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The illegal distribution of a digital movie is a common and significant threat to the film industry. With the advent of high-speed broadband Internet access, a pirated copy of a digital video can now be easily distributed to a global audience. A possible means of limiting this type of digital theft is digital video watermarking whereby additional information, called a watermark, is embedded in the host video. This watermark can be extracted at the decoder and used to determine whether the video content is watermarked. This paper presents a review of the digital video watermarking techniques in which their applications, challenges, and important properties are discussed, and categorizes them based on the domain in which they embed the watermark. It then provides an overview of a few emerging innovative solutions using watermarks. Protecting a 3D video by watermarking is an emerging area of research. The relevant 3D video watermarking techniques in the literature are classified based on the image-based representations of a 3D video in stereoscopic, depth-image-based rendering, and multi-view video watermarking. We discuss each technique, and then present a survey of the literature. Finally, we provide a summary of this paper and propose some future research directions.

In this paper, an algorithm for multiple digital watermarking based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) was proposed for healthcare applications such as tele-ophthalmology, tele-medicine, tele-diagnosis, and tele-consultancy services. Multiple watermarks were used in this algorithm to reduce the consequences of medical identity thefts. In the embedding process, the cover medical image was decomposed into third-level DWT. Low-frequency bands (LH2 and LL3) were transformed by DCT, and then SVD was applied to DCT coefficients. Two watermarks in the form of images were also transformed by DCT and then SVD. The singular values of the watermark information were embedded in the singular value of the cover medical image. Watermarks were extracted using an extraction algorithm. In order to enhance the robustness performance of the image watermarks, back-propagation neural network was applied to the extracted watermarks to reduce the effects of different noise applied on the watermarked image. Results were obtained by varying the gain factor and the different cover image modalities. Experimental results were provided to illustrate that the proposed method is able to withstand a variety of signal processing attacks, and has been found to give excellent performance in terms of robustness and imperceptibility. The performance of the method was also compared with other reported techniques. Further, the visual quality of the proposed method was also evaluated by a subjective method.

This survey presents a brief discussion of different aspects of digital image watermarking. Included in the present discussion are these general concepts: major characteristics of digital watermark, novel and recent applications of watermarking, different kinds of watermarking techniques and common watermark embedding and extraction process. In addition, recent state-of-art watermarking techniques, potential issues and available solutions are discussed in brief. Further, the performance summary of the various state-of-art watermarking techniques is presented in tabular format. This survey contribution will be useful for the researchers to implement efficient watermarking techniques for secure e-governance applications.

Digital watermarking is one of the techniques that can be used to support digital copyright protection. It enables copyright owners to insert a perceptually invisible watermark within any copy of content that is distributed on the Internet. The main aim is to use watermarks to implement copyright identification and content tracking. However, digital watermarking is not sufficient to ensure an adequate copyright protection, if it is not employed in conjunction with watermarking protocols, which define the schemes of the web transactions by which buyers can purchase protected digital content distributed by content providers in a secure manner. Therefore, watermarking protocols play a central role in the field of digital copyright protection by means of watermarking techniques. They have to ensure both a correct content protection and an easy participation of buyers in the purchase transactions of the contents distributed on the Internet. This paper presents a new watermarking protocol based on an innovative, buyer centric, and mediated design approach. The result is a secure protocol that enables buyers to easily participate in the transactions by which they can buy digital protected content, and this makes the protocol suited for the current web context.

Copyright protection and information security are two most considered issues of digital data following the development of internet and computer network. As an important solution for protection, watermarking technology has become one of the challenged roles in industry and academic research. The watermarking technology can be classified by two categories: visible watermarking and invisible watermarking. With invisible technique, there is an advantage on user interaction because of the visibility. By applying watermarking for communication, it will be a challenge and a new direction for communication technology. In this paper we will propose one new research on communication technology using optical camera communications (OCC) based invisible watermarking. Beside the analysis on performance of proposed system, we also suggest the frame structure of PHY and MAC layer for IEEE 802.15.7r1 specification which is a revision of visible light communication (VLC) standardization.

This paper presents a survey of fragile watermarking schemes for image authentication proposed in the past decade. The limited embedding capacity and extent of tampering are some of the important issues among other issues that drive the research in this area. Therefore we have presented in this survey the gist of the fragile watermarking schemes in just enough detail so that the reader may gain a fair idea of the issues, techniques adopted in general to address them and the comparison of results. The general frame work of the fragile watermarking system, different categories of attacks and parameters used to evaluate the schemes are presented in this survey. The comparative analysis and the quantitative comparison of basic schemes and their variations with improvements will help the researchers in quick review of the recent developments in this area.

The recent progress in the digital multimedia technologies has offered many facilities in the transmission, reproduction and manipulation of data. However, this advance has brought the problem such as copyright protection for content providers. Watermarking is one of the proposed solutions for copyright protection of multimedia. Most of the content provider use Photoshop to create a watermark photo, but Photoshop involve many procedures to complete a watermarked image. In addition, watermark image using Photoshop easily destroy by attacker where attacker can modifies the image to remove the watermark from the image. Hence, it has become a tough task to protect copyright of an individual’s creation. Thus, i-Mark is developed to solve the problem to protect the watermarked image. An invisible watermark embeds an imperceptible signal into data such as image, which indicates whether or not the content is copyrighted. By using i-Mark, invisible watermarking was provided where steganography method was implemented for users to encrypt message into an image. Hence, the image is protected from been easily modifies or copy by others. Meanwhile, i-Mark allow user to store their invisible watermarked image in database and can be view later. In addition, i-Mark also can made a visible watermark where user can adding text on the cover of image more convenient than Photoshop. In conclusion, i-Mark provides users to watermark their image either visible watermark or invisible watermark. Hence, throughout the project, user may use the system user friendly compare to Photoshop.

In the digital right management value chain, digital watermarking technology plays a very important role in digital product’s security, especially on its usage tracking and copyrights infringement authentication. However, watermark procedures can only effectively support copyright protection processes if they are applied as part of an appropriate watermark protocol. In this regard, a number of watermark protocols have been proposed in the literature and have been shown to facilitate the use of digital watermarking technology as copyright protection. One example of such protocols is the anonymous buyer-seller watermarking protocol. Although there are a number of protocols that have been proposed in the literature and provide suitable solutions, they are mainly designed as a watermarking protocol for the first-hand market and are unsuitable for second-hand transactions. As the complexity of online transaction increases, so does the size of the digital second-hand market. In this paper, we present a new buyer-seller watermark protocol that addresses the needs of customer’s rights problem in the digital secondary market. The proposed protocol consists of five sub-protocols that cover the registration process, watermarking process for the first, second and third-hand transactions as well as the identification & arbitration processes. This paper provides analysis that compares the proposed protocols with existing state-of-the-arts and shows that it has met not only all the buyer’s and seller’s requirements in the traditional sense but also accommodates the same requirements in the secondary market.

With the widespread internet usage, digital contents are easily distributed throughout the world. To eliminate concerns of producers and owners of digital contents, watermarking techniques are extensively being used. Robustness against intentional and unintentional attacks is a major quality of watermarking systems. Since different attacks tend to target different parts of the frequency spectrum, in this paper we propose a framework for blind watermarking which determines the type of attack that the image has gone through before extracting the watermark. Within this framework, we propose an attack classification method to identify the region of the frequency spectrum that is less damaged. The watermark which is redundantly spread throughout the spectrum can be extracted from the less damaged regions. Experimental results show functionality of the framework by producing better results in comparison with well-known blind watermarking techniques.

Advancements in computing and networking technologies have opened gateways for the content owners to produce and distribute their digital contents (e.g., audio/video/images) in a convenient and affordable manner. Despite all the advantages promised by the advancement in digital technology and widespread use of Internet, piracy of content is still big concern. Digital content can be easily copied without any quality loss. Content creators and owners are concerned about the consequences of illegal copying and distribution on a massive scale like loss of capital. As digital data can be duplicated and edited with great ease, this has led to Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems that can address the issues related to privacy and security of the digital contents. Digital watermarking is a promising technology employed by various DRM systems to achieve rights management. Buyer-Seller Watermarking (BSW) protocol integrates encryption, with digital watermarking and other techniques to ensure rights protection & security for seller as well as the buyer of the digital content. BSW protocols support copyright protection, piracy tracing, and privacy protection. Various approaches have been proposed for BSW protocols. In this context, the main contributions of this paper to the literature on BSW protocols are threefold: (i) it identifies the challenges in designing a BSW protocol; (ii) provides the taxonomy of existing approaches; and (iii) describes the strengths and weaknesses of the presented approaches by comparison and some open issues are highlighted. We provide a taxonomy of the existing approaches for BSW protocols.Security and performance requirements are identified.Comparative analysis of BSW protocols in terms of security and performance requirements.Identified future trends and open issues in the BSW protocols.

the digital data is transferred over the internet which may harm the digital data like tampering of data etc. Therefore, the need of digital data protection has been increased with the advancement in the technology. Watermarking is a technique used to protect the digital data. Digital watermarking is a technique by using which user can get the copyright of its product which prevents the data from tampering. Many techniques are available for video watermarking like Discrete Wavelet Transform, Least Significant Bit Technique etc. (2).The properties of digital watermarking are For copy control, In fingerprinting, For identification of ownership, For Authentication, Monitoring of digital video broadcast, In video tagging etc. (1).

In recent years, there is a rapid growth in information technology and multimedia. At the same time information security and copyright has become an issue as piracy and malice manipulation is common. Watermarking is commonly used technique to solve the above mentioned issue. By inserting a watermark in the host audio signal the copyright problem can be solved. As a result the biggest debate in the current era is digital audio watermarking. More affordable the watermarking should be to make the extraction easier. This paper mainly discusses on audio watermarking principle, features of watermarking, performance evaluation techniques and research gap on audio watermarking.

Watermarking protocols are designed for tracing illegal distributors when unauthorized copies are found. So far, most of the proposed schemes set up two or more watermarks embedded to a copy by the seller before it was sold. The main potential concerns of multiple watermarking are the image quality would be damaged and any earlier embedded watermarks would be destroyed as well. Thanks to visual cryptography which encodes the secret image into two shares, and recovers the secret by collecting these two shares. Therefore, a new buyer-seller watermarking protocol is proposed in this paper by applying the technique of visual cryptography to Lei et al.'s scheme so as to free from the disadvantages of multiple-watermarking insertion.

Watermarking protocols are used in conjunction with digital watermarking techniques to protect digital copyright on the Internet. They define the schemes of the web transactions by which buyers can purchase protected digital content distributed by content providers in a secure manner. Over the last few years, significant examples of watermarking protocols have been proposed in literature. However, a detailed examination of such protocols has revealed a number of problems that have to be addressed in order to make them suited for current web context. Therefore, based on the most relevant problems derived from literature, this article identifies the main challenges posed by the development of watermarking protocols for web context and presents a watermarking protocol that follows a new secure, buyer-centric and mediated design approach able to meet such challenges.

The frequent availability of digital data such as audio, images and videos became possible to the public through the expansion of the internet. Digital watermarking technology is being adopted to ensure and facilitate data authentication, security and copyright protection of digital media. It is considered as the most important technology in today's world, to prevent illegal copying of data. Digital watermarking can be applied to audio, video, text or images. This paper includes the detail study of watermarking definition and various watermarking applications and techniques used to enhance data security.

Data protection from malicious attacks and misuse has become a crucial issue. Various types of data, including images, videos, audio and text documents, have given cause for the development of different methods for their protection. Cryptography, digital signatures and steganography are the most well known technologies used to protect data. During the last decade, digital watermarking technology has also been utilized as an alternative to prevent media forgery and tampering or falsification to ensure both copyright and authentication. Much work has been done to protect images, videos and audio but only a few algorithms have been considered for text document protection with digital watermarking. However, our survey observed that available text watermarking algorithms are neither robust nor imperceptible and as such remain unsecured methods of protection. Hence, research to improve the performance of text watermarking algorithms is required. This paper reviews current watermarking algorithms for text documents and categorizes text watermarking methods based on the way the text was treated during the watermarking process. It also discusses merits and demerits of available methods as well as recent proposed methods for evaluating text watermarking systems and the need for further research on digital text watermarking.

Over the last 25 years, there has been much work on multimedia digital watermarking. In this domain, the primary limitation to watermark strength has been in its visibility. For multimedia watermarks, invisibility is defined in human terms (that is, in terms of human sensory limitations). In this paper, we review recent developments in the non-media applications of data watermarking, which have emerged over the last decade as an exciting new sub-domain. Since by definition, the intended receiver should be able to detect the watermark, we have to redefine invisibility in an acceptable way that is often application-specific and thus cannot be easily generalized. In particular, this is true when the data is not intended to be directly consumed by humans. For example, a loose definition of robustness might be in terms of the resilience of a watermark against normal host data operations, and of invisibility as resilience of the data interpretation against change introduced by the watermark. In this paper, we classify the data in terms of data mining rules on complex types of data such as time-series, symbolic sequences, data streams, and so forth. We emphasize the challenges involved in non-media watermarking in terms of common watermarking properties, including invisibility, capacity, robustness, and security. With the aid of a few examples of watermarking applications, we demonstrate these distinctions and we look at the latest research in this regard to make our argument clear and more meaningful. As the last aim, we look at the new challenges of digital watermarking that have arisen with the evolution of big data.

Multimedia contents such as images, videos, audio, and texts are easy to available for download through internet in worldwide. Duplication of multimedia contents is to create using different software. This type of operation some time created problem of copyright and ownership authentication. Digital watermarking techniques are usedto protect multimedia contents. This paper gives various watermarking techniques in transform domain and sparse domain for protection and authentication of multimedia contents.

A digital watermark is a type of indicator covertly embedded in the noise tolerant signal such as an image or audio data. Digital watermarking is the method that embeds information known as a watermark into the multimedia object such that the watermark can be extracted or detected later to create an assertion about the object. Embedded watermark will permit recognizing the owner of the work hardware implementation. This idea is applicable for the digital video and audio also. Embedding a digital signal (image, video or video) with data which cannot be easily eliminated is called digital watermarking. Digital watermarks may be used to the authenticate the integrity or authenticity of the carrier signal or to display the identity of its owners Digital watermarking is used as a key result to create the document transferring protected from unlawful interferences. Digital watermark methods are used in numerous areas such as copyright owner identification, protection and broadcast monitoring. Digital watermarking is the processing of combined information into a digital signal. A watermark is a secondary image, which is overlaid on the host image, and provides a means of protecting the image. In this paper, aim is to present a survey of numerous methods on the basis of digital image watermarking. The digital watermarking method is becoming more important in this developing society of internet. The goal of this implementation is to survey the different techniques for Digital Watermarking.

digital word it is very common to distribute digital image as a part of multimedia technology by use of the Internet. Security of this digital data over the Internet is very popular field among researchers. Watermarking is a process that embeds data or watermark inside data such that it cannot be easily accessed by authorized person. Watermarking provides copyright protection of digital data. Digital Image Water marking is a subfield of Digital watermarking, and it concerns with protection of digital image from unauthorized reproduction and modification. In digital watermarking, a secondary image is a watermark and this watermark lied into the host image and provides protection. Different Digital Image watermarking methods have been proposed in this field to maintain content authentication, copyright protection, tamper protection and many other application. This paper presents a model for digital image watermarking, properties and applications. Moreover, this paper present a survey on different types of digital Image watermarks. This paper reviews different aspects of digital image watermarking for protecting digital data and provide review of digital image watermarking methods named: Least Significant Bit (LSB), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).

We presented in this survey, digital watermarking is an important method to add hidden patent notices to digital audio, image. The Watermarking techniques with frequency domain make better results either concern with image excellence or invisibility of the watermark. In this paper, we present review on Image Watermarking for Good Robustness. In this paper, we talk about the various factors used in watermarking, properties and application area where water- marking technique requires to be used. Also a survey on the some new work is done in image watermarking field.

with the extensive use of internet all over the world, most of the government, public and private data are increasingly being published on internet. The protection of these online documents is the need of the hour and need to be dealt with urgently. Text watermarking is the technique which helps to protect the authenticity and integrity of text documents by inserting watermarks in the text. Text watermarking is an active area of research from several years. This paper presents a review of various text watermarking techniques described in literature. We also highlight the security issues like copyright protection, tamper detection and data hiding which need to be focussed for ensuring text security. Keywordswatermarking, Copyright Protection, Security, Encryption, Tampering.

Now days due to advancement of technology & high speed internet, the access and transfer of digital media such as image, text, audio and video becomes easy for everybody. Because of the increased use of internet, the need of security and authenticity has become essential. To secure the multimedia data, digital watermarking techniques have become key tool to tackle the challenges faced by the rapid distribution of digital content over the internet. Digital watermarking is a branch of information hiding which is used to hide proprietary information in digital media like photographs, digital music, digital video etc. In this paper we have developed image watermarking model based on discrete wavelet transform. In this technique, we embed and extract biometric watermark using the alpha blending technique in low frequency band. This paper illustrates a general architecture and modified algorithm for DWT based digital watermarking. To demonstrate working of the aforementioned architecture and algorithm, an experimental system is also developed with different value of alpha at 1,2 and 3 level of DWT. This paper also describes output of the experimental system with their comparison.

Over the past few years, reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases have been proposed to provide protection of ownership rights, data tempering, and data integrity. Mainly, these techniques ensure original data recovery from watermarked data, whereas irreversible watermarking schemes only protect ownership rights. This characteristic of reversible watermarking has emerged as a candidate solution for the protection of ownership rights of data, intolerable to modifications such as medical data, genetic data, credit card, and bank account data. The main objective of this paper is to make an extensive survey of the state-of-the-art in reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases to reflect recent research progress and to point out the key issues for future research. In order to analyze these techniques, a classification has been performed on the basis of i the extent of modifications introduced by the watermarking scheme in the underlying data and ii the robustness of the embedded watermark against malicious attacks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cloud computing is the best way for storing and computing data over an internet. Data can be shared in the form of texts, images, audio, and video. Sharing data securely over internet is a key issue. Cloud computing faces serious issues like security, integrity, and confidentiality of data. The most popular existing techniques for achieving data security faced conflicts like generation of large keys, the heavy computation of large keys, and collision attack of malicious users and also it meant for single owner. To overcome the limitations of existing techniques, we proposed a scheme and implemented image encryption and decryption using symmetric key. In the proposed system, we aim to improve security which implement three algorithms namely, visual cryptography (VC), AES (Advanced Encryption Standards), and watermarking. In this paper, the secret image is divided into multiple shares according to the number of users by visual cryptography, later AES is used. For more authentication and copyright protection, watermarking is used. In the obtained result, security is improved and also a key size is decreased which leads to data sharing among multiple authenticated owners securely without any conflict and original image is regenerated by combining all the shares.

Counterfeiting and piracy of the intellectual property such as patents, copyrights, etc. is known to be a serious problem worldwide though it is more intense in some regions owing to the usage. Presently, millions of digital audio data is being copied over networks resulting into the loss of revenue to music industries at a big scale. Right owners and creators have been looking forward to find out ways to inhibit this process that ultimately prompted the research in digital watermarking to enable copyright protection in order to prevent illegal acts of forgery and pirate distribution of data. In this paper, we have surveyed the various existing methodologies of digital audio watermarking for preserving the copyright laws and highlighting the related issues.

Digital watermarking is fragile to different authorization and copyright protection in spatial domain, So in the vast majority of watermarking strategy’s transform domain is utilized. In that paper we have an review of such computerized watermarking procedures and techniques like discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), discrete cosine transformation (DCT) with various methodologies alongside their applications, advantages and limitations.

Background: In order to design secure digital right management architecture between different producers and different consumers, this paper proposes a multiparty and multilevel watermarking protocol for primary and secondary market. Comparing with the traditional buyer-seller watermarking protocols, this paper makes several outstanding achievements. Method: First of all, this paper extends traditional buyer-seller two-party architecture to multiparty architecture which contains producer, multiply distributors, consumers, etc. Secondly, this paper pays more attention on the security issues, for example, this paper applies iris recognition technology as an advanced security method. Conclusion: Finally, this paper also presents a second-hand market scheme to overcome the copyright issues that may happen in the real world. © 2017 Bentham Science Publishers.

In digital image watermarking, selecting an appropriate domain for hiding the watermark according to application is a very important issue, since it directly affects on the performance of the watermarking schemes. In order to increase efficiency and to fulfill the main important issues like imperceptibility, capacity, robustness and security, it is crucial to be aware of the role of the different domains according to the specifications that each domain technique potentially and innately offers. In this research we investigate the role of the different domain techniques in digital image watermarking and categorize them based on the application and specifications which are proposed by each domain.

Video watermarking is the approach of adding insensible data to video content in order to protect the owner's right. One of the main important issues in watermarking operation is the watermarking robustness. The basic requirement in watermarking is resisting in front of distortion and initial attacks, which is commonly examined based on the data processing standards. Many methods have been proposed in the field of video watermarking that are resistant to certain attacks, therefore some attacks can break the watermark. So, the correct identification of methods and knowing the strength and weakness of each method lead to propose appropriate solution in order to reduce the effects of attacks with presenting secure algorithm in video watermarking.

The high-speed computer networks have been fundamental changes in the distribution of digital data and the multimedia download sales overtake the traditional sales. In addition to advantages, there are challenges for multimedia owners which their multimedia are distributed in unsecured form. To protect the data, additional information should be send with the general information. The attack is one of the challenges in video watermarking. In this paper each category of attacks, the main reasons of them and the general solution of them will provide.

In this modern era, storing and transmitting information is by far done as a digital object. But the greatest disadvantage in digital data transmission is the fact that innumerable copies of the digital file can be made and is susceptible to be misused. This leads to the worldwide problem of copyright protection, copy protection and content authentication. Various Steganographic techniques and algorithms have been developed to find a solution to this problem. One such technique is Digital Watermarking. This paper attempts to discuss the various digital watermarking methods and techniques.

Nowadays, Multimedia contents such as images, videos, e-books and texts are easy to available for download through internet in worldwide. Duplication of multimedia contents is to create using different software. This type of operation some time created problem of copyright and ownership authentication. Digital watermarking techniques are one of the solutions for providing protection to multimedia contents. This chapter gives various watermarking techniques in transform domain and sparse domain for protection of multimedia contents. This chapter has demonstrated various watermarking techniques such as Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCT), and CS theory based technique. All watermarking techniques can be applicable to every type of multimedia contents such as grayscale images or videos and color image or videos.

Watermarking the image files has recently become the focus of much attention. The transmission rate of the data over internet has played the major challenge that allows the illegal proliferation of the digital images. The difficulties in image watermarking relies on the desire to preserve the file quality and also the damaging of the files need to be prevented. This review on the different watermarking techniques gives the clear concept of the watermarking scheme.

Watermarking and cryptography are two closely related research subjects with a similar general objective of protecting important information in digital form. In terms of protecting multimedia content, encryption is applied to ensure the transmission of content information is secure, while watermarking is used for further protection after the content has been decrypted by authorized users. This chapter addresses encryption-related audio watermarking. First, we discuss several audio watermarking schemes with the incorporation of cryptography. After that, we will look into an alternative notion of leveraging the theory of compressive sensing for watermarking system design. It has been shown that the compressive sensing process is similar to an encryption process.

Digital images are widely communicated over the internet. The security of digital images is an essential and challenging task on shared communication channel. Various techniques are used to secure the digital image, such as encryption, steganography and watermarking. These are the methods for the security of digital images to achieve security goals, i.e. confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA). Individually, these procedures are not quite sufficient for the security of digital images. This paper presents a blended security technique using encryption, steganography and watermarking. It comprises of three key components: (1) the original image has been encrypted using large secret key by rotating pixel bits to right through XOR operation, (2) for steganography, encrypted image has been altered by least significant bits (LSBs) of the cover image and obtained stego image, then (3) stego image has been watermarked in the time domain and frequency domain to ensure the ownership. The proposed approach is efficient, simpler and secured; it provides significant security against threats and attacks.

One of the most shared content in Social Media (SM) is text, making it vulnerable to copy and authorship misappropriation. Due to the low data noise, watermark embedding is very hard. This problem is exacerbated in the context of SM, where the amount of data in a single message can be extremely small, like in Twitter. Firstly, in this paper we investigate whether SM do applies watermarks on the texts. Then, we propose a text watermarking method able to work on all the SM platforms considered, while ensuring visual indistinguishability and length preservation of the original text and robustness to copy and paste. We conduct an extended evaluation on eighteen different SM platforms by using 6,000 posts from six public figures' profiles.

E-health services have proved potentially useful in extending effective health care support and medical consultation for patients even at remote locations. However, efficient storage, retrieval, transmission, and the security of the medical/electronic patient record (EPR) data are important issues which can be effectively addressed by watermarking to achieve guarantied security and authenticity. This chapter presents a brief introduction of digital watermarking, classification, important characteristics and recent applications of digital watermarks followed by the essential requirements of medical image watermarking.