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This article presents a unique mathematical analysis of the magnetic field ( $H$ -field) forming using coil antennas to mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in the wireless power transfer (WPT) system. The state of the art emphasizes generating uniform $H$ -field distribution as a solution to the stated problem and for that large-sized transmitters (Txs) are designed to enhance receiver (Rx) working region. In this article, by optimizing the field forming technique based on derived closed-form analytical expressions, a general nonuniform $H$ -field distribution is proposed as an optimal solution to the misalignment problem. Through rigorous analysis, this work proposes a stepwise procedure for designing the Tx coil array antenna to generate the nonuniform $H$ -field distribution. To validate the model, two planar antenna arrays are designed by following the proposed procedure. This results in a uniform induced voltage profile under the misaligned Rx condition and, hence, resolves the problem. The antenna designs are simulated, fabricated, and measured. The analytical results are found in agreement with the simulated results and further verified experimentally. The results indicate that the antennas designed using the proposed method are able to mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in a wider area of the Rx region with a smaller Tx size.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technique where objects are created under computer control. Apart from opening many avenues of manufacturing, 3D printing of medicine has become a lucrative area in research. The technology can deliver customised and effectively on-demand treatments for individuals with unique needs; drug delivery system capable of dispensing spatially accurate and low volumes of medicine; preparation of medicine comprised of complex composition and geometric shape. Advent of 3D printed drugs like Spritam® has been FDA approved which have heightened the hopes. Pharmaceutical industry at present is shifting from mass production to personalised medicine as it promises future production of on-demand printed drugs with customised doses, increased productivity and cost-effectiveness. The goal of this article is to outline and explore the various approaches, along with the key aspects of drug printing, and also allow space for exploration of the main areas of 3D printing to be tackled in the future in order to make it an effective manufacturing route for the pharmaceutical industry.

This work presents an electro-optic effect-based design for the widely used Hamming code for checking single bit errors in the received data. The structure is based on Mach-Zehnder Interfer...

In this work, an algorithm of machine learning for self-driving car using udacity and unity self-driving car simulation software has been presented. Using the software, the car is driven on the simulated circuit having three cameras mounted on car hood which generate three images simultaneously and acceleration and de-acceleration of the car steering angle and brake. This method includes a behavior cloning approach and tries to replicate a behavior of human driver. For training the model, approximately, 18,000 training samples are required, and by using image augmentation technique, an increase in the data sample with few times is obtained, which leads to little robust simulated self-driving car.

The next new trend called additive fabrication manufacturing was as large as the mobile phone industry. 3D printing is also called as additive design technology. 3D printers print objects from a real 3D physical model physical prototype. In 3D printers, the printout consists of plastic, ceramic, nylon and over one hundred other components layers by layer (fabrication with additives). Factory, industrial design, art, clothes, furniture, architecture and building, automobile, dental and medical, aerospace, geographic details, education, structural engineering, and many other fields of study are where 3D printing found to be useful. In any area of implementation, it was found to be a simple and cost-effective approach. Applications for 3D printing are on the rise, and this is an important method that you can search for. We will discuss in this paper the way 3D printing works and existing and potential implementations.

Optical error detection has appeared as a fresh research area in the past two decades. Here, a 2-dimensional parity generator has been proposed that works on the electro-optic effect inside a lithium niobate based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer. Parity generation using the 2-dimensional method is a step towards multiple bit error detection that increases the likelihood of detecting burst errors. The design calculates the row and column parities separately and produces the encoded message, that is sent over the channel. Evaluation of the design is carried out mathematically as well as using beam propagation method.

In this paper, a novel trapezoidal multi-coil antenna is proposed to mitigate lateral misalignment in wireless charging application of electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed coil antenna used at the transmitter is optimized to improve stability of induced voltage which intern is expected to provide a stable power transfer efficiency over a wide range of vehicle’s misalignment. The proposed design adopts an isosceles trapezoid shape after analytical optimization and consists of three series connected coils placed at the top faces of the structure. The magnetic field distribution originated from this complex geometry is analytically modeled and optimized to obtain wider uniformity in the induced voltage of the receiver coil as compared to a conventional planar antenna. The design is verified using commercial EM software and results are corroborated. The results show that the proposed antenna provides enhanced tolerance towards misalignment is proved to be a potential design for wireless powering application of EVs.

Data communication around the whole globe has seen an enormous increase in the exchange of data across the networks. This has urged the need of optical communication systems that can provide the desired bandwidth. This paper is a step to the path of building such optical processing elements. The paper presents optical designs of a 3-bit incrementer and a 3- bit decrementer logic function. The two optical circuits increment or decrement each 3-bit input binary number by unity. The optical designs have been implemented using the LiNbO3 based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (LNMZI) electrooptical switches. The incrementer circuit has employed just five LNMZIs and the decrementer circuit has only six LNMZIs. The optical circuits have been designed and tested using beam propagation method (BPM). A critical analysis of the two designs has been performed by calculation of the important performance metric parameters like extinction ratio (ER), contrast ratio (CR), insertion loss (IL). The incrementer/decrementer shows best values of ER, CR and IL as 31.43 dB, 35.71 dB and 0.95 dB respectively. The calculated parameters have been found within the acceptable limits which support the feasibility of the design.

In this paper, tri-state buffer and tri-state inverter circuits using the electro-optical effect have been proposed. Both the tri-state devices have three terminals as input, output and enable. An enable terminal is used to control the direction of the flow of the input towards the output. Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used as the switching element for the designing of the tri-state buffer and tri-state inverter. The tri-state buffer circuit transfers the data, as it is, to the desired output port and the tri-state inverter sends the inverted data to the desired output port. Using the tri-state buffer and inverter, an optical integrated circuit is proposed. To analyse the operation of the device, the performance parameters like extension ratio, insertion loss, and contrast ratio are computed and found as 26.65, 19.41 and 0.07 dB respectively.

Optical logic circuits are making their position stronger and stronger with the development in the optical integrated circuits. Conventional digital logic gate integrated circuits have been very useful components in the field of electronics. Two input XOR and XNOR digital logic gates are available as two separate integrated circuits (IC) 7486 and 74266 respectively. Here, an optical integrated circuit (OIC) is presented as a single unit that can cater to the job of the XOR as well as XNOR logic functions. The single OIC contains four XOR gates that are designed using the electro-optical unit – Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.

For High-speed processing and optical computing, look ahead carry adder is played a very important role. In this work look ahead carry adder based on electro-optic principle is proposed. Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used as an optical switching device. The performance parameters extinction ratio, contrast ratio, amplitude modulation, and insertion loss for the proposed device have been computed and obtained as 17.980dB, 16.450dB, 1.391dB, 0.022dB respectively.

In this paper novel designs for linear block code encoder and decoder using optical techniques have been proposed. The structures are designed and simulated using lithium niobate based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (LN-MZI) and nonlinear material MEH-PPV [poly (2-methoxy-5-(28-ethylhexyloxy)-PPV)] (plasmonic) based MZI (P-MZI). The proposed LN-MZI designs offer attractive parameters such as high extinction ratio (>35 dB) and low insertion loss (2). An analytical comparison between the two design methodologies and other earlier proposed designs is presented. Each design is presented with a verified mathematical structure. Other performance parameters like contrast ratio and amplitude modulation have also been computed for the presented designs.

It is very unfortunate to hear a news of any accident and if it happens with our dear ones it causes great pain to us. Road accidents are very common in India, whatever the reason may be. Two wheeler accidents happen mostly because of not wearing the helmet or wearing it improperly such as not putting on the buckle belt. Helmets save the riders life by reducing the shock of the impact from the accident. This paper presents a design of a tested system which ensures the rider wearing the helmet properlywhile the complete journey details are recorded on the server. The system records the helmet status, speed of the vehicle, accident status and the location of the vehicle all through the time the vehicle ignition starts. Such data may be provided to the traffic authorities for traffic monitoring or to any medical aid center which can provide first-aid to the injured rider. At present the project demonstrates to access the data by a registered user such as guardians of the rider.

This paper describes the performance of Electronic Load Controller (ELC) connected with hybrid hydro-wind system and examine the total harmonics distortion of the output voltage waveform. ELC used mainly for standalone generating stations. To maintain a desired output voltage magnitude and frequency of the modeled hybrid system a back to back converter with dc link capacitor is used. A dump resistor is also used in parallel with load to absorb excess power when demand of the load is reduced. This dump load is controlled by using a chopper circuit. This paper also present the MATLAB SIMULINK of hybrid hydro-wind system used with Electronic Load Controller.

A code is said to be an error-correcting, if the correct code word can always be deducted from an erroneous word. Hamming code is most suitable for error detection and correction for digital data. It facilitate error detection and correction in code information. Here 7 bit Hamming code convertor is proposed. In this code, to each group of m information bits, n parity checking bits are located at positions 2 (n-1) from left are added to form an (m+n)-bit code word. Code convertor device is designed using Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). MZI is an optical switch, able to transfer signal from one port to other.

This paper contains designing of energy efficient memory circuit using two different IO standard i.e. LVTTL and Mobile-DDR on 28nm (Artix-7) Field Programmable Gate Array. We are using Xilinx ISE simulator version 14.2, Verilog hardware description language and Artix-7 FPGA. The design has been tested at different operating frequencies of Latest Intel processor that are at Intel I-3, Intel I-5 and Intel I-7 to check the compatibility of the design with processors available in the market and to find most efficient IO standard at different operating frequencies.

Optical communication has proven its capabilities in fulfilling the ever increasing global desire for higher data rates for long as well as short distance communication. In order to achieve reliable communication several error detection mechanisms have so far been implemented using conventional electronics which do not match with the pace of optical processing of digital bits. In this research, implementation of the encoding of (7, 4) Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) code using optical method has been shown. The CRC encoder has been designed using Lithium Niobate (LiNb03) waveguide based Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI). The structure simulated using beam propagation method has shown accurate encoding of the CRC code. The design parameters as well as the performance parameters have been described briefly.

To achieve high speed optical communication the operating speed of the transmission and reception units must be as high as possible. Optical processing provides high speed switching characteristics required for digital communication. A noisy channel may cause errors in the transmitted message. Various coding schemes provide one to make the communication secure and cost effective. Here in this work an optimized design of serial linear block code generator is presented using electro-optical methods employing minimum hardware. The reconfigurable design provides flexibility to the device and the user.

Error detection using electro-optical methods has evolved as a new research domain in the recent years. They have proved to be more reliable than the conventional electronic methods. The presented paper describes the design and analysis of an electro-optical convolutional code encoder. The convolutional code has been long in use for the efficient detection of errors. The design has been proposed using Lithium Niobate based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. The code bits are generated by modulo-2 addition of the input data in different patterns by the use of shift register and XOR gate. The design has successfully been tested using the beam propagation method. The calculated extinction ratio (24.82 dB), insertion loss (0.11 dB) and contrast ratio (23.26 dB) are meeting the desired values for the better performance of the device.