game development, emphasizing how ethnographies of software development provide an anchor from which to investigate cultural production and co-creative practice.

Runtime verification is the process of observing a sequence of events generated by a running system and comparing it to some formal specification for potential violations. We show how the use of a runtime monitor can greatly speed up the testing phase of a video game under development by automating the detection of bugs when the game is being played. We take advantage of the fact that a video game, contrarily to generic software, follows a special structure that contains a “game loop.” This game loop can be used to centralize the instrumentation and generate events based on the game's internal state. We report on experiments made on a sample of six real-world video games of various genres and sizes by successfully instrumenting and efficiently monitoring various temporal properties over their execution, including actual bugs reported in the games' bug tracking database in the course of their development.

Interest towards implementing educational gaming into courses within higher education continues to increase, but it requires extensive amounts of resources to create individual games for each course. This paper is a description of a university’s effort to create a custom educational game engine to streamline the game development process within the university. This paper includes a discussion of the institutional effort, the game engine itself, as well as a case study of a game created with the custom FLAG (an HTML5 game engine built to run 2D games on any HTML5 compatible device) game engine to illustrate how the FLAG engine can simplify the game development process and promote game-based learning in higher education.

Game developers make heavy use of "metrics" (or "analytics") in order to understand how their games are being played by the public. Through recording players' actions within a game, designers can identify weaknesses in the game design, such as sections of the game that are too difficult, or never explored. Meanwhile, a genre of “scientific games” has emerged, in which players contribute to the advancement of science through their actions in a game, learn scientific concepts, or both. Although most scientific games incorporate metrics, the data is meant only for the developers and is rarely shared with the public. This represents a missed opportunity for the public to learn from the data that they and their fellow players are generating.Inspired by the belief that anyone can contribute to science, we have created an open source game analytics service called "RedMetrics" in which all data gathered is freely and immediately available online. RedMetrics can gather data from any platform (web, PC, console, etc.) and stores it on an open repository. The data is available via a web API as well as a web application. To ease integration, we provide interfaces for the popular game engine Unity as well as for the web browser.In this paper, we demonstrate RedMetrics through a case study of Hero.Coli, a game to learn synthetic biology. We study the progression of players through the game and use RedMetrics to identify bottlenecks in the game design that hinder learning.

In software applications, code smells are considered as bad coding practices acquired at the time of development. The presence of such code smells in games may affect the process of game development adversely. Our preliminary study aims at investigating the existence of code smells in the games. To achieve this, we used JavaScript code smells detection tool JSNose against 361 JavaScript web games to find occurrences of JavaScript smells in games. Further, we conducted a manual study to find violations of known game programming patterns in 8 web games to verify the necessity of game-specific code smells detection tool. Our results shows that existing JavaScript code smells detection tool is not sufficient to find game-specific code smells in web games.

In collaborative development of games software, hotspot identification technique significantly supports maintenance and evolutions activities including modding because newly involved developers must identify hotspot. This paper focuses on game loops as hotspots because many action games, including classic action games and the latest action games for console game machines, have an architecture consisting of game loops and update functions. This study assumes that game loops and update functions have the largest number of function calls in the entire source code modules. This paper investigates whether call flow analysis helps developers identify hotspots in four games software publicly accessible in GitHub. The results of the investigation revealed that one game loop and a set of update functions could be identified precisely by call flow analysis and that other three neighborhood functions could be identified. The results showed the possibility of automated identification of game loop and update functions by call flow analysis.

The use of games in education has become an increasingly present practice in contemporary society. For so-called "digital natives", learning through electronic games becomes more significant. Digital educational games are often seen as boring, non-motivational, that fail to bring in some essential elements that promote engagement, making the learning goal is not achieved either. Game Design is a game project. It describes how the game should be, defining its mechanics and interactions between player and thevirtual world of the game and how they can affect the game environment. In order to document the design of a game, there is the Game Design Document (GDD), whose one of the main objectives, besides registration, is to help in communication between the different production teams of a game, allowing the game designer a broad view of that is being produced. However, because it is a large document that brings in detail all the main elements for the production of a game, it turns out to be little used, especially if the focus is the elaboration of small games, which are the majority of the digital educational games that exist. For these short games, which can often be worked out within a few hours, there are Short Game Design Document (SGDD). The SGDD, unlike GDD, will describe the elements of the game in a simplified way possible, whereas the game to be drawn from it is also a simple game. Thus, the proposal of this work is to elaborate a model of SGDD for educational games (the SGDDEdu), specifying elements of art, sound, mechanics and game programming, as well as educational elements in accordance with the new BNCC (National Curricular Common Base) of Elementary School, so that there is a standardization and better categorization of educational games aligned with the proposed pedagogical objectives and the skills and competences described in each level of education. This work will be developed from the study and analysis of some models of already existing SGDD and the BNCC of Elementary School in general, causing in SGDDEdu. The research will be applied with teachers and educators requesting that they specify an educational game in the SGDDEdu template. With this, we intend to verify if the SGDDEdu has relevance and if it facilitates in the production of digital educational games, providing the teaching and learning process through the games, as well as trying to identify how the NCCB can contribute in the development of educational games

We introduce the General Video Game Rule Generation problem, and the eponymous software framework which will be used in a new track of the General Video Game AI (GVGAI) competition. The problem is, given a game level as input, to generate the rules of a game that fits that level. This can be seen as the inverse of the General Video Game Level Generation problem. Conceptualizing these two problems as separate helps breaking the very hard problem of generating complete games into smaller, more manageable subproblems. The proposed framework builds on the GVGAI software and thus asks the rule generator for rules defined in the Video Game Description Language. We describe the API, and three different rule generators: a random, a constructive and a search-based generator. Early results indicate that the constructive generator generates playable and somewhat interesting game rules but has a limited expressive range, whereas the search-based generator generates remarkably diverse rulesets, but with an uneven quality., Comment: 8 pages, 9 listings, 1 table, 2 figures

This chapter shows how to design a game state manager. Often, games will have a title screen, menus for options, menus for selecting different levels, screens to display the high score after finishing a level, a menu to select different characters and attributes, and so on. A game state manager can help switching between these states seamlessly. We will show how different states can be a part of the game loop and how we can switch between them. For that, we design a generic game loop interface that defines the structure of all objects that are part of the game loop in some way.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and suggest nonviolent, emotionally and helpful games for young people. In this paper, the digital animation, advantages, disadvantages, production process, etc. for overseas trends were defined. Also, creating games with the Visual Basic language in the animated feature of the disadvantages of existing algorithms shows case and screen time, so delayed distortion appears respectively. The proposed algorithm improves the speed and distortion through the screen. Simply two games of in-game animation and animation in complex game features were designed for the experiment and showed the superiority of the proposed algorithm by running. In this paper, the user interface of the game for children and proposed relevant algorithms were designed and resultant screens of the game showed. Most of contemporary games are violent to children. Therefore, in order to solve such problems, the game which is not violent but educative and child-friendly was designed and implemented in this paper. The future study on the game with a more in-depth is needed for animation techniques.

This paper presents a cultural entertainment game entitled “Rota do Tropeiro”. The aim of our article is to briefly present well-known tools that can be integrated and used by beginners to develop games with quality and optimized performance, especially for the Android platform. The document describes our game prototype, showing techniques and methodologies applied and highlighting new challenges. As a result, we produced a mobile game for end-users, and creative stuffs like animations, geometric models and artificial intelligence scripts.

The educational computer game service, due to its entertainment role, is a very attractive tool for students to raise their interests in learning. Especially mathematics, the most difficult subject for many students, is one of the typical subjects in which the educational computer game service can be efficiently applied. Most of the previous game services is for single or two learners. And learner only have to simply submit a solution for the proposed math expression in the game. In this paper a multi-player game service based on TCP/IP socket programming technique is designed and implemented to join in the game for multiple learners. In addition, we design a game rule to improve learners` number sense by letting them arrange various ways to solve the problem. Finally, using the requirements of educational game service, we evaluate the proposed game service and its usability.

To really exploit the full potential of computer games in areas other than entertainment, it will be necessary to reduce the high cost associated with their design and development and to put their production directly into the hands of the domain experts. Although these experts might be interested in integrating games in their activities, they normally do not have the required technical background to create or adapt games to their needs. We propose to tackle the complexity of game design, and thereby facilitate end user design, by defining the games as a combination of more simple games following a combinatorial creativity approach. This approach does not impose the cognitive overload of learning a new design language. In addition, it might also speed up the description of the games insofar as designers do not start from scratch, trying to match their ideas with game components, but they rely upon a set of archetypical games they can combine to reach their goals. The design technique is complemented with a game platform that offers a set of authoring tools for describing game designs that can be exported to XML files, and a game engine able to interpret such files and automatically generate a 3D virtual environment in which the games can be played. In this way, designers can envision games they will be able to design in an iterative way and play the games they design to assess their validity. The proposed combinatorial approach has been evaluated in two focus group experiences that validate its feasibility and acceptability both by technical and non-technical users.

This study aims to design and develop smart game based on Unity3D engine that is a multi-platform game engine. The functions that Unity3D supports autonomously are very abundant. All game developments are possible such as shader, physics engine, network, terrain manipulation, audio, video, and animation, and it is enabled so that it is possible to revise, meeting demand of user according to the need. For the efficiency of game development process, this study aims to plan, design, and develop a smart game based on multi-platform game engine.

Public concern surrounding the effects video games have on players has inspired a large body of research, and policy makers in China and South Korea have even mandated systems that limit the amount of time players spend in game. The authors present an experiment that evaluates the effectiveness of such policies. They show that forcibly removing players from the game environment causes distress, potentially removing some of the benefits that games provide and producing a desire for more game time. They also show that, with an understanding of player psychology, playtime can be manipulated without significantly changing the user experience or negating the positive effects of video games.

$\kappa $ -labs is a research project exploring the possibilities of the logic programming paradigm in bot behavior programming for first-person shooter (FPS) games. The focus of previous work was to make Prolog a usable tool for bot programming and a baseline for further extensions. This paper presents one such extension, which makes it possible to script tactics of the entire team of bots. The algorithm was tested by bot-to-bot computer tests and by running surveys among human players who volunteered to take part in the research. The results of the both tests are presented in this paper. The extension itself demonstrates the flexibility of the framework. Although the proposed method for defining team behaviors relies solely on the knowledge of the bot’s designer, alternative approaches, which use rules that are obtained by computational techniques, can also be developed. Such approaches are also being investigated as part of the $\kappa$ -labs project.

Background. Simulation games have proven to be useful in environmental education. In particular, the board game KEEP COOL has already successfully been used in multiple educational settings. In 2014, the new digital version of this game, KEEP COOL ONLINE 2 was developed. A special challenge was how to support interaction between players. Aim. This article investigates the potential of digital media for supporting interaction and educational experiences in multiplayer simulation games. Method. For this purpose the analog and digital versions of KEEP COOL have been compared, tested and evaluated in school classes. Results. This evaluation shows that interactivity and multimedia can be used in simulation games to provide an engaging game experience. However, compared to a face-to-face multiplayer game, drawbacks occur regarding ease of communication and traceability of interactions. Future Prospects. As the digital version is still in its prototype form, the full potential of digital media has not yet been put into practice. However, I will give some recommendations on how to make further use of interactivity and multimedia effects in order to enhance immersive player experience, as well as the achievement of relevant educational objectives.

This chapter covers a lot but by the end, you’ll have a functioning prototype of a game. We’ll build some interesting features such as a reusable artificial intelligence component with chasing behavior. Our courageous Player also will finally receive her weapon of choice: a slingshot, to defend herself with. You’ll learn a widely used optimization technique in game programming called Object Pooling, as well as put some of that high-school math to use that you never thought you’d need. This chapter also demonstrates the usage of Blend Trees, which are a more efficient way of doing animations and better for your game architecture in the long-term. We’ll wrap things up by showing you how to compile your game to run outside of Unity and talk a little bit about what’s next in your game programming adventures.

Several types of Text Messaging (TM) games are available today. They explored different types of games genres, categories and platforms, such as Short Messaging Service (SMS) competitions and text-based adventures on Instant Messaging (IM) bots. This paper presents IMgine, a game engine able to provide TM games across distinct IM platforms. It implements game engine routines in a configured game loop for multiple IM platforms, capable of representing TM game states and logic by the execution of predefined game functions. As validation process, IM games were developed to show the IMgine capability of providing game mechanics and dynamics aspects according to TM and IM restrictions. As a result, a foundation for IM games that organizes the definition of TM game states and logic is provided, allowing game developers to be concerned with the game core implementation instead of IM transmission process or TM interaction limits.

One of the goals of modern game programming is adapting the life-like characteristics and concepts into games. This approach is adopted to offer game agents that exhibit more engaging behavior. Methods that prioritize reward maximization cause the game agent to go into same patterns and lead to repetitive gaming experience, as well as reduced playability. In order to prevent such repetitive patterns, we explore a behavior algorithm based on Q-learning with a Naive Bayes approach. The algorithm is validated in a formal user study in contrast to a benchmark. The results of the study demonstrate that the algorithm outperforms the benchmark and the game agent becomes more engaging as the amount of gameplay data, from which the algorithm learns, increases.

Chapter 1 introduces the goal of this book, which is to introduce programming with the Java language, through the mechanism of video game construction. Games are an effective and engaging learning paradigm that heightens student interest. The design and implementation of video games are immersive, innovative, and engaging experiences, which relieve the “tedious” feeling of the program writing process and inject excitement for extending and polishing every design. Video games emphasize inter-object interactions, which fit the Java object-oriented framework. As a starting point, this chapter briefly discusses game programming flow based on the working principles of a computer.

Programming game engines threatens to become an elitist activity with the industry split between the professional studios which are pushing for more direct but also more difficult to program hardware access and hobbyists using ready-made game-engines with little focus on understanding their inner workings. This paper presents an attempt to make game engine programming more accessible via a game programming framework which focuses explicitly on the programmers learning path in a similar manner to how video games are typically designed.

All of the event-driven games support different action-event update-repaint chains that are under the players’ controls to discretely drive the games for dynamically updating and repainting their output scenes. If we can continuously drive the chains, the output scenes can also be continuously changed, which makes an illusion of animation. Java provides a built-in class Thread that can be constructed as a “game loop” that continuously drives an update-repaint chain for realizing the illusion of animation. This chapter goes through a digital clock and an analog clock to discover the “game loop” for introducing the programming on sprite-based animation.

For imitation learning in games, AI programs commonly learn thinking and evaluating methods from professional players' game records. However, compared to the total number of all possible game states, top players' records are extremely insufficient. The limited amount of high-quality learning materials may become the bottleneck of training artificial intelligence. We proposed to introduce the idea of Generative Adversarial Networks into game programming, and validated its effectiveness in playing Shogi, a Japanese Chess game. The proposed method is experimentally proved to be capable to alleviate the data insufficiency problem and build more competitive AI programs than conventional supervised training methods.

Lately, the use of mobile applications in Smartphones has grown considerably. One of the most popular types of applications is videogames. As classic videogame development is a costly process several editors and tools to make this process quicker and easier have appeared. Although these editors allow the definition of various aspects of the videogame they do not include, in general, capabilities for modeling the logic of the game loop. In this research we propose VGPM, a specific notation based in the BPMN approach to define several important characteristics of the game logic, trying to reduce the cost of traditional videogame development.

This paper introduces a program structure that minimizes the client’s business logic by reducing the client’s specifications as a way of minimizing the limitations of online game platforms. The objective of this thesis is to design an online game that is based on a 3-tier client/server structure, and thus using this 3-tier structure to ultimately create an online Sutda game that anyone can enjoy. The progression of newly released games is highly based on the mobile market and the number of online games being launched is decreasing. As the mobile game market grows, more and more multi-platform games are being developed and target platforms within online games are greatly diversifying. Through these situations, this thesis minimizes the client’s business logic through a 3-tier structure of application-middleware-database, and also proposes an online game client/server that allows three or more users to participate simultaneously through the server.

Since the advent of digital games, game of the core platform has been changed from the arcade to the mobile device. I consider that I try to seek the direction of the use of game which works for PC and mobile in comparison to analyze the changes in the game graphics. Effects of three types of game platforms on the game graphics, change depends on the game of the genre and game graphics. By reduction of the screen size, a new interface was appeared. However, as directly applying the PC version of the interface, it has brought about a user's inconvenience. I have found that mobile hardware development have not been affecting the game graphics. The common point of PC and mobile, they both have the limit of the platform which they own. There is a need to take into account the differences of graphically elements to use the player language interface. Key Words : character, Game Platform, Game Interface, Digital Design, Convergence Design * 본 논문은 2015년 공주대학교의 자체학술연구비에 의하여 지원되었음.Received 1 July 2015, Revised 4 August 2015Accepted 20 September 2015Corresponding Author: Dong-Lyeor, Lee (Kongju National University) Email: ezer@kongju.ac.krⒸ The Society of Digital Policy & Management. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is ISSN: 1738-1916 properly cited.

This study makes a proposal about Flash mobile game applications using Adobe AIR. In developing a mobile game, the developer programs in Flash ActionScript, and distributes and publishes the program using Adobe AIR so that the game can be played on an Android mobile device. In order to run the game, the player downloads and installs Android Adobe AIR onto the mobile device and sets up the published app. This study designed and implemented a mobile game application and showed that a mobile game is executed on a smart phone. This outcome may be applicable to various genres of apps. Moreover, this study analyzed the trends of mobile games, focusing on their genres and characteristics, and according to the results, most of them were mobile games using Kakao Talk. The analysis results also showed that the popularity ranking of games varied little among sites.

Development of a game in the form of software for game-based learning poses significant technical challenges for educators, researchers, game designers, and software engineers. The game development consists of a set of complex processes requiring multi-faceted knowledge in multiple disciplines such as digital graphic design, education, gaming, instructional design, modeling and simulation, psychology, software engineering, visual arts, and the learning subject area. Planning and managing such a complex multidisciplinary development project require a unifying methodology and should not be performed in an ad hoc manner. This paper presents such a methodology named GAMED (diGital educAtional gaMe dEvelopment methoDology). GAMED consists of a body of methods, rules, and postulates and is embedded within a digital educational game life cycle. The life cycle describes a framework for organization of the phases, processes, work products, quality assurance activities, and project management activities required to develop, use, maintain, and evolve a digital educational game from birth to retirement. GAMED provides a modular structured approach for overcoming the development complexity and guides the developers throughout the entire life cycle.

Background. Despite the continuous and abundant growth of the game market the uptake of serious games in education has been limited. Games require complex technologies and are difficult to organise and to embed in the curriculum.Aim. This article explores to what extent game templates and game authoring processes can be designed so that they can easily be adopted and adapted by teachers while only using openly available tools.Method. It discusses the design and first evaluation of two game platforms: ARGUMENT, based on a wiki, and ARLEARN, a toolkit based on openly available Google technologies. ARGUMENT is a text-based game challenging students to take a position on a given topic. ARLEARN offers an explicit mobile and virtual gameplay environment and a defined authoring process to create game scripts.Results. ARGUMENT and ARLEARN have been evaluated in four small-scale studies, where educators designed game scenarios and students played the resulting games.Conclusions. The results indicate that both tools are useful instruments that can be operated by teachers to build games and game-alike educational activities and, additionally, are a valuable step to gain experience with serious games.

Context-aware technology provides a potential to interact between real physical world and virtual information space more directly and naturally, which can improve efficiency and user experience. This paper introduces an exploration of integrating context-aware technology into traditional game, aiming at offering players innovative playing experience. One kind of context-aware technology, namely RFID, and one genre of traditional game, namely tabletop game, were selected to combine together to develop a new genre of game, called Augmented Tabletop Game. The procedure of user-centered design (UCD) was applied during the development. Firstly, player requirements were surveyed and analyzed. And then we determined which functions of RFID could be augmented into the traditional tabletop game, making the game different and more enjoyable. After that, specific game rules and a low fidelity prototype were designed for a usability evaluation, in which six experienced players were invited to do the heuristic evaluation. Finally, a high fidelity prototype was implemented, including game board, control panel, game pieces, graphical/audio output device and data process center, based on the improvements of low fidelity prototype.

The purpose of this study is to express elements in virtual world with logical constraints using objects in real world with physical constraints. As an example to achieve this purpose, this paper presents an English vocabulary game utilizing game engine Unity and programming language C# along with ARTool Kit, a software library for building Augmented Reality (AR) applications.This game, designed for the purpose of education by aiming at helping students memorize English vocabulary, can be classified as a serious game. Watching the question provided by the game program on the screen, which designates alphabets player can use to assemble into a word, the player arranges the cardboard boxes with alphabets on it in the real world. Through the camera, the AR program detects the arrangement and position of the markers which are the alphabets on the boxes. Then, the game program judges whether the arrangement is the correct English word. This game expresses the game objects in the game program using cardboard boxes in the real world.

A general game playing system, Axiom, was developed to overcome the limitations inherent in an existing commercial general purpose game playing system which incorporates a generic AI. Axiom extends the range of possible games via an extensible language, thereby allowing for a high degree of game-specific customization within the AI as well as in defining complex game behaviors. This paper provides an overview of the Axiom system and discusses some important aspects of the customizable AI. It also answers the question “Can a powerful game definition language be developed to enhance a popular general game platform?”

The engaging and goal-oriented nature of serious games has been proven to increase student motivation. Games also allow learning assessment in a non-intrusive fashion. To increase adoption of serious games, their full lifecycle, including design, development, validation, deployment and iterative refinement must be made as simple and transparent as possible. Currently serious games impact analysis and validation is done on a case-by-case basis. In this paper, we describe a generic architecture that integrates a game authoring tool, uAdventure, with a standards-based Game Learning Analytics framework, providing a holistic approach to bring together development, validation, and analytics, that allows a systematic analysis and validation of serious games impact. This architecture allows game developers, teachers and students access to different analyses with minimal setup; and improves game development and evaluation by supporting an evidence-based approach to assess both games and learning. This system is currently being extended and used in two EU H2020 serious games projects.

Machine Learning in games and other areas of computer science that use games to analyze problems are hampered by the lack of a common language to define games. This paper presents the development of a general game language called RGL.

International audience; Mobile gaming is an emerging concept wherein gamers are using mobile devices, like smartphones and tablets, to play best-seller games. Compared to dedicated gaming boxes or PCs, these devices still fall short of executing newly complex 3D video games with a rich immersion. Three novel solutions, relying on cloud computing infrastructure, namely, computation offloading, cloud gaming, and client-server architecture, will represent the next generation of game engine architecture aiming at improving the gaming experience. The basis of these aforementioned solutions is the distribution of the game code over different devices (including set-top boxes, PCs, and servers). In order to know how the game code should be distributed, advanced knowledge of game engines is required. By consequence, dissecting and analyzing game engine performances will surely help to better understand how to move in these new directions (i.e., distribute game code), which is so far missing in the literature. Aiming at filling this gap, we propose in this article to analyze and evaluate one of the famous engines in the market, that is, “Unity 3D.” We begin by detailing the architecture and the game logic of game engines. Then, we propose a test-bed to evaluate the CPU and GPU consumption per frame and per module for nine representative games on three platforms, namely, a stand-alone computer, embedded systems, and web players. Based on the obtained results and observations, we build a valued graph of each module, composing the Unity 3D architecture, which reflects the internal flow and CPU consumption. Finally, we made a comparison in terms of CPU consumption between these architectures.

Scholars who study games lack many resources and abilities taken for granted by scholars of other forms such as literature. To begin to address this deficiency, this paper presents a basic formalization for different classes of resources associated with game critical practices, and ties those resources to a prototypical system for their reference, generation, and use in game studies arguments. The formalization is focused on three forms of reference: objective reference to game objects, enacted reference to game performances, and internal reference to sub-structures within both. We operationalize our formalization with the Game and Interactive Software Scholarship Toolkit (GISST), a custom suite of tools that manage the reference and creation of game executable data, game performance video recordings, and game executable state from emulated programs. GISST provides tools for ingesting each class of reference and for the easy creation and citation of game play videos and emulated system states. For the last case, GISST allows for embedding citations to running game programs --- in emulation --- inside web browsers, and for their retrieval through URLs from a stable citation database. The goal is to point toward a new class of scholarly support tool for arguments about games and other interactive software that would benefit from the inclusion of audiovisual and executable references.

Software process for game development is a self-improvement method that drives a software game developer to control, manage and improve the work. This is a structured framework of guidelines, forms and procedures for software development. Otherwise, there is no existing of particular software process profile for game development projects. Our work focus on the software development models for software game development. Particularly, our approach is to establish the basic profile of software process model that is suitable for software game development. Our research methodology is to establish a case study of game development project that is about Virtual Reality game for players to learn about Thai Etiquette and Customs. It is aimed to support foreigners who visit Thailand and go to attraction places. The proposed basic profile is applied to allow the game builders learning how to develop the software game projects. The evaluation of the proposed basic profile is performed by observation, questionnaire, and interviewing.