1. Deep and interpretable regression models for ordinal outcomes
- Author
-
Torsten Hothorn, Beate Sick, Lisa Herzog, Oliver Dürr, and Lucas Kook
- Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer science ,Machine Learning (stat.ML) ,02 engineering and technology ,006: Spezielle Computerverfahren ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,01 natural sciences ,Ordinal regression ,Machine Learning (cs.LG) ,010104 statistics & probability ,Statistics - Machine Learning ,Artificial Intelligence ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Interpretability ,0101 mathematics ,Artificial neural network ,Contextual image classification ,business.industry ,Deep learning ,Transformation model ,Contrast (statistics) ,Distributional regression ,Regression analysis ,Outcome (probability) ,Signal Processing ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Software - Abstract
Outcomes with a natural order commonly occur in prediction tasks and often the available input data are a mixture of complex data like images and tabular predictors. Deep Learning (DL) models are state-of-the-art for image classification tasks but frequently treat ordinal outcomes as unordered and lack interpretability. In contrast, classical ordinal regression models consider the outcome's order and yield interpretable predictor effects but are limited to tabular data. We present ordinal neural network transformation models (ONTRAMs), which unite DL with classical ordinal regression approaches. ONTRAMs are a special case of transformation models and trade off flexibility and interpretability by additively decomposing the transformation function into terms for image and tabular data using jointly trained neural networks. The performance of the most flexible ONTRAM is by definition equivalent to a standard multi-class DL model trained with cross-entropy while being faster in training when facing ordinal outcomes. Lastly, we discuss how to interpret model components for both tabular and image data on two publicly available datasets., 41 pages (incl. appendix, figures and literature), 11 figures in main text, 4 figures in appendix
- Published
- 2022