Search

Governments offer civil services to their citizens if the citizen can identify themselves using a government-issued identification document. Several documents are often required, such as a national ID and driving license. These identification documents do not share data, or even validity, between different civil entities. Organizations like Sovrin, SecureKey, and ShoCard have presented solutions to ease identification using digital identification based on blockchain technology because of the benefits of immutability, transparency, reliability, and secure sharing of identity data. The solutions, however, all require the use of Internet-enabled devices to access the solution. To accommodate developing countries where smartphones and computers are not prevalent, we designed a proof of concept digital national identification based on the Ethereum blockchain that utilizes Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) for end-user communications. The solution gives governments control over lawfully required data while allowing the citizen to retain sovereignty over personal data using trust zones. Consequently, a citizen can use a single identity across multiple civil service providers, even with a feature phone.

Emerging technologies, such as the development of the Internet of Things and the transition to smart cities, and innovative handheld devices have led to big changes in many aspects of our lives, while more changes were imminent. Education is also a sector that has undergone huge changes due to the spreading of those devices. Even at the era of feature phones, it started to become clear that portable devices with access to the internet can be used for learning. The process of learning with the use of mobile phones was then in an early stage, due to the limitations of feature phones. Whereas, with the introduction of smartphones, education is expected to be drastically altered in the future, in most parts of the world. New, radical, and controversial in some cases, approaches have been developed, over the past years, in an effort to implement a mobile learning process in real life conditions. Intelligent tutoring systems have had rapid growth, especially in the COVID-19 era, while a significant increase in online courses via social networks has also been noted. This paper focuses on presenting the most important research parameters of m-learning during the last decade, while it also incorporates a novel empirical study in the domain. The utilization of educational data has been taken into consideration and is presented, aiming at ways to improve human interaction in the digital classroom.

Design guidelines and checklists are suggested as a useful tool in the development and evaluation of interface design of mobile phones for older adults. Given the intense evolution of mobile phone design, understanding how the design guidelines and checklists have taken into account the advances in mobile phone usability for older adults is important for their correct application and future development. Thus, this study explores the usability dimensions of mobile phone design for older adults and the related changes in terms of time and the type of device (feature phones vs. smartphones) based on an expert coding of the eight mobile phone design guidelines and checklists for older adults published between 2006 and 2014. The results of the expert coding show that design guidelines and checklists most frequently deal with visual and haptic issues (e.g., high contrast, button type, and button size), whilst they hardly ever address various elements of textual interface (e.g., ease of text entry, a button’s feedback, and font type). Over time, the design guidelines and checklists have become more complex in terms of the average number of included usability categories and dimensions. For smartphones, the guidelines, on average, put more emphasis on the screen, touchscreen, text, and exterior related issues, whereas the design guidelines for feature phones stress the usability of the keypad and menus. Besides revealing potential usability dimensions that could be further expanded in the guidelines, this study also highlights the need for research that would empirically validate the design guidelines and checklists in the future. peerReviewed

The Android Forensic software grows in numbers, and increased awareness of the data they process have also grown day to day basis, but much of the interest from cybercriminal to successfully attack the device and also the careless of the human being itself have placed the android phone content at the risk. Forensic examiner have always gone for an expensive forensic toolkit to meet the industry standards, but normal people have been always tent to lose the direction when they experience this type of attack or the data lost as it may cost a few thousand to fix it back. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is suggesting a reliable open source mobile forensic tool based on experiments conducted to retrieve deleted data and also extract other important content from android mobile phone.

Financial services such as payments, credit, savings, insurance etc. are accessed and delivered through digital channels. In this context, the term “digital channels” refers to the internet, mobile phones (both smartphones and digital feature phones), ATMs, POS terminals, NFC-enabled devices, chips, electronically enabled cards, biometric devices, tablets, phablets and any other digital system. Therefore, Mobile financial services (MFS) are also a part of the digital financial services (DFS). There are following objectives of this paper-1) To describe digital financial services through cashless funds flow in liberalized and globalized Indian economy. 2)To examine the prospects of digital financial services through cashless economy to the general public and 3) To highlight the challenges of digital financial services through cashless economy in India. For fulfilling the above objectives, researcher makes hypotheses for testing the data. Present study is written in descriptive as well as exploratory form. Secondary data is collected form authentic sources like Economic Survey, journals, IAMAI and Statista-The Statistics Portal website. The research will use convenient sampling for collecting primary data. The people which are easily accessible have been chosen for the study. Testing will be used for analyzing the data. Due to innovation in digital payment technologies and increasing customer satisfaction, the growth trends in digital payments may be positive and will might continue to dominate the payment landscape in India. But the biggest challenge in front of Indian economy may digital illiteracy, inadequate rural penetration of internet connectivity, inadequate banking infrastructure, lack of awareness among rural customers, unorganized indigenous market.

This study investigated why senior citizens use Facebook and how they participate in specific activities on Facebook in order to gratify their needs. An online survey of 352 senior citizens over 60 years old revealed four primary motivations for using Facebook: social bonding, social bridging, curiosity, and responding to family member requests. The analysis of the relationship between senior citizens' motivations and their participation in activities on Facebook indicates that social bonding is a major motivation for participating in most activities on Facebook. In addition, data reveal that using message-based interactivity features on Facebook (i.e., posting on other people's wall and Facebook chatting with others) leads to greater Facebook use. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of senior citizens' Facebook use as an emerging communication tool. National survey of 639 senior citizens yields 352 (55%) Facebook users.Four major motivations characterize Facebook use among senior citizens.Social bonding and bridging predict most of their Facebook activities.Chatting and posting on others' walls account for most of their time on Facebook.Use of landline and feature phones negatively predict time spent on Facebook.

Smartphones are finding their way into our daily lives. This paper examines the domestication of smartphones by looking at how the way we use mobile applications affects our everyday routines. Data is collected through an innovative quantitative mixed-method approach, combining log data from smartphones and survey (perception) data. We find that there are dimensions of domestication that explain how the use of smartphones affects our daily routines. Contributions are stronger for downloaded applications than for native applications. Especially applications that require interaction with others, such as social media and instant messaging, have a serious impact on our day-to-day routines. As a result, appropriation is core in incorporating smartphones in daily life routines. However, frequency of use and the total number of minutes spent on a given type of application per day affect our everyday routines in different ways. This paper is the first quantitative domestication study that focuses on smartphones rather than feature phones. The theoretical contribution and practical implications are outlined.

This systematic review provides a chronological overview of how mhealth research has evolved with changes in mobile technologies. The review involved a PubMed search complemented by manual searching of all issues of the Journal of Medical Internet Research and Telemedicine Journal and eHealth , from inception to January 2015. Articles reporting the evaluation of mhealth interventions in any patient group for any health-related outcomes were analysed without restrictions on the study design. A total of 3476 publications were obtained from the PubMed search and manual searching of eHealth journals. Analysis was based on an abstract review of 515 (14.8%) original research articles, which fulfilled preset inclusion criteria. Three distinct time periods were identified on the basis of mobile devices used in mhealth research. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) dominated mhealth research in the years before 2007 (17 of 33 articles, 51.5%). Basic and feature phones were the main methods of mhealth intervention from 2007 to 2012 (95 of 193 articles, 49.2%). After 2012, smart devices (smartphones, tablet PCs and iPod touches) were highly used in mhealth research (173 of 289 articles, 59.9%). Despite a growing focus on infectious diseases and maternal and child health in the most recent years, non-communicable conditions continued to overshadow the trend of mhealth research. Overall, mHealth research has evolved over the past decade in terms of the mobile devices employed, health conditions addressed and its purpose. While chronic medical conditions have clearly been the focus of mhealth research, a shift in trends is expected as the application of mhealth interventions spreads to other under-studied areas. Future research should continue to leverage on the advancements and ubiquitous nature of mobile devices to make healthcare accessible to all.

Smartphones, tablets, laptops and PCs have brought across the revolution of always on, always connected. They have become ubiquitous in our lives. Smartphones and tablets combine and extend the functionality of feature phones and desktop computers. They give us an opportunity to play, work and socialize whenever and wherever we want. It has now become a standard and an everyday gadget. We use it for everything and thus it has the most private and sensitive information. It has become susceptible to a lot of privacy issues if it reaches the hand of an outsider. There exist a potential risks if our mobile phones get stolen or are ceased by an intruder. Mostly these devices have a one-step authentication process which consists of the initial login i.e. input of ID and password by the user to gain total access. But this doesn't take into consideration the situation of who accesses the device after the initial login. The detection of a fraudulent access isn't taken into consideration. To deal with this problem, continuous authentication is becoming quite popular in which the user is continuously monitored after the initial login authentication process is completed. This paper highlights the various continuous authentication methods which can be used to monitor our devices and analyze the current research, proposed framework and mechanisms that can be implemented or have already been implemented.

Mobile forensics is a field of digital forensics that is galloping at a rapid pace. It encompasses feature phone forensics as well as smartphone forensics. In the early days of mobile forensics, concentration was on somehow extracting data related to feature phones, which included contacts, call logs, SMS that were stored in phone memory and subscriber identity module (SIM) card. Mobile phones are large troves of personal information which if compromised can have a very damaging effect on the individual. As a result, companies are concentrating on securing the data both at rest and in motion. Towards this, encryption technologies are being used to provide robust security to prevent any data sniffing or man-in-the-middle attack. This is making the task of mobile forensics more difficult since companies are providing end-to-end data encryption. As a result, mobile forensics is becoming a nightmare and a big challenge for Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs). This work presents an experimental study of various mobile data acquisition tools used in past to extract data and proposes a manual method of data extraction that will prove to be an advantage over expensive commercial forensic tools.

Given the market's saturation with smartphones and the increased power needs that these have as compared with older feature phones, the users' green practices and behavior is emerging as an important research topic. The environmental aspects and general awareness issues are not addressed in this study; however, the limited battery life of smartphones is a decisive factor that shapes the users' behavior, practices and preferences. As such, the users need to follow green practices and carefully assess the energy related characteristics (speed, screen size, weight, and price) that they value the most in a smartphone, to maximize their experience. Based on our previous work that gathered relevant data from 313 users, we extended the analysis in order to examine the user battery life and charging practices, buying habits, green practices and preferences. To that end, we used quantitative statistics and Fuzzy Decision Tree analysis to propose relevant Fuzzy Decision Rules that can classify the results and profile the users.

Nowadays Mobile phones are becoming more popular in our daily lives. Mobile technology has a great effect on human life. Our daily tasks are dependent on mobile devices. Memory Management (MM), Security and Performance plays an important role in every handheld device specially in mobile phones, which are very much dependent on their operating system (OS). These embedded operating systems are on the driving seat when we talk about efficient and useful memory management and secure handling. Three popular OS in mobile phones are Android, Windows and iOS (iPhone OS). Each OS has its own way of managing the memory and provide it to certain number of applications. Android is an open software available for the people to modify as per their needs. But Windows and iOS operating systems didn’t allow their software as open source. Researchers have done a large amount of work using different mechanisms and decision makings to develop new ways to manage the memory of these OS’s. This work shows a comparative analysis of different memory management and security related techniques in above three operating systems. In this paper, we present the analysis of memory management and security in mobile phone operating systems with respect to apps, main memory, cache memory and virtual memory. Also, we compare the overall performance of these OS’s in terms of MM, security concerns. This study will help in finding better operating system in terms of efficient memory management and security.

Due to the increasing popularity of smartphones, many people are now equipped with both a smartphone and at least one desktop (or laptop) computer. Although the two computing devices are used for similar purposes (e.g., email, web browsing), they are often both kept on for the user's convenience, despite only one device is actively used at a time. Therefore, if one of the two computing devices can be put into an energy-saving mode when the other one is in use, a significant amount of energy can be saved for both the phone and the desktop.In this paper, we propose CoSmart, a light-weight solution that coordinates the smartphone with the desktop computer for joint energy savings. CoSmart dynamically degrades the smartphone to a feature phone with only basic GSM functions when the user is detected to be with the desktop, in order to save both computation and idle energy. The desktop is then put into sleep for energy savings when the user leaves it, while the phone can be turned back to a smartphone, such that the user can continue the operation with seamless task migration. There are several research challenges in the design of CoSmart, which include 1) predicting whether the user would stay long enough with the desktop to offset the migration overheads, and 2) determining the best time point for task migration that can result in the most energy savings. To this end, we propose a novel algorithm for dynamic idle time length prediction, and model joint energy savings as an optimization problem for the most energy savings. A prototype of CoSmart is implemented in Android and evaluated using different real user traces and popular apps. Results show CoSmart can achieve, on average, 61.3% energy savings for the smartphone and 46.7% energy savings for the desktop, which outperforms other baselines by as much as 17.2% to 19.0%.

A major concern for today’s smartphones is their much faster battery drain than traditional feature phones, despite their greater battery capacities. The difference is mainly contributed by those more powerful but also much more powerconsuming smartphone components, such as the multi-core application processor. While the application processor must be active when any smart apps are being used, it is also unnecessarily waken up, even during idle periods, to perform operations related to basic phone functions (i.e., incoming calls and text messages).In this paper, we investigate how to increase the battery life of smartphones by minimizing the use of the application processor during idle periods.We find that the application processor is often waken up by a process running on it, called the Radio Interface Layer Daemon (RILD), which interfaces the user and apps to the GSM/LTE cellular network. In particular, we demonstrate that a great amount of energy could be saved if RILD is stopped, such that the application processor can sleep more often. Based on this key finding, we design a Smart On Demand (SOD) configuration that reduces smartphone idle energy consumption by running RILD operations on a secondary low-power microcontroller. As a result, RILD operations can be handled at much lower energy costs and the application processor is waken up only when one needs to use any smart apps, in an on-demand manner. We have built a hardware prototype of SOD and evaluated it with real user traces. Our results show that SOD can increase its battery life by up to 2.5 more days.

A major concern for today’s smartphones is their much faster battery drain than traditional feature phones, despite their greater battery capacities. The difference is mainly contributed by those more powerful but also much more powerconsuming smartphone components, such as the multi-core application processor. While the application processor must be active when any smart apps are being used, it is also unnecessarily waken up, even during idle periods, to perform operations related to basic phone functions (i.e., incoming calls and text messages). In this paper, we investigate how to increase the battery life of smartphones by minimizing the use of the application processor during idle periods.We find that the application processor is often waken up by a process running on it, called the Radio Interface Layer Daemon (RILD), which interfaces the user and apps to the GSM/LTE cellular network. In particular, we demonstrate that a great amount of energy could be saved if RILD is stopped, such that the application processor can sleep more often. Based on this key finding, we design a Smart On Demand (SOD) configuration that reduces smartphone idle energy consumption by running RILD operations on a secondary low-power microcontroller. As a result, RILD operations can be handled at much lower energy costs and the application processor is waken up only when one needs to use any smart apps, in an on-demand manner. We have built a hardware prototype of SOD. Our results show that SOD can reduce the energy consumption by up to 42%.

This paper presents results from a user study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Korean text entry methods for smartwatches. Specifically, the study compares the four popular text entry methods for smartphones in the context of smartwatch use (three multi-tap 3x4 keypad methods and a QWERTY-like method). A distinctive feature of text entry in Korea is that traditionally different manufacturers have developed their own text entry methods starting with particular physical layouts on feature phones that are now available as soft keypads on smartphones. This research considers the next step in this progression by studying the viability of adopting these text entry methods on smartwatches. The results from the user study indicate that existing methods can be effective for text entry on smartwatches; analysis of the data offers suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the methods.

Technology has been a pivotal and successful enabler of financial inclusion. However, even with each technical evolution, sets of technical, cost, competition, capacity and access challenges persist. CFI Fellow Leon Perlman looks at the advantages, disadvantages and challenges that fasten on the existing and evolving technologies, bearer services, access platforms and user devices for mobile financial services (MFS) in Technology Inequality: Opportunities and Challenges for Mobile Financial Services. His on-the-ground research conducted in 12 different countries finds that smartphone-enabled MFS is not an impending panacea for financial inclusion. Due to the slow spread of reliable, high-quality 3G coverage and sufficiently capable smartphones, the majority of MFS will be accessed on feature phones, using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), SIM Application Toolkit (STK) and java-applets, rather than internet-enabled smartphones, for the forseeable future.

Given that mobile communication companies choose different mobile platforms, game developers must create content designed specifically for each platform or use a conversion process to provide game content to consumers. In this paper, to resolve this problem, the WIPI-to-Android automatic mobile game converter was designed to automatically translate game contents from the WIPI (Wireless Internet Platform for Interoperability) for feature phones to the Android platform for smart phones. Through the WIPI-to-Android converter, resources such as images and sounds can be converted, APIs can be converted using a platform mapping engine, and source code can be translated using the source translator. These and all other content conversion functions were examined. Test results indicate that the graphics, image output, sound output, and other functions of converted Android games were equivalent to those of the WIPI games before conversion. Furthermore, most converted Android game content responded more quickly than the WIPI game content.

The 3G era, the smartphone market share is higher and higher. The mobile phone based on the Android platform accounts for more than half of the market share. Once the user lost the phone, it is not only hard to find, but also to face important data leak and privacy security issues. So, the demand to provide mobile phone found function appears increasingly urgent. If the mobile phone is lost, this platform can get information on replaced mobile phone SIM card to boot for the first time, and upload the new mobile phone number and current phone location information to the server. It provides users with inquiry function on the web in order to achieve the purpose of tracking the lost mobile phone. The application prospect of this study is widespread, not only limited to track the missing phone, also involves other position service in the life need. The relevant mobile localization algorithm is detailed in this paper.

Recently feature phones are being replaced by smartphones. Because smartphones have various sensors, there are many applications and research works that utilize them. Very few feature phones have GPS modules but all smartphones are equipped with a GPS sensor. One of the hot issues for smartphone research and development is point interest research. In this paper, we will develop an application which protects children using GPS and WiFi.. If a child gets out of the interest-area which is established by parents or guardian, our system sends them messages.

With the many changes in mobile phone use, it is now common for users to connect to the Internet and share social and multimedia data, and peer-to-peer technology remains one of the most efficient solutions to content sharing. We analysed the lifecycle of content shared using the BitTorrent network, focusing on torrents retrieved by mobile phone clients using our MobTorrent application. MobTorrent, a complete Bit-Torrent client for feature phones, enables anonymous usage statistics to be collected. Based on statistics collected over the last three years, we analyze how mobile BitTorrent clients are being used. We discuss the success of individual sessions by additionally measuring peer connection download and success ratio statistics. This research can be considered as a pioneer work in the field of mobile content sharing solutions.

Today's mobile smartphones are very powerful, and many smartphone applications use wireless multimedia communications. Mobile phone security has become an important aspect of security issues in wireless multimedia communications. As the most popular mobile operating system, Android security has been extensively studied by researchers. However, few works have studied mobile phone multimedia security. In this article, we focus on security issues related to mobile phone cameras. Specifically, we discover several new attacks that are based on the use of phone cameras. We implement the attacks on real phones, and demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the attacks. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight defense scheme that can effectively detect these attacks.

A smartphone is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than regular or conventional cell phones have [1]. Driven by increasing demands, they have become more popular in our daily life; there are already more than 1.08 billion smartphones around the world [2] and smartphone sales continues to grow. According to a press release by Gartner Inc., worldwide smartphone sales to end users reached 225 million units in the second quarter of 2013 and, for the first time, smartphones account for the majority of global cellphone shipments [3]. In particular, smartphones with Google's Android mobile operating system and Apple's iOS hold more than 93% of the market share [3].

This article is about the fragmentation in the mobile world; more specifically, about easing the pain of mobile application development. There are many smartphone platforms on the market: Android, iPhone, BlackBerry, Nokia, the Windows 7 Phone, WebOS and Samsung's Bada and Meego. Developing mobile application (apps) is thus challenging. The good news is that all of the listed platforms have browsers that adhere HTML/CSS3 standards. Because of that, we applied our criteria to the apps that use modern browsers as the platform for building HTML5/CSS3-based applications. We are going to use Icenium in order to develop cross- platform mobile apps that run natively on Android and iOS devices. Furthermore, we are going to compare this cross-platform mobile app to the Android and iOS native apps. I. INTRODUCTION Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have dramatically increased in popularity. According to the Infographic's latest mobile growth statistics for 2013: 91% of all people in the world have a mobile phone, and 51% of people own a smartphone. 50% of mobile phone users, use the mobile device as their primary Internet source. 80% of time on mobile is spent inside apps. The popularity of mobile apps has created huge market opportunity which turned companies focus on mobile app development. Currently, there are at least four platforms with relevant number of users (Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerry). For each of these platforms, an app needs to be created separately due to the differences in programming interfaces, libraries, and programming languages. This creates a challenge for the companies since developing an app for all platforms takes a lot of resources. However, not supporting platforms relevant for their customers may be problematic for enterprise. At least Android and iOS support is required for business apps. Cross-platform development approaches emerged to address this challenge by allowing developers to implement their apps in one step for a range of platforms, avoiding repetition and increasing productivity. These approaches need to allow provision on several mobile platforms. In addition, they need to allow developers to capitalize on their specific advantages and possibilities of smartphones. This paper will analyze and compare cross-platform mobile app development approaches to the Android and iOS app development. The paper is structured as follows: understanding the cross-platform mobile app development in Section 2, Section 3 gives the overview of the cloud, the list of criteria is set in Section, evaluation follows in Section 5, and the conclusion is drawn in Section 6.

Nowadays movement patterns and people’s behavioral models are needed for traffic engineers and city planners. These observations could be used to reason about mobility and its sustainability and to support decision makers with reliable information. The very same knowledge about human diaspora and behavior extracted from these data is also valuable to the urban planner, so as to localize new services, organize logistics systems and to detect changes as they occur in the movement behavior. Moreover, it is interesting to investigate movement in places like a shopping area or a working district either for commercial purposes or for improving the service quality. These kinds of tracking data are made available by wireless and mobile communication technologies. It is now possible to record and collect a large amount of mobile phone calls in a city. Technologies for object tracking have recently become affordable and reliable and hence we were able to collect mobile phone data from a city in China from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008. The large amount of phone call records from mobile operators can be considered as life mates and sensors of persons to inform howmany people are present in any given area and how many are entering or leaving. Each phone call record usually contains the caller and callee IDs, date and time, and the base station where the phone calls are made. As mobile phones are widely used in our daily life, many human behaviors can be revealed by analyzing mobile phone data. Through mobile phones, we can learn the information about locations, communications between mobile phone users during their daily lives. In this work, we propose a comprehensive visual analysis system named as MViewer, Mobile phone spatiotemporal data Viewer, which is the first system to visualize and analyze the population’smobility patterns from millions of phone call records. Our system consists of three major components: 1) visual analysis of user groups in a base station; 2) visual analysis of the mobility patterns on different user groups making phone calls in certain base stations; 3) visual analysis of handoff phone call records. Some well-established visualization techniques such as parallel coordinates and pixelbased representations have been integrated into our system. We also develop a novel visualization schemes, Voronoidiagram-based visual encoding to reveal the unique features of mobile phone data. We have applied our system to real mobile phone datasets that are kindly provided by our project partners and obtained some interesting findings regarding people’s mobility patterns.

Mobile technologies are rapidly attracting new users, providing increasing capacity, and allowing more sophisticated use such as accessing the Internet for searching information, emailing and reading e-books. As the mobile technology has been more powerful and inclusive in people’s daily lives, the issue of mobile assisted language learning (MALL) has also been widely studied. Many researchers of MALL consider the emerging mobile technologies to have potential for the effective language learning. The majority of MALL activities appear to make use of mobile phones, and nowadays, smartphones replace feature phones. This study focuses on the investigation of students’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges associated with the use of smartphones for learning.

This study examined the difference between younger adults and older adults in requirements for mobile phones and acceptance of new functions. A survey was conducted among 351 older adults and 140 younger adults in China. Four major findings were derived. Firstly, older adults perceived ease to understand manuals, font size, icon size, and feedback of the operation as more important compared with younger adults. Secondly, younger adults placed more emphasis on most non-visual aspects of mobile phones than older adults, while older adults placed more emphasis on visible attributes. Thirdly, the biggest age-related difference lays in connectivity. Younger adults perceived Internet access and the connection between mobile phones and other devices as much more important compared with older adults. Fourthly, older adults had more difficulties using soft keys and multi-tap than younger adults, which implied that smart phones with changing button labels and the touch & hold operation would be confusing for older adults. These results were interpreted in the context of the transition from feature phones to smart phones.

Smartphones provide users with environment for communication and sharing information and at the same time play an important role of mobile technology and mobile art development. Smartphone technology-related researches are being accelerated especially with the advent of mobile Augmented Reality(AR) age, but the studies on user participation that is essential for AR content industry were insufficient. In that regard, the assistance from mobile art area that has already developed these characteristics is essential. Thus, this article is to classify mobile art that has not been studied a lot domestically into feature phone usage and smartphone usage and to analyze each example case with the three most used methods. The usage of feature phones which use the sound and images of mobile devices can be divided into three: installation and performing methods, single channel video art method and five senses communication method. On the other hand, the usage of smartphones that use sensors, cameras, GPS and AR can be divided into location-based AR, marker-based AR and markerless AR. Also, as a result of examining mobile AR content utilization technology by industries, combined methods are utilized; tourism and game-related industries use location-based AR, education and medicine-related industries use marker-based AR, and shopping-related industries use markerless AR. The development of AR content industry is expected to be accelerated with mobile art that makes use of combined technology method and constant communication method through active participation of users. The future development direction of mobile AR industry is predicted to have minimized HMD, integration of hologram technology and artificial intelligence and make the most of big data and social network so that we could overcome the technological limitation of AR.

Collaboration is about interactions among multiple users by sharing resources. With the advent of new generation of mobile access devices such as smartphone and tablet PC, we address this for ubiquitous collaboration--the capability of multiple users to link together with disparate access devices in anytime and in anywhere. The implementation and experiments of mobile applications for ubiquitous collaboration were challenge since cell phone (also referred to feature phone) prior to smartphone had high network latency and low computing performance. However, even though mobile device technologies and wireless networking are becoming more advanced with time, the research on the impact of ubiquitous collaboration is still immature. This paper extends our prior work with interactive multimedia services--whiteboard application on 3G and Wi-Fi Android platform based mobile devices, based on MVC (Model View Controller) architecture for ubiquitous collaboration. Then, we present interaction and usability study with multiple users using (wire, wireless) small-sized devices (smartphones), mid-sized devices (tablet PCs), and large-sized device (desktops) to show how disparate access devices and networking have an effect on software design of shared applications in ubiquitous collaboration system.

Background/Objectives: One of the biggest recent issues in the communication market is the explosive distribution of smart phones. One of the reasons why a smart phone could have seen this rapid distribution in terms of the service management is because it enables the access to the Internet without getting restricted by place and time through customization by a user, unlike a feature phone which only has the existing functions mounted on that were already chosen by a suppler. The other reason is because of its applications. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This study performed a survey for a sample of people who have ever used the online shopping applications. It is looking on the demographic characteristics, among a total of 215 people. In order to verify the formed hypotheses and models, this study evaluated reliability using the Cronbach's Alpha scale and it was found that the high reliability had been acquired as most of the variables showed high values above 0.8. In advance of the verification of hypotheses, the reliability analysis was carried out to examine reliability of the measurement items for each construction concept used in this study. Also, to verify the hypotheses of this thesis, a structural equating model was set up and a path analysis of the relationship between construction concepts was carried out. Findings: This study aimed to make an empirical investigation of the impact of each of the different convenience types of mobile applications on the usage and the use diversity, consider the process of use diffusion and find out whether there is a difference in the effect of each convenience type on the use-diffusion. According to the findings of this study, it was firstly shown that the effect of each convenience type on the use-diffusion is different and secondly, it appeared that the more various functions of the mobile applications are used, the usage increases. Improvements/Applications: It is supposed that the portability and accessibility was less easy because they were the studies for a PC. On the other hand, in case of a mobile phone like in this study, it has the excellent portability and accessibility compared to anything else including a PC. Therefore, it is supposed that more usage and more chances to access to its functions must have had a positive impact on the increase of the usage.

The record-and-replay approach for software testing is important and valuable for developers in designing mobile applications. However, the existing solutions for recording and replaying Android applications are far from perfect. When considering the richness of mobile phones' input capabilities including touch screen, sensors, GPS, etc., existing approaches either fall short of covering all these different input types, or require elevated privileges that are not easily attained and can be dangerous. In this paper, we present a novel system, called MobiPlay, which aims to improve record-and-replay testing. By collaborating between a mobile phone and a server, we are the first to capture all possible inputs by doing so at the application layer, instead of at the Android framework layer or the Linux kernel layer, which would be infeasible without a server. MobiPlay runs the to-be-tested application on the server under exactly the same environment as the mobile phone, and displays the GUI of the application in real time on a thin client application installed on the mobile phone. From the perspective of the mobile phone user, the application appears to be local. We have implemented our system and evaluated it with tens of popular mobile applications showing that MobiPlay is efficient, flexible, and comprehensive. It can record all input data, including all sensor data, all touchscreen gestures, and GPS. It is able to record and replay on both the mobile phone and the server. Furthermore, it is suitable for both white-box and black-box testing.

Today, a mobile phone is not just a "phone" but it is a computer that you can also use for calling someone. Besides, in criminal investigations the importance of evidence from the mobile phone is increasing as more and more phones are seized at the Digital Forensic Department of the police. Indeed, the amount of memory cards of these mobile phones that need to be investigated separately is also increasing. Possible reasons are that the mobile phone investigation software does not support the specific mobile phone or the specific, for that investigation, artefacts. Sometimes the software investigates just the internal memory of the mobile phone and not the data which is written on the memory card. Fact is also that although the mobile phone was investigated by the dedicated software, the possibility that the associated memory card contains additional important information is evident. The current procedure to get all of the usable information from a memory card of a mobile phone is very time-consuming process and not user friendly. In this paper, we present a new single tool to simplify the investigation of a memory card from a mobile phone. We also test our tool with WhatsApp application installed on the memory card from different mobile phones.

When and why people change their mobile phones are important issues in mobile communications industry, because it will impact greatly on the marketing strategy and revenue estimation for both mobile operators and manufactures. It is a promising way to take use of big data to analyze and predict the phone changing event. In this paper, based on mobile user big data, first through statistical analysis, we find that three important probability distributions, i.e., power-law, log-normal, and geometric distribution, play an important role in the user behaviors. Second, the relationships between eight selected attributes and phone changing are built, for example, young people have greater intention to change their phones if they are using the phones belonging to the low occupancy phones or feature phones. Third, we verified the performance of four prediction models on phone changing event under three scenarios. Information gain ratio was used to implement attribute selection and then sampling method, cost-sensitive together with standard classifiers were used to solve imbalanced phone changing event. Experiment results show our proposed enhanced backpropagation neural network in the undersampling scenario can attain better prediction performance.

A mobile phone contains important personal information, and therefore, it should be considered in digital forensic investigations. Recently, the number of smartphone owners has increased drastically. Unlike feature phones, smartphones have high-performance operating systems (e.g., Android, iOS), and users can install and utilize various mobile applications on smartphones. Smartphone forensics has been actively studied because of the importance of smartphone user data acquisition and analysis for digital forensic purposes. In general, there are two logical approaches to smartphone forensics. The first approach is to extract user data using the backup and debugging function of smartphones. The second approach is to get root permission through the rooting or the bootloader method with custom kernel, and acquire an image of the flash memory. In addition, the other way is to acquire an image on a more physical way by using e.g., JTAG or chipoff process. In some cases, it may be possible to reconstruct and analyze the file system. However, existing methods for file system analysis are not suitable for recovering and analyzing data deleted from smartphones depending on the manner in which the flash memory image has to be acquired. This paper proposes new analysis techniques for fragmented flash memory pages in smartphones. In particular, this paper demonstrates analysis techniques on the image that the reconstruction of file system is impossible because the spare area of flash memory pages does not exist or that it is created from the unallocated area of the undamaged file system.

Phone lost has been a major problem these days. This case can happened because of the user own fault (he place it in the wrong place and forget it) or because of intentional phone stealing. Seeing many of this missing case we try to develop a system for tracking and securing a missing phone. Android platform is selected because it is one of the best operating system for mobile phone right now and the user growth is very promising. This application will give an extra security when a phone gone missing, as we know we store a lot of sensitive data on our phone. The system work flow is very simple actually, our application will be on standby and monitor command that it received via SMS and it will work in the background so user won’t be get any distraction from this application. Using these commands user can lock his phone, sound the phone alarm, delete his phone data, get his phone data, and get his phone last location. This application have some other feature too, like lock his phone when someone change his phone card and send the new number that attach in his phone to the owner. When system get any request about phone's last position then system will process that request to get phone's latitude and longitude via GPS, after that system will quietly send it to the owner.

Smartphones are widely used as a mobile communication devices with more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary feature phone. As the market expands, many brand-new smartphones are released and chosen by (potential) smartphone users. In spite of smartphone`s popularity, little research of the factors affecting the evaluation of smartphones and their influences on smartphone choice have been performed. Therefore, we aim to analyze evaluation factors of smartphone selection and use in this research. We use Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process method, a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model, to find the relative importance among the factors considering the fuzziness of pair-wise comparison using AHP. After reviewing related works and interviewing the focus group, we extract the five independent factors influencing the choice and use of a smartphone. Pair-wise comparison and triangle fuzzy numbers are used to calculate the relative importance of factors. We analyze not only the whole interviewees` responses, but the differences between smartphone users and non-users. Practical implications are delivered in concluding remarks.

The various information services can be delivered by smartphone through advanced high-speed mobile communication. A smartphone is a mobile device that offers more powerful computing capacity than feature phone. Therefore this device can provide such as web surfing, editing documents, playing video, and playing games. A lot of personal information stored on smartphone. Because it has High usability. Personal information Leaks if the smart phone is lost or stolen may become a big problem. In this paper we have analyzed existing method for providing secure storage and user authentication on mobile platform and derived security requirement. Therefore we propose the following scheme that satisfy security requirement. Proposed scheme providing secure storage with preventing authentication bypass, and availability from damaged data to access secure area.

Recently, the fast development of communication technologies has brought a great convince for human beings' life. Lots of commercial services and transactions can be done by using mobile communication equipments such as smart phones. Consequently, smart phones have attracted lots of companies to invest them for their potential growth of market. Compared with basic feature phone, a smart phone can offer more advanced computing ability and connectivity. However, based on the responses of customers, there still are many defectives such as not friendly and smooth operation, short standby time of batteries, threat of virus infected and so on needed to be improved. Therefore, this study will propose a product innovative function development procedure into TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving) to transform voice of customers into product design and to create novel functions, respectively. A case study of smart phones will be provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The set of functionalities provided by advanced mobile phones is significantly increasing. However, the small size of mobile phone user interfaces makes it difficult for the user to deal with this large number of functionalities, which could reflect negatively on user performance and the efficiency of mobile phone functionalities. In this paper, we designed and developed an adaptive task-based functionality called ATF on mobile phones, where the task we focused on was to predict the next contact that the user is most likely to call. Furthermore, we conducted comprehensive evaluation of our approach. We show that our approach can successfully predict contacts that a user will most likely call next. Our results uncover the frequency and pattern of regularity in making mobile phone calls and suggest promising avenues for future work for optimising tasks (beyond phone calls) performed with the mobile phone.

This paper suggests one model, which can be monitor and control target system at anytime and anywhere by a WAP and ME based personal cellular phone(Feature phone) and internet connection. The suggesting model tried to overcome constraints of distance and mobility of conventional methods, TCP/IP based remote data monitoring system, which combine PDA and WLAN technologies. For the experiments of suggesting model, the target systems are constructed with individual modules, which need AC or DC power control. The development software for the control and monitor of local system use NI Labview for the easy-programming and confidence. Also, web server use APM setup for the general user. The mobile connection environments of personal cellular phone are programmed by use WML and mHTML language for the general access. Through the experiments, we have showed that suggesting model can overcome constraints of distance and mobility of conventional system.

This column addresses the need for health care information professionals to maximize their productivity in an age where there are so many distractions when seeking and delivering information. A variety of mobile phone applications are reviewed, focusing on the popular platforms of the iPhone, BlackBerry, and Android models. Productivity categories that are covered include to-do lists, dictation software, article viewing and storage, blogging and tweeting tools, and data backup solutions.

Smartphone is a mobile device which can perform better than feature phone. Recently, growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful performance, market share of smartphone is increasing rapidly in mobile device market, for example, iphone and android phone. Smartphone can provide many functionalities, e-mail, scheduler, word-processing, 3D-game, and etc, based on its powerful performance. Thus, various secret information is integrated in smartphone. To provide service, sometimes, smartphone transmits informations to outside via wireless network. Because smartphone is a mobile device, user can lose his/her smartphone, easily, and losing smartphone can cause serious security threats, because of integrated information in smartphone. Also data which is transmitted in wireless network can be protected for privacy. Thus, in present, it is very important to keep secure smartphone. In this paper, we analyze threats and vulnerabilities of smartphone based on its environments and describe countermeasures against threats and vulnerabilities.

Recently, development of "Microelectronics and VLSI Engineering" Laboratory at IIT Kharagpur (http://lod.iitkgp.ernet.in/netlab), an innovative remote microelectronics device characterization and parameter extraction laboratory has been reported. The laboratory enables students to measure different semiconductor device characteristics and extract device parameters at any time and from anywhere using a Java-enabled web browser. Having pioneered the PC-based online laboratory to enhance microelectronics education, feasibility of use of mobile devices for hardware-based remote experimentation is explored. The work introduced in this paper is a prototype of the use of mobile devices in laboratory education.

During the past decade, technological advances in mobile phones and the development of smart phones have led to increased use and dependence on the mobile phone. The explosion of its use has led to problems such as fraud, criminal use and identity theft, which have led to the need for mobile phone forensic analysis. In this regard, the authors discuss mobile phone forensic analysis, what it means, who avails of it and the software tools used.

The latest mobile phones, such as the iPhone and Google's Android-based Nexus One, are changing the way that we do business. Company-confidential information is being both accessed and stored on mobile phones. Some of these phones are owned and managed by the organisations concerned, but increasingly, employees are using their own devices that the IT department knows nothing about. Goode Intelligence provides a snapshot of how businesses are tackling the problems posed by mobile phones, and ascertains if they are ready and equipped to deal with these unique challenges. This comprehensive survey covers most aspects of mobile phone security including policy and standards awareness, mobile applications and security, staffing and management, access and authentication (including use of the mobile phone as an authentication device), virus and malware, spam, data loss prevention (including data encryption), voice encryption (in addition that provided by the network operators), anti-theft (including data wiping) and data backup. The latest generation of mobile phones, such as the iPhone and Google's Android platforms, are having a transformational effect on the way that we access, use and store information. There is no doubt of the business benefit that data-enabled, multi-network (mobile operator and WiFi enabled), always-on mobile devices give us but what are the implications for information security? Does access to company-confidential information on a mobile phone give us cause for alarm and by allowing employees to use their own phones for business are we opening up a compliance can of worms? Who owns the data?

In this paper, I look at the Apple iPhone as a fascinating instance of adaptation, especially as it relates to digital cultures. A theme in the rise of the mobile, or cell, phone has been how it underscores the active role that people play in the orchestration and use of culture. The gambit of the iPhone is that the mobile phone itself will be decisively remade, and through this that media culture will itself be reformed. To make sense of this rapturous reception, I examine the iPhone as a notable instance of consuming culture. The paper discusses the double sense in which the iPhone functions both as a signal adaptation of the mobile phone at the same time as it introduces new practices and politics of adaptation.

Crowd sourced mobile microtasking represents a significant opportunity in emerging economies such as India, that are characterized by the high levels of mobile phone penetration and large numbers of educated people that are unemployed or underemployed. Indeed, mobile phones have been used successfully in many parts of the world for microtasking, primarily for crowd sourced data collection, and text or image based tasks. More complex tasks such as annotation of multimedia such as audio or video have traditionally been confined to desktop interfaces. With the rapid evolution in the multimedia capabilities of mobile phones in these geographies, we believe that the nature of microtasks carried out on these devices, as well as the design of interfaces for such microtasks, warrants investigation.In this paper we explore the design of mobile phone interfaces for a set of multimedia-based microtasks on feature phones, which represent the vast majority of multimedia-capable mobile phones in these geographies. As part of an initial study using paper prototypes, we evaluate three types of multimedia content: images, audio and video, and three interfaces for data input: Direct Entry, Scroll Key Input and Key Mapping. We observe that while there are clear interface preferences for image and audio tasks, the user preference for video tasks varies based on the 'task complexity' - the 'density' of data the annotator has to deal with. In a second study, we prototype two different interfaces for video-based annotation tasks - a single screen input method, and a two screen phased interface. We evaluate the two interface designs and the three data input methods studied earlier by means of a user study with 36 participants. Our findings show that where less dense data was concerned; participants prefer Key Mapping as the input technique. For dense data, while participants prefer Key Mapping, our data shows that the accuracy of data input with Key Mapping is significantly lower than that with Scroll Key Input. The study also provides insight into the game plan each user develops and employs to input data. We believe these findingswill enable other researchers to build effective user interfaces for mobile microtasks, and be of value to UI developers, HCI researchers and microtask designers.

We describe a qualitative study conducted using Contextual Inquiry of 60 low-literate users in India. For the purpose of this study, we define low-literate as those users whose education is equal or more than Standard Four and less than or equal to Standard Eight in the Indian State education system. Our users were recruited primarily from the contractual house-keeping staff of a very large Private Organization and an Educational Institute (42 Male, 3 Female), household help (3 Female), drivers (5 Male), guards (1 Male), shopkeepers (1 Male, 1 Female) and homemakers (4 Female). Our objective was to develop an understanding of information security issues in the context of the mobile phone, identification of problems and design ideas for design of interventions. Our methodology included Contextual Inquiry and Analysis with notes pertaining to User Statements, Task Breakdowns, Observations and Design Ideas. The notes across the study were consolidated using Affinity Diagrams.We found that users have an elementary understanding of asset valuation and response. Literacy impedes adoption of an appropriate response to the threats using the mechanisms provided by the mobile phone since conceptual models are not clearly comprehended. It is also impeded because the users are unable to articulate a structured response to the landscape of threats. Due to the cognitive load induced by the possible factors which may get involved in risk articulation, users tend to adopt mitigation techniques propagated by the micro-networks without complete comprehension of risks or due analysis. Belief systems are more likely to drive a response than a more reasoned, well-aware response. Information or awareness is propagated via social mechanisms -- however, these are not necessarily correct most of the times, primarily due to the inappropriate conceptual models formulated. The interface and conceptual model complexity of a modern touch screen smartphone compounds matters. Mobile Learning aids or Gamification of concepts can help users adopt more appropriate response mechanism to perceived threats to privacy and security issues. Interfaces built with single sign-on, local language display and text input would also help in building more safe environments for users to use the mobile phone. While more-literate users are likely to mimic a 'plan-do-check-act' model low-literate are more likely to have a 'do' or a 'do' or a 'do-act' cycle due to non-awareness or non-comprehension of 'plan-check' components.