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How the human user trusts and interacts with an automation system is influenced by how well the system capabilities are conveyed to the user. When interacting with the automation system, the user can obtain the system reliability information through an explicit description of the reliability or through experiencing the system over time. The term description-experience gap illustrates the difference between description-based and experience-based human decisions. In the current study, we investigated how this description-experience gap applies to human-automation interaction with a phishing-detection task in the cyber domain. In two experiments, participants’ performance in detecting phishing emails and their trust in the phishing detection system were measured when system reliability, description, and experience (i.e., feedback) were varied systematically in easy and difficult phishing detection tasks. The results suggested that system reliability had a profound influence on human performance in the system, but the benefits of having a more reliable system may depend on task difficulty. Also, providing feedback increased trust calibration in terms of both objective and subjective trust measures, yet providing description of system reliability increased only subjective trust. This result pattern not only shows the gap in the effects of feedback and description, but it also extends the description-experience gap concept from rare events to common events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of domain highlighting in helping users identify whether Web pages are legitimate or spurious.Background: As a component of the URL, a domain name can be overlooked. Consequently, browsers highlight the domain name to help users identify which Web site they are visiting. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed the effectiveness of domain highlighting, and the only formal study confounded highlighting with instructions to look at the address bar.Method: We conducted two phishing detection experiments. Experiment 1 was run online: Participants judged the legitimacy of Web pages in two phases. In Phase 1, participants were to judge the legitimacy based on any information on the Web page, whereas in Phase 2, they were to focus on the address bar. Whether the domain was highlighted was also varied. Experiment 2 was conducted similarly but with participants in a laboratory setting, which allowed tracking of fixations.Results: Participants differentiated the legitimate and fraudulent Web pages better than chance. There was some benefit of attending to the address bar, but domain highlighting did not provide effective protection against phishing attacks. Analysis of eye-gaze fixation measures was in agreement with the task performance, but heat-map results revealed that participants' visual attention was attracted by the highlighted domains.Conclusion: Failure to detect many fraudulent Web pages even when the domain was highlighted implies that users lacked knowledge of Web page security cues or how to use those cues.Application: Potential applications include development of phishing prevention training incorporating domain highlighting with other methods to help users identify phishing Web pages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]